Orifice Meter - Gas Flow Calculations - S.I.

Units

Workbook Contents

Click on tabs at the bottom of the screen to access the following:

Tab 1. Contents (current tab)

Tab 2. Gas Selection/Gas Properties

Tab 3. Calculate Flow Rate through Large-Bore Pipe

Tab 4. Calculate Required Orifice Diameter - Large-Bore Pipe

Tab 5. Calculate Pressure Difference - Large-Bore Pipe

Tab 6. Calculate Flow Rate through Small-Bore Pipe

Tab 7. Calculate Required Orifice Diameter - Small-Bore Pipe

Tab 8. Calculate Pressure Difference - Small-Bore Pipe

Tab 9. Calculate Flow Rate for User Specified Value of C o

Tab 10. Calc. Orifice Diam. for User Specified Value of Co

Tab 11. Calc. Pressure Diff. for User Specified Value of C o

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. All rights reserved.
 NOTE: The cells containing formulas are locked (protected) to avoid the
possibility of inadvertently typing over any of the formulas. You may,
however, adjust the number of decimal places for any of the cells.

Notes on the use of these worksheets:

1. The Gas Properties worksheet should be used first to either i) select a gas from a
dropdown list and enter the gas temperature and pressure in the pipe or else ii) enter
the viscosity, ratio of specific heats, critical temperature and critical pressure of some
other gas along with its temperature and pressure in the pipe.

2. If a gas is selected from the dropdown list, then the viscosity, ratio of specific heats,
critical temperature, and critical pressure of that gas will be shown on the worksheet and
will be used for calculations in all of the other worksheets.

3. For a gas not on the dropdown list, the user entered properties will be used in the
other worksheets.

4. The compressibility factor is calculated using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state.

Note that in order to get accurate results with Redlich-Kwong equation calculations,
P/Pc should be less than T/(2Tc).

5. Tabs 3, 4, and 5 make calculations for flow through pipes with diameter between
50 mm and 1000 mm, using equations from ISO 5167-2-2300 to calculate the
orifice coefficient, Co. Tabs 3, 4, & 5 are useable only for three types of
pressure taps [corner taps, flange taps and D - D/2 (radius) taps.]
Other requirements for use of the ISO 5167-2 equations
 are summarized on the worksheets.

6. Tabs 6, 7, and 8 make calculations for flow through pipes with diameter between
12mm and 40 mm, using equations from ASME MFC-14M-2300 to calculate
the orifice coefficient, Co. Tabs 6, 7, & 8 are useable only for two types of
pressure taps (corner taps and flange taps.) Other requirements for the
use of the ASME MFC-14M-2300 equations are summarized on the worksheets.

7. Tabs 9, 10, and 11 make calculations with a user specified value for the orifice
coefficient, Co. These tabs are available to use with orifice configurations
for which tabs 3-8 are not useable.

8. To determine a value of Co, for square-edged circular orifices with Re > 30,000
and with the upstream tap located between one and two pipe diameters from the
orifice plate, and/or to find the downstream distance from the orifice plate to the
vena contracta, see: Figure 10-15 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

9. For information about quadrant-edge orifices, slotted orifices, and segmental and
eccentric orifices, see the section just below
Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.
rksheet and
gurations
 SELECTION OF GAS AND SETTING/CALCULATING THE GAS
PROPERTY VALUES FOR USE IN THE OTHER WORKSHEETS

Either (i) select a Gas and enter its temperature and pressure in the indicated
yellow cells below, so that its viscosity will be calculated and used, or else
(ii) enter the gas viscosity in the yellow cell D30 below and that value will be used.

Select a Gas and Enter Temperature (Enter Values in yellow cells only)

Click at right to Select Gas Methane

Temperature Range (oC): -183 to 727 NOTE: For accurate calculation of Z with
Gas Temperature (oC): 27 the Redlich Kwong equation, the reduced
Gas Pressure in Pipe (kPa abs): 3447 pressure should be less than half of the
FLUID VISCOSITY

1.125E-05
reduced temperature. That is: P/Pc < T/(2Tc
Gas Viscosity (Pa-s):

Check on Gas Temperature and Gas Pressure Values entered above:

Is P/Pc < T/(2Tc)? YES P/Pc =

T/2Tc =
The entered values for T and P above are ok.

NOTE: If you want to use a gas from the menu

above, then the yellow cell, D30, below must be blank.
Use the viscosity value above, OR

Enter a Gas Viscosity obtained elsewhere

Gas Viscosity (Pa-s):

Gas Viscosity Result: 1.125E-05 Pa-s (from menu selection)

(This is the viscosity value that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)

Mol. Wt. from above menu selection:

16.04
ULAR Wt.

NOTE: If you want to use a gas from the menu

MOLECULAR Wt.
above, then the yellow cell, D45, below must be blank.

Use the Mol. Wt. value above, OR

Enter a Gas Mol. Wt. obtained elsewhere

Gas Molecular Weight:

Molecular Weight Result: 16.04 (from menu selection)

(This is the Molecular Weight that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)

Critical Temperature from above menu selection:

190.6 K
CRITICAL TEMP.

NOTE: If you want to use a gas from the menu

above, then the yellow cell, D60, below must be blank.

Use the Critical Temperature value above, OR

Enter a Critical Temperature obtained elsewhere

Critical Temperature (K):

Critical Temp. Result: 190.6 K (from menu selection)

(This is the Critical Temperature that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)

Critical Pressure from above menu selection:

4599
CRITICAL PRESSURE

kPa

NOTE: If you want to use a gas from the menu

above, then the yellow cell, D75, below must be blank.

Use the Critical Pressure value above, OR

Enter a Critical Pressure obtained elsewhere

Critical Pressure (kPa):

CRITIC Critical Pressure Result: 4599 kPa (from menu selection)
(This is the Critical Pressure that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)

Spec. Heat Ratio from above menu selection:

1.3
SPEC. HEAT RATIO

NOTE: If you want to use a gas from the menu

above, then the yellow cell, D90, below must be blank.

Use the Specific Heat Ratio above, OR

Enter a Spec. Heat Ratio obtained elsewhere

Spec. Heat Ratio:

Spec. Heat Ratio Result: 1.320 (from menu selection)

(This is the Specific Heat Ratio that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)

Calculation of Compressibility Factor of the Gas using the Redlich-Kwong Equation of State:
(Note that P/Pc must be less than T/2Tc for accurate Redlich-Kwong Equation calculations.)
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR

Is P/Pc < T/(2Tc) ? YES If this answer is "NO", change P and/o

in cell(s) D14 and/or D15 above.

Reduced Temperature, TR = 1.575 Equation Constant, r =

Reduced Pressure, PR =
Equation Constant, A =
2
Equation Constant, B =
0.7495 Equation Constant, q =
0.10291 Equation Constant, f =
0.04123 Equation Constant, g =
Calculated Value of C =

Z = 0.941

Z1 =
Equation Constant, f = Z2 =
Z3 =
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. All rights reserved.

********************************** WORKSPACE *********************************************************************************************

 1. For calculations with one of the 21 gases listed in the table below, select the appropriate

in the indicated
used, or else
at value will be used.
n yellow cells only)
e calculation of Z with
equation, the reduced
less than half of the
re. That is: P/Pc < T/(2Tc)
from the dropdown list in cell D21 and enter the gas temperature and pressure in cells H2
and H24. The gas viscosity, molecular weight, critical temperature, critical pressure, and
specific heat ratio will be shown below on this worksheet and those values will be used
for calculations in all of the other worksheets.
2. For calculations with some other gas, not listed in the table below, the user must enter
values for the gas viscosity, molecular weight, critical temperature, critical pressure, and
specific heat ratio in the indicated yellow cells in column D. Those user entered property
values will be used for calculations in all of the other worksheets. The gas temperature
and pressure must be entered in the yellow cells, H23 and H24.
3. For either a gas selected from the dropdown list or user entered gas properties,
the gas compressibility factor is calculated with the Redlich-Kwong Equation
For accurate results P and T values should be such that P/Pc < T/(2Tc).

The sources for the values in this table are: Viscosity: Table 2-312 in Perry's C
0.750 Mol Wt, Tc & Pc: Table 2-141 in Perry's C
1.277 Specific Heat Ratio, k: Table E7.3 in Piping Ha

Excel Vlookup results based on selected fluid:

-183 to 727 5.2546E-07 0.59006 105.67
Calculations: 1.1254E-05 Variables for Viscosity Calculations:
Range, ºC c1 c2 c3
Acetylene -80.7 to 327 1.2025E-06 0.4952 291.4
Air -193 to 1727 1.4250E-06 0.5039 105.3
Ammonia -78 to 727 4.1855E-08 0.9806 30.8
Argon -189 to 3000 9.2121E-07 0.60529 83.24
Butane -138 to 727 3.4387E-08 0.94604
rom menu selection) Carbon Dioxide -78 to 1227 2.1480E-06 0.46 290

Carbon Monoxide -205 to 977 1.1127E-06 0.5338 94.7

Chlorine -73 to 727 2.6000E-07 0.7423 98.3

Ethane -183 to 727 2.5906E-07 0.67988 98.902
Ethylene -104 to 727 2.0789E-06 0.4163 352.7
Helium -253 to 1727 3.2530E-07 0.7162 -9.6
Hydrogen -259 to 2727 1.7970E-07 0.685 -0.59
 Hydrogen Chloride -73 to 727 4.9240E-07 0.6702 157.7
Hydrogen Sulfide -23 to 207 3.9314E-08 1.0134
Methane -183 to 727 5.2546E-07 0.59006 105.67
Nitric Oxide -163 to 1227 6.5592E-07 0.6081 54.714
Nitrogen -210 to 1697 1.4670E-06 0.5123 125.4
Oxygen -219 to 1227 1.1010E-06 0.5634 96.3
Propane -188 to 727 4.9054E-08 0.90125
Propylene -185 to 727 7.3919E-07 0.5423 263.73
rom menu selection) Sulfur Dioxide -75 to 727 6.8630E-07 0.6112 217

orksheets.)

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. All rights reserved.

rom menu selection)

r worksheets.)
 rom menu selection)
orksheets.)

rom menu selection)

worksheets.)

ng Equation of State: For the Redlich-Kwong Equation of State (used to calculate the compressibility
quation calculations.) Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations, 4th Ed, Section 1.4. Redlich-Kwong Equation

The Redlich-Kwong
"NO", change P and/or T Equation of State:
d/or D15 above. Where:
Z = Compressibility Factor
4.243E-03 T = Gas temperature, K
-5.998E-02 P = Gas pressure, atm
-2.734E-01 Tc = critical temperature of gas, K
-5.832E-02 Pc = critical pressure of gas, atm Subject to: P/Pc < T/(2Tc)
9.391E-05

0.941 The compressibility factor is calculated as described at: www.polymath-software.com/A

It is calculated as the maximum real root of the equation: Z3 - Z2 - qZ - r = 0, where
q = B2 + B - A2, A2 = 0.42747 PR/TR2.5 and B = 0.08664 PR/TR.

To find the maximum real root, first the parameter C is calculated, where C = (f/3)3 + (
and g = (-27r - 9q - 2)/27. If C > 0, there is one real root, Z = (-g/2 + C1/2)
 If C < 0, then there are three real roots, given by: Zk = 2(-f/3)1/2cos[(f/3) + 2p(k-1)/3] +
with f = cos-1{[(g2/4)/((-f3)/27)]1/2}

***************************************************************
ow, select the appropriate gas

re and pressure in cells H23

ture, critical pressure, and
hose values will be used

ow, the user must enter

ure, critical pressure, and
ose user entered property
ts. The gas temperature

d gas properties,

Table 2-312 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

Table 2-141 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.
Table E7.3 in Piping Handbook, 7th Ed.

s based on selected fluid:

0 16.042 190.564 4599 1.32
Viscosity Calculations:
c4 Mol. Weight Tc, K Pc, kPa Cp/Cv
26.037 308.3 6138 1.30
28.96 132.45 3774 1.40
17.031 405.65 11280 1.32
39.948 150.86 4898 1.67
58.122 425.12 3796 1.11
44.01 304.21 7383 1.30

28.01 132.92 3499 1.40

70.906 417.15 7710 1.33

30.069 305.32 4872 1.22
28.053 282.34 5041 1.22
107 4.003 5.2 227.5 1.67
140 2.016 33.19 1313 1.41
 36.461 324.65 8310 1.41
34.081 373.53 8963 1.30
16.042 190.56 4599 1.32
30.006 180.15 6480 1.40
28.013 126.2 3400 1.41
31.999 154.58 5043 1.40
44.096 369.83 4248 1.15
42.08 364.85 4600 1.14
64.064 430.75 7884 1.26

rights reserved.
late the compressibility factor, Z) see:
1.4. Redlich-Kwong Equation of State

o: P/Pc < T/(2Tc)

w.polymath-software.com/ASEE2007/PDF.pdf.
3
- Z2 - qZ - r = 0, where r = A2B and

ated, where C = (f/3)3 + (g/2)2, f = (-3q - 1)/3

eal root, Z = (-g/2 + C1/2)1/3 + (-g/2 - C1/2)1/3 + 1/3.
1/2
cos[(f/3) + 2p(k-1)/3] + 1/3, k = 1,2,3
 Gas Flow/Orifice Meter Calculations - Flow Rate - S.I. Units
Large Bore Pipes (50 mm < D1 < 1000 mm) and P2/P1 > 0.75

User Inputs: Enter values in yellow cells only.

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 75.0 mm Orifice Diameter, Do =

(See link at right for std pipe size table)
USER INPUTS

Assumed value of
Measured Pressure Pipe Flow Rate, Q =
Difference, P1 - P2 = 8.3 ( needed to start iterative calculation)
kPa

Elevation Diff. between pipe centerline at press. taps, z1 - z2 =

(Note that z1 - z2 = 0 for a horizontal meter)

Click on the yellow cell below and then on the arrow to the right of it to use the
drop down list to specify the pressure tap configuration.
(See info about press. tap config. to the right. Note that
D - D/2 taps are also known as radius taps.)
GAS PROPERTIES

Summary of Gas Property Values from Gas Properties Worksheet:

Viscosity of Gas, m = 1.125E-05 Pa-s Gas Mol. Wt., MW =
Specific Heat Ratio Gas Temp. in Pipe, T1 =
of Gas (Cp/Cv), k = 1.3 Abs. Press. in Pipe, P1 =

Compressibility Factor, Z = 0.9411

If any of the above values need to be changed, go to the

"Gas Properties" worksheet to do so.

Flow Rate Calculation:

Ideal Gas Law Constant, R = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K

W RATE
CALCULATION OF FLOW RATE
Pipe Diameter, D1 = 0.075 m Orifice Diameter, Do =

Pipe Area, A1 = 0.0044 m2 Orifice Area, Ao =

Measured Pressure
Diameter Ratio, b = 0.1667 Difference, P1 - P2 =

Fluid Density, r = 23.546 kg/m3 Pressure Ratio, P2/P1 =

Upstream Pressure downstream Pressure

Tap Location, L1 = 25.4 mm Tap Location, L2 =

Parameter A = 0.0849 Parameter, M'2 =

( See equations for A, M'2 and Co at the right )
Orifice Coefficient, Co = 0.5974 Pipe Velocity, V =

Expansion Factor Y = 0.999 Reynolds No., Re =

Calculated Pipe Flow Rate, Q =

Difference between Calculated Q and Assumed Q, DQ =

NOTE: You must use Excel's "Goal Seek" to find the flow rate as follows: Place the cursor
on cell G54 and click on "goal seek" (in the "tools" menu of older versions and under
"Data - What If Analysis" in newer versions of Excel). Enter values to "Set cell:" G54, "
To value: "0", "By changing cell:" G11, and click on "OK". The calculated value of Q will
appear in cell G53 and below in cell F66. The yellow cell G11 needs an initial estimate
of Q to start the iterative process.
RESULTS

Pipe Flow Rate, Q = 1.95E-03

Static Pressure Loss = 8.03

(permanent pressure loss downstream of orifice)
Uncertainty of Calculated Discharge Coefficient, Co:
Base Value One = 0.53% Base Value Two =

Uncertainty of
Calculated Discharge Coefficient, Co ( + ): 0.53%
 (from ISO 5167-2:2003 section 5.3.3)
Are all of the conditions for use of ISO 5167-2:2003 equations met?
( See the details of the check on the required conditions below. )

Check on the Conditions Required for Use of ISO 5167-2:2003 Equations:

If cell G73 above shows "no" then one or more of the conditions required
for the use of the ISO 5167-2:2003 equations is not met. See the details below.
LIMITS FOR ISO 5167-2:2003

Is Do > 12.5 mm ? yes Is Re > 5,000 ?

Is D1 > 50 mm ? yes Is D1 < 1000 imm ?

Is b > 0.1 ? yes Is b < 0.75 ?

For corner taps or D - D/2 taps:

For b > 0.56: Is Re > 16,000 b 2 ?

For flange taps:

Is Re > 170 b 2 D1 ?

If the conditions for use of ISO 5167-2-2003 equations are not met and the flow
and/or pipe/meter configuration cannot be adjusted to meet these conditions
then Tabs 9-11 may be used for calculations with a user specified value for the
orifice coefficient, Co. Tabs 6-8 are available for smaller diameter pipes.
psi
in. Hg

Corner Taps
Flange Taps
D - D/2 Taps
ow Rate - S.I. Units References and Equations
mm) and P2/P1 > 0.75
For background and descriptive information about orifice flow meters s
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure F

For a table with standard pipe size information, see:

12.5 mm Piping Handbook, Seventh Ed., Table E2.1M - S.I. units

0.001946 m3/s NOTE: The ISO 5167 equations used in this worksheet can be used only for o
o start iterative calculation) pressure tap configurations shown below (corner taps, flange taps

0.0 mm

e right of it to use the

Flange Taps

Corner Taps: L1 = 0 and L2 - 0 Flange Taps: L1 = 25.4 mm

16.04 D - D/2 Taps (also known as radius taps): L1 = D1 and
27 C
o

3447 kPa The equation for gas flow rate through an orifice meter (horizontal, inclin
0.9411 ( Adapted from: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th

Where: Q = flow rate through the pipe and through the meter, m 3/s
Co = orifice discharge coefficient, dimensionless
Ao = orifice area, m2
P1 = undisturbed upstream pressure in the pipe, Pa
P2 = pressure in the pipe at the constricted area, Pa
 0.0125 m b = Do/D1 = orifice diam./pipe diam., dimensionless
Z = compressibility factor of the gas at P1, T1
0.00012 m2 R = Ideal Gas Law Constant = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K
MW = molecular weight of gas
8300 Pa T1 = upstream absolute temperature in the pipe, K
Y = Expansion Factor - see equation for Y below
0.998 g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
z1 - z2 = difference between elevation of pipe centerline at pressure t

25.4 mm
Equations from ISO 5167-2-2300 used in the calculations:
0.8128 Source: International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Measurement o
differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full - Par
0.44 m/s Reference Number: ISO 5167-2:2003

6.910E+04 Y = 1 - (0.351 + 0.265 b4 + 0.93 b8)[1 - (P2/P1)1/k]

1.946E-03 m3/s Co = 0.5961 + 0.0261 β2 - 0.216 b8 + 0.000521(b 106/Re)0.7 + (0.0188

0.0000 + (0.043 + 0.080 e-10L1/D1 - 0.123 e-7L1/D1)(1 - 0.11 A)[b4/(1-b4)] -0.0

A = (19,000 b/Re)0.8
ollows: Place the cursor If D1 < 2.8 in, then add the following term to C o: + 0.011(0.75 - b)(2
ersions and under
s to "Set cell:" G54, "
alculated value of Q will
an initial estimate

The conditions required for the use of these equations that are shown in the c
from the ISO 5167 - 2:2300 reference shown above.
m3/s

To determine a value for Co, for square-edged circular orifices with Re > 30,0
kPa located between one and two pipe diameters from the orifice plate, and/or to
the orifice plate to the vena contracta, see:

0.53% For information about quadrant-edge orifices, slotted orifices, and segmental

section just below: Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemi

 yes

003 Equations:

conditions required
t. See the details below.

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

s are not met and the flow

o meet these conditions
ser specified value for the
ler diameter pipes.
rences and Equations

tion about orifice flow meters see:

Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements
Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure Flowmeters

worksheet can be used only for one of the three standard

n below (corner taps, flange taps, or D - D/2 taps):

Flange Taps: L1 = 25.4 mm and L2 = 25.4 mm

own as radius taps): L1 = D1 and L2 = D1/2

orifice meter (horizontal, inclined or vertical) is:

Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-22 )

through the meter, m3/s

dimensionless

re in the pipe, Pa
nstricted area, Pa
m., dimensionless
as at P1, T1
145 kN-m/kgmole-K

re in the pipe, K
on for Y below

on of pipe centerline at pressure tap 1 and pressure tap 2, m

he calculations:
ardization (ISO), Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure
section conduits running full - Part 2: Orifice Plates

[1 - (P2/P1)1/k] ( for P2/P1 > 0.75 )

00521(b 106/Re)0.7 + (0.0188 + 0.0063 A)b3.5(106/Re)0.3

)(1 - 0.11 A)[b4/(1-b4)] -0.031(M'2 - 0.8 M'21.1)b1.3
-7L1/D1

M'2 = 2(L2/D1)/(1 - b)
m to C o: + 0.011(0.75 - b)(2.8 - D1)

equations that are shown in the calculations at the left also come

ed circular orifices with Re > 30,000 and with the upstream tap
s from the orifice plate, and/or to find the downstream distance from
Figure 10-15 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

s, slotted orifices, and segmental and eccentric orifices, see the

Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

 Gas Flow/Orifice Meter Calculations - Orifice Diam. - S.I. Units
Large Bore Pipes (50 mm < D1 < 1000 mm) and P2/P1 > 0.75

User Inputs: Enter values in yellow cells only.

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 75.0 mm Pipe Flow Rate, Q = 0.0019

USER INPUTS

(See link at right for std pipe size table)

Assumed Value of
Press. Diff., P1 - P2 = 8.3 kPa Orifice Diameter, Do = 12.5
(target value) (needed to start iterative calculation below)

Elevation Diff. between pipe centerline at press. taps, z1 - z2 = 0.0

(Note that z1 - z2 = 0 for a horizontal meter)

Click on the yellow cell below and then on the arrow to the right of it to use the
drop down list to specify the pressure tap configuration.
(See info about press. tap config. to the right. Note that Flange Taps
D - D/2 taps are also known as radius taps.)

Summary of Gas Property Values from Gas Properties Worksheet:

GAS PROPERTIES

Viscosity of Gas, m = 1.125E-05 Pa-s Gas Mol. Wt., MW = 16.04

Specific Heat Ratio Gas Temp. in Pipe, T1 = 27
of Gas (Cp/Cv), k = 1.3 Abs. Press. in Pipe, P1 = 3447
Compressibility Factor, Z = 0.9411

If any of the above values need to be changed, go to the

"Gas Properties" worksheet to do so.

Orifice Diameter Calculation:

Ideal Gas Law Constant, R = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K

E DIAMETER

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 0.08 m Orifice Diameter, Do = 0.013

CALCULATION OF ORIFICE DIAMETE
Pipe Area, A1 = 0.0044 m2 Orifice Area, Ao = 0.00012
Target Value of Pressure
Diameter Ratio, b = 0.1667 Difference, P1 - P2 = 8300

Fluid Density, r = 23.546 kg/m3 Pressure Ratio, P2/P1 = 0.998

Upstream Pressure Downstream Pressure
Tap Location, L1 = 25 mm Tap Location, L2 = 25

Pipe Velocity V = 0.44 m/s Reynolds No., Re = 69116

(in pipe)

Parameter A = 0.0849 Parameter, M'2 = 0.8128

( See equations for A, M'2 and Co at the right )
Orifice Coefficient, Co = 0.5974 Calculated Orifice Area, Ao = 1.227E-04

Expansion Factor Y = 0.999 Calculated Orifice Diam., Do = 12.50

Difference between Calculated and Assumed Orifice Diam., DDo = -0.0001

NOTE: You must use Excel's "Goal Seek" to find the orifice diameter as follows: Place the
cursor on cell G54 and click on "goal seek" (in the "tools" menu of older versions and under
"Data - What If Analysis" in newer versions of Excel). Enter values to "Set cell:" G54, "
To value: "0", "By changing cell:" G11, and click on "OK". The calculated value of Do will

appear in cell G11 and below in cell F65. The yellow cell G11 needs an initial estimate
of Do to start the iterative process.
RESULTS

Required Orifice Diameter, Do = 12.5 mm

Static Pressure Loss = 8.26 kPa

(permanent pressure loss downstream of orifice)

Uncertainty of Calculated Discharge Coefficient, Co:

Base Value One = 0.53% Base Value Two = 0.53%

Uncertainty of
Calculated Discharge Coefficient, Co ( + ): 0.53%
(from ISO 5167-2:2003 section 5.3.3)
Are all of the conditions for use of ISO 5167-2:2003 equations met? yes
 ( See the details of the check on the required conditions below. )

Check on the Conditions Required for Use of ISO 5167-2:2003 Equations:

If cell G72 above shows "no" then one or more of the conditions required
for the use of the ISO 5167-2:2003 equations is not met. See the details below.
LIMITS FOR ISO 5167-2:2003

Is Do > 12.5 mm ? yes Is Re > 5,000 ? yes

Is D1 > 50 mm ? yes Is D1 < 1000 mm ? yes

Is b > 0.1 ? yes Is b < 0.75 ? yes

For corner taps or D - D/2 taps:

For b > 0.56: Is Re > 16,000 b 2 ? yes

For flange taps:

Is Re > 170 b 2 D1 ? yes

If the conditions for use of ISO 5167-2-2003 equations are not met and the flow
and/or pipe/meter configuration cannot be adjusted to meet these conditions
then Tabs 9-11 may be used for calculations with a user specified value for the
orifice coefficient, Co. Tabs 6-8 are available for smaller diameter pipes.
psi
in. Hg

Corner Taps
Flange Taps
D - D/2 Taps
 S.I. Units References and Equations
/P1 > 0.75
For background and descriptive information about orifice flow meters see:
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure Flowmeters

For a table with standard pipe size information, see:

m /s3
Piping Handbook, Seventh Ed., Table E2.1M - S.I. units

mm NOTE: The ISO 5167 equations used in this worksheet can be used only for one of the three
ulation below)
pressure tap configurations shown below (corner taps, flange taps, or D - D/2 tap
mm

Flange Taps

Corner Taps: L1 = 0 and L2 - 0 Flange Taps: L1 = 25.4 mm and L2 = 25.4

o
C
kPa D - D/2 Taps (also known as radius taps): L1 = D1 and L2 = D1/2

The equation for liquid flow rate through an orifice meter (horizontal, inclined or vertic
Adapted from: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equation

Where: Q = flow rate through the pipe and through the meter, m3/s
 m2 Co = orifice discharge coefficient, dimensionless
Ao = orifice area, m2
Pa P1 = undisturbed upstream pressure in the pipe, Pa
P2 = pressure in the pipe at the constricted area, Pa
b = Do/D1 = orifice diam./pipe diam., dimensionless
Z = compressibility factor of the gas at P1, T1
mm R = Ideal Gas Law Constant = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K
MW = molecular weight of gas
T1 = upstream absolute temperature in the pipe, K

Y = Expansion Factor - see equation for Y below

g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
z1 - z2 = difference between elevation of pipe centerline at pressure tap 1 and press
m2
Equations from ISO 5167-2-2300 used in the calculations:
mm Source: International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Measurement of fluid flow by m
differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full - Part 2: Orifice Plat
mm Reference Number: ISO 5167-2:2003

Y = 1 - (0.351 + 0.265 b4 + 0.93 b8)[1 - (P2/P1)1/k]

s: Place the
ns and under Co = 0.5961 + 0.0261 β2 - 0.216 b8 + 0.000521(b 106/Re)0.7 + (0.0188 + 0.0063 A)b3
+ (0.043 + 0.080 e-10L1/D1 - 0.123 e-7L1/D1)(1 - 0.11 A)[b4/(1-b4)] -0.031(M'2 - 0.8 M
ue of Do will
A = (19,000 b/Re)0.8
If D1 < 2.8 in, then add the following term to C o: + 0.011(0.75 - b)(2.8 - D1)

The conditions required for the use of these equations that are shown in the calculations at t
from the ISO 5167 - 2:2300 reference shown above.

To determine a value for Co, for square-edged circular orifices with Re > 30,000 and with the
located between one and two pipe diameters from the orifice plate, and/or to find the downst
 the orifice plate to the vena contracta, see: Figure 10-15 in Perry's Chemical Engine

For information about quadrant-edge orifices, slotted orifices, and segmental and eccentric o
section just below: Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Ha

details below.

et and the flow

se conditions
ed value for the
w meters see:
ments
Pressure Flowmeters

only for one of the three standard

ange taps, or D - D/2 taps):

= 25.4 mm and L2 = 25.4 mm

L1 = D1 and L2 = D1/2

ontal, inclined or vertical) is:

andbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-22
pressure tap 1 and pressure tap 2, m

urement of fluid flow by means of pressure

g full - Part 2: Orifice Plates

( for P2/P1 > 0.75 )

(0.0188 + 0.0063 A)b3.5(106/Re)0.3

1-b4)] -0.031(M'2 - 0.8 M'21.1)b1.3

M'2 = 2(L2/D1)/(1 - b)
0.75 - b)(2.8 - D1)

wn in the calculations at the left also come

Re > 30,000 and with the upstream tap

and/or to find the downstream distance from
5 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

egmental and eccentric orifices, see the

y's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.
 Gas Flow/Orifice Meter Calculations - Pressure Diff. - S.I. Units
Large Bore Pipes (50 mm < D1 < 1000 mm) and P2/P1 > 0.75

User Inputs: Enter values in yellow cells only.

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 75.0 mm Pipe Flow Rate, Q =

USER INPUTS

(See link at right for std pipe size table)

Assumed Value of
Orifice Diameter, Do = 12.5 mm Difference, P1 - P2 =
(needed to start iterative calculation below)

Elevation Diff. between pipe centerline at press. taps, z1 - z2 =

(Note that z1 - z2 = 0 for a horizontal meter)

Click on the yellow cell below and then on the arrow to the right of it to
use the drop down list to select the
pressure tap configuration. Flange Taps

Summary of Gas Property Values from Gas Properties Worksheet:

GAS PROPERTIES

Viscosity of Gas, m = 1.125E-05 Pa-s Gas Mol. Wt., MW =

Specific Heat Ratio Gas Temp. in Pipe, T1 =
of Gas (Cp/Cv), k = 1.3 Abs. Press. in Pipe, P1 =
Compressibility Factor, Z = 0.9411

If any of the above values need to be changed, go to the

"Gas Properties" worksheet to do so.

Pressure Difference Calculation:

E DIFFERENCE

Ideal Gas Law Constant, R = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 0.075 m Orifice Diameter, Do =

CALCULATION OF PRESSURE DIFFEREN Pipe Area, A1 = 0.00442 m2 Orifice Area, Ao =

Assumed Value of Pressure

Diameter Ratio, b = 0.1667 Difference, P1 - P2 =

Fluid Density, r = 23.546 kg/m3 Pressure Ratio, P2/P1 =

Upstream Pressure Downstream Pressure

Tap Location, L1 = 25 mm Tap Location, L2 =

Pipe Velocity V = 0.44 m/s Reynolds No., Re =

(in pipe)

Parameter A = 0.0849 Parameter, M'2 =

( See equations for A, M'2 and Co at the right )

Orifice Coefficient, Co = 0.5974 Calculated Pressure

Difference, P1 - P2 =
Expansion Factor Y = 0.999

Difference between Calculated and Target P1 - P2 =

NOTE: You must use Excel's "Goal Seek" to find the pressure difference as follows: Place the
cursor on cell G54 and click on "goal seek" (in the "tools" menu of older versions and under
"Data - What If Analysis" in newer versions of Excel). Enter values to "Set cell:" G54, "
To value: "0", "By changing cell:" G11, and click on "OK". The calculated value of P 1 - P2
will appear in cell G11 and below in cell F64. The yellow cell G11 needs an initial estimate
of P1 - P2 to start the iterative process.
RESULTS

Pressure Difference, P1 - P2 = Redo Goal Seek

Static Pressure Loss = 8.03

(permanent pressure loss downstream of orifice)

Uncertainty of Calculated Discharge Coefficient, Co:

Base Value One = 0.53% Base Value Two =
Uncertainty of
Calculated Discharge Coefficient, Co ( + ): 0.53%
 (from ISO 5167-2:2003 section 5.3.3)
Are all of the conditions for use of ISO 5167-2:2003 equations met?
( See the details of the check on the required conditions below. )

Check on the Conditions Required for Use of ISO 5167-2:2003 Equations:

If cell G55 above shows "no" then one or more of the conditions required
for the use of the ISO 5167-2:2003 equations is not met. See the details below.
LIMITS FOR ISO 5167-2:2003

Is Do > 12.5 mm ? yes Is Re > 5,000 ?

Is D1 > 50 mm ? yes Is D1 < 1000 mm ?

Is b > 0.1 ? yes Is b < 0.75 ?

For corner taps or D - D/2 taps:

For b > 0.56: Is Re > 16,000 b 2 ?

For flange taps:

Is Re > 170 b 2 D1 ?

If the conditions for use of ISO 5167-2-2003 equations are not met and the flow
and/or pipe/meter configuration cannot be adjusted to meet these conditions
then Tabs 9-11 may be used for calculations with a user specified value for the
orifice coefficient, Co. Tabs 6-8 are available for smaller diameter pipes.
Corner Taps
Flange Taps
D - D/2 Taps
ure Diff. - S.I. Units References and Equations
) and P2/P1 > 0.75
For background and descriptive information about orifice flow meters see:
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure Flowme

For a table with standard pipe size information, see:

0.0019 m3/s Piping Handbook, Seventh Ed., Table E2.1M - S.I. units

8.30 kPa NOTE: The ISO 5167 equations used in this worksheet can be used only for one of
terative calculation below)
pressure tap configurations shown below (corner taps, flange taps, or D
0.0 mm

right of it to

16.04 Corner Taps: L1 = 0 and L2 - 0 Flange Taps: L1 = 25.4 mm and

27 o
C D - D/2 Taps (also known as radius taps): L1 = D1 and L2 = D1
3447 kPa
0.9411 The equation for gas flow rate through an orifice meter is:
Adapted from: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equ

The equation is shown here (solved for P1 - P2), with a description of the para

Where: Q = flow rate through the pipe and through the meter, m3/s
0.0125 m Co = orifice discharge coefficient, dimensionless
 Ao = orifice area, m2
0.000123 m2 P1 = undisturbed upstream pressure in the pipe, Pa

P2 = pressure in the pipe at the constricted area, Pa

8301 Pa b = Do/D1 = orifice diam./pipe diam., dimensionless
Z = compressibility factor of the gas at P1, T1
0.998 R = Ideal Gas Law Constant = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K
MW = molecular weight of gas

25 mm T1 = upstream absolute temperature in the pipe, K

Y = Expansion Factor - see equation for Y below
69116 g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
z1 - z2 = difference between elevation of pipe centerline at pressure tap 1

0.8128

Equations from ISO 5167-2-2300 used in the calculations:

Source: International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Measurement of fluid
8300.1 Pa differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full - Part 2: O
Reference Number: ISO 5167-2:2003

1.0637 Pa Y = 1 - (0.351 + 0.265 b4 + 0.93 b8)[1 - (P2/P1)1/k]

Co = 0.5961 + 0.0261 β2 - 0.216 b8 + 0.000521(b 106/Re)0.7 + (0.0188 + 0.0

rence as follows: Place the
older versions and under
to "Set cell:" G54, "
culated value of P 1 - P2
eds an initial estimate
+ (0.043 + 0.080 e-10L1/D1 - 0.123 e-7L1/D1)(1 - 0.11 A)[b4/(1-b4)] -0.031(M
A = (19,000 b/Re)0.8
If D1 < 2.8 in, then add the following term to C o: + 0.011(0.75 - b)(2.8 - D

kPa

kPa The conditions required for the use of these equations that are shown in the calcula

from the ISO 5167 - 2:2300 reference shown above.

0.53% To determine a value for Co, for square-edged circular orifices with Re > 30,000 an
located between one and two pipe diameters from the orifice plate, and/or to find th
the orifice plate to the vena contracta, see:
 yes For information about quadrant-edge orifices, slotted orifices, and segmental and e
section just below: Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemical Engin

03 Equations:

onditions required
See the details below.

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

are not met and the flow

meet these conditions
er specified value for the
er diameter pipes.
eferences and Equations

on about orifice flow meters see:

ec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements
ec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure Flowmeters

orksheet can be used only for one of the three standard

below (corner taps, flange taps, or D - D/2 taps):

Flange Taps: L1 = 25.4 mm and L2 = 25.4 mm

as radius taps): L1 = D1 and L2 = D1/2

orifice meter is:

mical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-22

- P2), with a description of the parameters and their units:

hrough the meter, m3/s

mensionless
 e in the pipe, Pa

stricted area, Pa
m., dimensionless

45 kN-m/kgmole-K

e in the pipe, K
n for Y below

n of pipe centerline at pressure tap 1 and pressure tap 2, m

e calculations:
rdization (ISO), Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure
ection conduits running full - Part 2: Orifice Plates

1 - (P2/P1)1/k] ( for P2/P1 > 0.75 )

0521(b 106/Re)0.7 + (0.0188 + 0.0063 A)b3.5(106/Re)0.3

)(1 - 0.11 A)[b4/(1-b4)] -0.031(M'2 - 0.8 M'21.1)b1.3
L1/D1

M'2 = 2(L2/D1)/(1 - b)
m to C o: + 0.011(0.75 - b)(2.8 - D1)

quations that are shown in the calculations at the left also come

d circular orifices with Re > 30,000 and with the upstream tap
from the orifice plate, and/or to find the downstream distance from
Figure 10-15 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.
slotted orifices, and segmental and eccentric orifices, see the
Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.
 Gas Flow/Orifice Meter Calculations - Flow Rate - S.I. Units
Small Bore Pipes (12 mm < D1 < 40 mm)

User Inputs: Enter values in yellow cells only.

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 25.0 mm Orifice Diameter, Do =

(See link at right for std pipe size table)
USER INPUTS

Assumed Value of
Measured Pressure Pipe Flow Rate, Q =
Difference, P1 - P2 = 8.3 kPa ( needed to start iterative calculation)

Elevation Diff. between pipe centerline at press. taps, z1 - z2 =

(Note that z1 - z2 = 0 for a horizontal meter)

Click on the yellow cell below and then on the arrow to the right of it to use the
drop down list to specify the pressure tap configuration.
(See info about press. tap config. to the right. Note that
D - D/2 taps are also known as radius taps.)

Summary of Gas Property Values from Gas Properties Worksheet:

GAS PROPERTIES

Viscosity of Gas, m = 1.125E-05 Pa-s Gas Mol. Wt., MW =

Specific Heat Ratio Gas Temp. in Pipe, T1 =
of Gas (Cp/Cv), k = 1.3 Abs. Press. in Pipe, P1 =

Compressibility Factor, Z = 0.9411

If any of the above values need to be changed, go to the

"Gas Properties" worksheet to do so.

Flow Rate Calculation:

Ideal Gas Law Constant, R = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K

OW RATE
CALCULATION OF FLOW RATE
Pipe Diameter, D1 = 0.025 m Orifice Diameter, Do =

Pipe Area, A1 = 0.0005 m2 Orifice Area, Ao =

Measured Pressure
Diameter Ratio, b = 0.2000 Difference, P1 - P2 =

Fluid Density, r = 23.546 kg/m3 Pressure Ratio, P2/P1 =

Upstream Pressure Downstream Pressure

Tap Location, L1 = 25.4 mm Tap Location, L2 =

Orifice Coefficient, Co = 0.6031 Pipe Velocity, V =

Expansion Factor Y = 0.999 Reynolds No., Re =

Pipe Flow Rate, Q =

(calculated)

Difference between Calculated Q and Assumed Q, DQ =

NOTE: You must use Excel's "Goal Seek" to find the flow rate as follows: Place the cursor
on cell G53 and click on "goal seek" (in the "tools" menu of older versions and under
"Data - What If Analysis" in newer versions of Excel). Enter values to "Set cell:" G53, "
To value: "0", "By changing cell:" G11, and click on "OK". The calculated value of Q will
appear in cell G51 and below in cell F64. The yellow cell G11 needs an initial estimate
of Q to start the iterative process.
RESULTS

Pipe Flow Rate, Q = 3.144E-04

Static Pressure Loss = 7.91

(permanent pressure loss downstream of orifice)

Uncertainty of
Calculated Discharge Coefficient, Co ( + ): 0.75%
(from ASME MFC-14M-2003 sec 8.1.1 - 8.1.3)
Are all of the conditions for use of ASME MFC-14M-2003 equations met?
( See the details of the check on the required conditions below. )
 Check on the Conditions Required for Use of ASME MFC-14M-2001 Equations:
ASME MFC-14M-2001 LIMITS

If the answer in cell G69 above is "no" then one or more of the conditions required
for the use of the ASME MFC-14M-2001 equations is not met. See the details below.

Is D1 < 40 mm ? yes Is Re > 1,000 ?

For corner taps: Is D1 > 12 mm ?

Is b > 0.1 ? yes Is b < 0.8 ?

For flange taps: Is D1 > 25 mm ?

Is b > 0.15 ? yes Is b < 0.7 ?

If the conditions for use of ISO 5167-2-2003 equations are not met and the flow
and/or pipe/meter configuration cannot be adjusted to meet these conditions
then Tabs 9-11 may be used for calculations with a user specified value for the
orifice coefficient, Co. Tabs 6-8 are available for smaller diameter pipes.
psi
in. Hg

Corner Taps
Flange Taps
w Rate - S.I. Units References and Equations
< 40 mm)
For background and descriptive information about orifice flow meter
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressur

For a table with standard pipe size information, see:

5.0 mm Piping Handbook, Seventh Ed., Table E2.1M - S.I. units

0.000314 m3/s NOTE: The ASME MFC-14M-2001 equations used in this worksheet can b
start iterative calculation) standard pressure tap configurations shown below (corner taps

0.0 in

of it to use the

Flange Taps

Corner Taps: L1 = 0 and L2 - 0 Flange Taps: L1 = 25.4 m

16.04
27 o
C The equation for gas flow rate through an orifice meter (horizontal, in
3447 kPa (Adapted from: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbo

0.9411

Where: Q = flow rate through the pipe and through the meter, m3/s
Co = orifice discharge coefficient, dimensionless
Ao = orifice area, m2
P1 = undisturbed upstream pressure in the pipe, Pa
 0.0050 m P2 = pressure in the pipe at the constricted area, Pa
b = Do/D1 = orifice diam./pipe diam., dimensionless
0.00002 m2 Z = compressibility factor of the gas at P1, T1
R = Ideal Gas Law Constant = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K
8300 Pa MW = molecular weight of gas
T1 = upstream absolute temperature in the pipe, K
0.998 Y = Expansion Factor - see equation for Y below
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2

25.4 mm z1 - z2 = difference between elevation of pipe centerline at pressu

0.64 m/s Equations from ASME MFC-14M-2001 used in the calculations:

Source: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Measuremen
3.349E+04 precision orifice meters. ASME MFC-14M-2001

3.144E-04 m3/s Y = 1 - (0.41 + 0.35 b4)[P1 - P2)/kP1 ]

-0.00001 For Corner Taps: Co = [0.5991 + 0.0044/D1 + (0.3155 + 0.175/D1)(b4

+ [0.52/D1 - 0.192 + (16.48 - 1.16/D1)(b

Place the cursor For Flange Taps: Co = [0.598 + 0.468(b4 + 10b12)](1 - b4)1/2 + (0.87 +
and under
et cell:" G53, "
d value of Q will
ial estimate

m3/s The conditions required for the use of these equations that are shown in th
from the ASME MFC-14M-2001 reference shown above.
kPa
To determine a value for Co, for square-edged circular orifices with Re > 3
located between one and two pipe diameters from the orifice plate, and/or
the orifice plate to the vena contracta, see:

yes For information about quadrant-edge orifices, slotted orifices, and segmen
section just below: Figure 10-16 in Perry's C
01 Equations:

he conditions required
. See the details below.

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

not met and the flow

t these conditions
ecified value for the
ameter pipes.
ences and Equations

about orifice flow meters see:

8.5.4, Flow Measurements
10.1.12, Differential Pressure Flowmeters

d in this worksheet can be used only for one of the two

shown below (corner taps or flange taps):

Flange Taps: L1 = 25.4 mm and L2 = 25.4 mm

ce meter (horizontal, inclined or vertical) is:

Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-22

ugh the meter, m3/s

the pipe, Pa
cted area, Pa
imensionless

kN-m/kgmole-K

the pipe, K

pipe centerline at pressure tap 1 and pressure tap 2, m

the calculations:
ers (ASME), Measurement of fluid flow using small bore

( for P2/P1 > 0.8 )

+ (0.3155 + 0.175/D1)(b4 + 2 b16)](1 - b4)1/2

92 + (16.48 - 1.16/D1)(b4 + 4b16)][(1 - b4)/Re]1/2

0b12)](1 - b4)1/2 + (0.87 + 8.1b4)[(1 - b4)/Re]1/2

ations that are shown in the calculations at the left also come

rcular orifices with Re > 30,000 and with the upstream tap
m the orifice plate, and/or to find the downstream distance from
Figure 10-15 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

tted orifices, and segmental and eccentric orifices, see the

Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.
 Gas Flow/Orifice Meter Calculations - Orifice Diam. - S.I. Units
Small Bore Pipes (12 mm < D1 < 40 mm)

User Inputs: Enter values in yellow cells only.

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 25.0 mm Pipe Flow Rate, Q =

(See link at right for std pipe size table)
USER INPUTS

Assumed Value of
Press. Diff., P1 - P2 = 8.3 kPa Orifice Diameter, Do =
(target value) (needed to start iterative calculation belo

Elevation Diff. between pipe centerline at press. taps, z1 - z2 =

(Note that z1 - z2 = 0 for a horizontal meter)

Click on the yellow cell below and then on the arrow to the right of it to use the
drop down list to specify the pressure tap configuration.
(See info about press. tap config. to the right. Note that
D - D/2 taps are also known as radius taps.)

Summary of Gas Property Values from Gas Properties Worksheet:

GAS PROPERTIES

Viscosity of Gas, m = 1.125E-05 Pa-s Gas Mol. Wt., MW =

Specific Heat Ratio Gas Temp. in Pipe, T1 =

of Gas (Cp/Cv), k = 1.3 Abs. Press. in Pipe, P1 =
Compressibility Factor, Z = 0.9411

If any of the above values need to be changed, go to the

"Gas Properties" worksheet to do so.

Orifice Diameter Calculation:

CE DIAMETER

Ideal Gas Law Constant, R = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 0.025 m Orifice Diameter, Do =

CALCULATION OF ORIFICE DIAMET Pipe Area, A1 = Orifice Area, Ao =
0.000491 m2
Target Value of Pressure
Diameter Ratio, b = 0.1999 Difference, P1 - P2 =

Fluid Density, r = 23.546 kg/m3 Pressure Ratio, P2/P1 =

Upstream Pressure Downstream Pressure
Tap Location, L1 = 25 mm Tap Location, L2 =

Pipe Velocity, V = 0.64 m/s Reynolds No., Re =

Orifice Coefficient, Co = 0.6031 Calculated Orifice Area, Ao =

Expansion Factor Y = 0.999 Calculated Orifice Diam., Do =

Difference between Calculated and Assumed Orifice Diam., DDo =

NOTE: You must use Excel's "Goal Seek" to find the orifice diameter as follows: Place the
cursor on cell D52 and click on "goal seek" (in the "tools" menu of older versions and under
"Data - What If Analysis" in newer versions of Excel). Enter values to "Set cell:" D52, "
To value: "0", "By changing cell:" Gll, and click on "OK". The calculated value of D o will
appear in cell G11 and below in cell F63. The yellow cell G11 needs an initial estimate
of Do to start the iterative process.
RESULTS

Required Orifice Diameter, Do = 5.00

Static Pressure Loss = 7.91

(permanent pressure loss downstream of orifice)

Uncertainty of
Calculated Discharge Coefficient, Co ( + ): 0.75%
(from ASME MFC-14M-2003 sec 8.1.1 - 8.1.3)
Are all of the conditions for use of ASME MFC-14M-2003 equations met?
( See the details of the check on the required conditions below. )
 Check on the Conditions Required for Use of ASME MFC-14M-2001 Equations:

If the answer in cell G68 above is "no" then one or more of the conditions required
ASME MFC-14M-2001 LIMITS

for the use of the ASME MFC-14M-2001 equations is not met. See the details below

Is D1 < 40 mm ? yes Is Re > 1,000 ?

For corner taps: Is D1 > 12 mm ?

Is b > 0.1 ? yes Is b < 0.8 ?

For flange taps: Is D1 > 25 mm ?

Is b > 0.15 ? yes Is b < 0.7 ?

If the conditions for use of ISO 5167-2-2003 equations are not met and the flow
and/or pipe/meter configuration cannot be adjusted to meet these conditions
then Tabs 9-11 may be used for calculations with a user specified value for the
orifice coefficient, Co. Tabs 6-8 are available for smaller diameter pipes.
psi
in. Hg

Corner Taps
Flange Taps
 Diam. - S.I. Units References and Equations
40 mm)
For background and descriptive information about orifice flow meters s
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure F

For a table with standard pipe size information, see:

0.000314 m /s 3
Piping Handbook, Seventh Ed., Table E2.1M - S.I. units

5.00 mm NOTE: The ASME MFC-14M-2001 equations used in this worksheet can be u
rt iterative calculation below)
standard pressure tap configurations shown below (corner taps or
0.0 mm

of it to use the

Flange Taps

16.04 Corner Taps: L1 = 0 and L2 - 0 Flange Taps: L1 = 25.4 mm

27 o
C
3447 kPa The equation for gas flow rate through an orifice meter (horizontal, inclin
0.9411 Adapted from: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, E

Where: Q = flow rate through the pipe and through the meter, m3/s
Co = orifice discharge coefficient, dimensionless
Ao = orifice area, m2
P1 = undisturbed upstream pressure in the pipe, Pa
0.0050 m P2 = pressure in the pipe at the constricted area, Pa
 b = Do/D1 = orifice diam./pipe diam., dimensionless
0.0000196 m2 Z = compressibility factor of the gas at P1, T1
R = Ideal Gas Law Constant = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K
8300 Pa MW = molecular weight of gas

T1 = upstream absolute temperature in the pipe, K

0.998 Y = Expansion Factor - see equation for Y below
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
25 mm z1 - z2 = difference between elevation of pipe centerline at pressure t

3.346E+04 Equations from ASME MFC-14M-2001 used in the calculations:

Source: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Measurement of
0.00002 precision orifice meters. ASME MFC-14M-2001

4.997 mm Y = 1 - (0.41 + 0.35 b4)[P1 - P2)/kP1 ]

0.0002 mm For Corner Taps: Co = [0.5991 + 0.0044/D1 + (0.3155 + 0.175/D1)(b4 +

+ [0.52/D1 - 0.192 + (16.48 - 1.16/D1)(b4 + 4b

ollows: Place the For Flange Taps: Co = [0.598 + 0.468(b4 + 10b12)](1 - b4)1/2 + (0.87 + 8.1
ersions and under
t cell:" D52, "
d value of Do will
ial estimate

mm The conditions required for the use of these equations that are shown in the c

from the ASME MFC-14M-2001 reference shown above.

kPa
To determine a value for Co, for square-edged circular orifices with Re > 30,0

located between one and two pipe diameters from the orifice plate, and/or to
the orifice plate to the vena contracta, see:

yes For information about quadrant-edge orifices, slotted orifices, and segmental
section just below: Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemical
01 Equations:

he conditions required
. See the details below.

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

ot met and the flow

t these conditions
ecified value for the
meter pipes.
 References and Equations

mation about orifice flow meters see:

Ed, Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements
Ed, Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure Flowmeters

ions used in this worksheet can be used only for one of the two

urations shown below (corner taps or flange taps):

Flange Taps: L1 = 25.4 mm and L2 = 25.4 mm

h an orifice meter (horizontal, inclined or vertical) is:

Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-22

and through the meter, m3/s

nt, dimensionless

essure in the pipe, Pa

e constricted area, Pa
 diam., dimensionless
e gas at P1, T1
8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K

rature in the pipe, K

uation for Y below
= 9.81 m/s2
vation of pipe centerline at pressure tap 1 and pressure tap 2, m

used in the calculations:

Engineers (ASME), Measurement of fluid flow using small bore

( for P2/P1 > 0.8 )

044/D1 + (0.3155 + 0.175/D1)(b4 + 2 b16)](1 - b4)1/2

- 0.192 + (16.48 - 1.16/D1)(b4 + 4b16)][(1 - b4)/Re]1/2

8(b4 + 10b12)](1 - b4)1/2 + (0.87 + 8.1b4)[(1 - b4)/Re]1/2

ese equations that are shown in the calculations at the left also come

ce shown above.

edged circular orifices with Re > 30,000 and with the upstream tap

eters from the orifice plate, and/or to find the downstream distance from

Figure 10-15 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

ices, slotted orifices, and segmental and eccentric orifices, see the
Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.
 Gas Flow/Orifice Meter Calculations - Pressure Diff. - S.I. Units
Small Bore Pipes (12 mm < D1 < 40 mm)

User Inputs: Enter values in yellow cells only.

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 25.0 mm Pipe Flow Rate, Q =

USER INPUTS

(See link at right for std pipe size table)

Assumed Value of Pressure
Orifice Diameter, Do = 5.0 mm Difference, P1 - P2 =
(needed to start iterative calculation below)

Elevation Diff. between pipe centerline at press. taps, z1 - z2 =

(Note that z1 - z2 = 0 for a horizontal meter)

Click on the yellow cell below and then on the arrow to the right of it to
use the drop down list to select the
pressure tap configuration. Flange Taps
GAS PROPERTIES

Summary of Gas Property Values from Gas Properties Worksheet:

Viscosity of Gas, m = 1.125E-05 Pa-s Gas Mol. Wt., MW =

Specific Heat Ratio Gas Temp. in Pipe, T1 =
of Gas (Cp/Cv), k = 1.3 Abs. Press. in Pipe, P1 =
Compressibility Factor, Z = 0.9411

If any of the above values need to be changed, go to the

"Gas Properties" worksheet to do so.

Pressure Difference Calculation:

RESSURE DIFF.

Ideal Gas Law Constant, R = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 0.025 m Orifice Diameter, Do =

CALCULATION OF PRESSURE
Pipe Area, A1 = 0.0005 m2 Orifice Area, Ao =
Assumed Value of Pressure
Diameter Ratio, b = 0.2000 Difference, P1 - P2 =

Fluid Density, r = 23.546 kg/m3 Pressure Ratio, P2/P1 =

Upstream Pressure Downstream Pressure
Tap Location, L1 = 25.4 mm Tap Location, L2 =

Orifice Coefficient, Co = 0.6031 Pipe Velocity, V =

Expansion Factor Y = 0.999 Reynolds No., Re =

Calculated Pressure Difference, P1 - P2 =

Diff. between Assumed and Calculated Pressure Diff., D(P1 - P2 ) =

NOTE: You must use Excel's "Goal Seek" to find the pressure difference as follows: Place the
cursor on cell G51 and click on "goal seek" (in the "tools" menu of older versions and under
"Data - What If Analysis" in newer versions of Excel). Enter values to "Set cell:" G51, "
To value: "0", "By changing cell:" G11, and click on "OK". The calculated value of P 1 - P2
will appear in cell G11 and below in cell F62. The yellow cell G11 needs an initial estimate
of P1 - P2 to start the iterative process.
RESULTS

Pressure Difference, P1 - P2 = Redo Goal Seek

Static Pressure Loss = 7.89

(permanent pressure loss downstream of orifice)

Uncertainty of
Calculated Discharge Coefficient, Co ( + ): 0.75%
(from ASME MFC-14M-2003 sec 8.1.1 - 8.1.3)

Are all of the conditions for use of ASME MFC-14M-2003 equations met?
( See the details of the check on the required conditions below. )

Check on the Conditions Required for Use of ASME MFC-14M-2001 Equations:

MITS
 If the answer in cell G68 above is "no" then one or more of the conditions required
ASME MFC-14M-2001 LIMITS for the use of the ASME MFC-14M-2001 equations is not met. See the details below.

Is D1 < 40 mm ? yes Is Re > 1,000 ?

For corner taps: Is D1 > 12 mm ?

Is b > 0.1 ? yes Is b < 0.8 ?

For flange taps: Is D1 > 25 mm ?

Is b > 0.15 ? yes Is b < 0.7 ?

If the conditions for use of ISO 5167-2-2003 equations are not met and the flow
and/or pipe/meter configuration cannot be adjusted to meet these conditions
then Tabs 9-11 may be used for calculations with a user specified value for the
orifice coefficient, Co. Tabs 6-8 are available for smaller diameter pipes.
Corner Taps
Flange Taps
re Diff. - S.I. Units References and Equations
40 mm)
For background and descriptive information about orifice flow meters s
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure F

For a table with standard pipe size information, see:

0.000314 m3/s Piping Handbook, Seventh Ed., Table E2.1M - S.I. units

8.3 kPa NOTE: The ASME MFC-14M-2001 equations used in this worksheet can be u
terative calculation below)
standard pressure tap configurations shown below (corner taps or
0.0 mm

16.04
27 o
C Corner Taps: L1 = 0 and L2 - 0 Flange Taps: L1 = 25.4 mm
3447 kPa
0.9411 The equation for gas flow rate through an orifice meter (horizontal, inclin
Adapted from: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th

Where: Q = flow rate through the pipe and through the meter, m 3/s
Co = orifice discharge coefficient, dimensionless
Ao = orifice area, m2
P1 = undisturbed upstream pressure in the pipe, Pa
0.0050 m P2 = pressure in the pipe at the constricted area, Pa
b = Do/D1 = orifice diam./pipe diam., dimensionless
 0.00002 m2 Z = compressibility factor of the gas at P1, T1
R = Ideal Gas Law Constant = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K
8278.1 Pa MW = molecular weight of gas
T1 = upstream absolute temperature in the pipe, K
0.983 Y = Expansion Factor - see equation for Y below
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
25.4 mm z1 - z2 = difference between elevation of pipe centerline at pressure t

0.64 m/s Equations from ASME MFC-14M-2001 used in the calculations:

Source: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Measurement o
3.346E+04 precision orifice meters. ASME MFC-14M-2001

8276.8 Pa Y = 1 - (0.41 + 0.35 b4)[P1 - P2)/kP1 ]

1.2375 For Corner Taps: Co = [0.5991 + 0.0044/D1 + (0.3155 + 0.175/D1)(b4 +

+ [0.52/D1 - 0.192 + (16.48 - 1.16/D1)(b4 +

as follows: Place the For Flange Taps: Co = [0.598 + 0.468(b4 + 10b12)](1 - b4)1/2 + (0.87 + 8.1
ersions and under
t cell:" G51, "
d value of P 1 - P2
initial estimate

kPa The conditions required for the use of these equations that are shown in the c
from the ASME MFC-14M-2001 reference shown above.
kPa
To determine a value for Co, for square-edged circular orifices with Re > 30,0

located between one and two pipe diameters from the orifice plate, and/or to
the orifice plate to the vena contracta, see:

yes For information about quadrant-edge orifices, slotted orifices, and segmental
section just below: Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemic

01 Equations:
he conditions required
. See the details below.

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

ot met and the flow

t these conditions
ecified value for the
meter pipes.
 References and Equations

mation about orifice flow meters see:

d, Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements
d, Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure Flowmeters

ns used in this worksheet can be used only for one of the two

ations shown below (corner taps or flange taps):

Flange Taps: L1 = 25.4 mm and L2 = 25.4 mm

an orifice meter (horizontal, inclined or vertical) is:

y's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-22

nd through the meter, m3/s

, dimensionless

sure in the pipe, Pa

constricted area, Pa
iam., dimensionless
 gas at P1, T1
8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K

ature in the pipe, K

ation for Y below
= 9.81 m/s2
ation of pipe centerline at pressure tap 1 and pressure tap 2, m

sed in the calculations:

Engineers (ASME), Measurement of fluid flow using small bore

( for P2/P1 > 0.8 )

44/D1 + (0.3155 + 0.175/D1)(b4 + 2 b16)](1 - b4)1/2

D1 - 0.192 + (16.48 - 1.16/D1)(b4 + 4b16)][(1 - b4)/Re]1/2

b4 + 10b12)](1 - b4)1/2 + (0.87 + 8.1b4)[(1 - b4)/Re]1/2

se equations that are shown in the calculations at the left also come
e shown above.

dged circular orifices with Re > 30,000 and with the upstream tap

ers from the orifice plate, and/or to find the downstream distance from
Figure 10-15 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

es, slotted orifices, and segmental and eccentric orifices, see the
Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.
 Gas Flow/Orifice Meter Calculations - Flow Rate - S.I. Units
User Specified Orifice Coefficient, Co

User Inputs: Enter values in yellow cells only.

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 25.0 mm Orifice Diameter, Do =

INPUTS

(See link at right for std pipe size table)

Measured Pressure
Orifice Coefficient, Co = 0.6 Difference, P1 - P2 =
(See links at right for Co information)

Elevation Diff. between pipe centerline at press. taps, z1 - z2 =

(Note that z1 - z2 = 0 for a horizontal meter)
GAS PROPERTIES

Summary of Gas Property Values from Gas Properties Worksheet:

Viscosity of Gas, m = 1.125E-05 Pa-s Gas Mol. Wt., MW =

Specific Heat Ratio Gas Temp. in Pipe, T1 =
of Gas (Cp/Cv), k = 1.3 Abs. Press. in Pipe, P1 =
Compressibility Factor, Z = 0.9411

If any of the above values need to be changed, go to the

"Gas Properties" worksheet to do so.

Calculations:

Ideal Gas Law Constant, R = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 0.0250 m Orifice Diameter, Do =

LCULATIONS

Pipe Area, A1 = 0.0005 m2 Orifice Area, Ao =

Measured Pressure
Diameter Ratio, b = 0.2000 Difference, P1 - P2 =
CALCULATIO Fluid Density, r = 23.546 kg/m3 Pressure Ratio, P2/P1 =

Expansion Factor Y = 0.999 Pipe Flow Rate, Q =

Static Pressure Loss = 7.97

(approximate permanent pressure loss downstream of orifice)
psi
in. Hg
 Rate - S.I. Units References and Equations
nt, Co For background and descriptive information about orifice flow meters se

Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements
yellow cells only.
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure Flow

5.0 mm Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 6.1.7, Flow Through Orifices

For a table with standard pipe size information, see:

8.3 kPa Piping Handbook, Seventh Ed., Table E2.1M - S.I. units

Obtaining Values of the Orifice Coefficient, Co:

0.0 mm 1) To determine a value for Co, for square-edged circular orifices with Re > 30,0
located between one and two pipe diameters from the orifice plate, and/or to fin
the orifice plate to the vena contracta, see:

2) To determine a value for Co, for a quadrant edge orifice, see:

16.04
27 o
C

3447 kPa 3) To determine a value for Co, for a square-edged circular orifice with corner ta
0.9411 Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemic

The equation for gas flow rate through an orifice meter (horizontal, incline
( Adapted from: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th

0.005 m Where: Q = flow rate through the pipe and through the meter, m3/s
Co = orifice discharge coefficient, dimensionless
0.00002 m2 Ao = orifice area, m2
P1 = undisturbed upstream pressure in the pipe, Pa
8300 kPa P2 = pressure in the pipe at the constricted area, Pa
 b = Do/D1 = orifice diam./pipe diam., dimensionless
0.998 Z = compressibility factor of the gas at P1, T1
R = Ideal Gas Law Constant = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K
3.13E-04 m3/s MW = molecular weight of gas
T1 = upstream absolute temperature in the pipe, K
Y = Expansion Factor - see equation for Y below
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2

kPa z1 - z2 = difference between elevation of pipe centerline at pressure tap

Y = 1 - (0.41 + 0.35 b4)[P1 - P2)/kP1 ]

Approximate static pressure loss = (P1 - P2)(1 -

Source for static pressure loss equation:

Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th
 References and Equations
ation about orifice flow meters see:

Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements

Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure Flowmeters

Sec. 6.1.7, Flow Through Orifices

edged circular orifices with Re > 30,000 and with the upstream tap
rs from the orifice plate, and/or to find the downstream distance from
Figure 10-15 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

nt edge orifice, see:

Table 10-6 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

-edged circular orifice with corner taps, see:

Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

n orifice meter (horizontal, inclined or vertical) is:

ry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-22 )

d through the meter, m3/s

dimensionless

ure in the pipe, Pa

onstricted area, Pa
am., dimensionless
as at P1, T1
3145 kN-m/kgmole-K

ure in the pipe, K

tion for Y below

on of pipe centerline at pressure tap 1 and pressure tap 2, m

( for P2/P1 > 0.8 )

P1 - P2)(1 - b 2)

ry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-24

 Gas Flow/Orifice Meter Calculations - Orifice Diam. - S.I. Units
User Specified Orifice Coefficient, Co

User Inputs: Enter values in yellow cells only.

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 25.0 mm Pipe Flow Rate, Q = 0.000313

(See link at right for std pipe size table)
Assumed Value of
INPUTS

Orifice Diameter, Do = 5.0

Orifice Coefficient, Co = 0.6 (needed to start iterative calculation below)
(See links at right for Co information)

Press. Diff., P1 - P2 = 8.3 kPa

(target value)

Elevation Diff. between pipe centerline at press. taps, z1 - z2 = 0.0

(Note that z1 - z2 = 0 for a horizontal meter)

Summary of Gas Property Values from Gas Properties Worksheet:

GAS PROPERTIES

Viscosity of Gas, m = 1.125E-05 Pa-s Gas Mol. Wt., MW = 16.04

Specific Heat Ratio Gas Temp. in Pipe, T1 = 27
of Gas (Cp/Cv), k = 1.3 Abs. Press. in Pipe, P1 = 3447
Compressibility Factor, Z = 0.9411

If any of the above values need to be changed, go to the

"Gas Properties" worksheet to do so.

Calculations:

Ideal Gas Law Constant, R = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K

CULATIONS

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 0.0250 m Orifice Diameter, Do = 0.005

CALCULATION
Pipe Area, A1 = 0.0005 m2 Orifice Area, (Ao)-1 = 1.965E-05
Measured Pressure
Diameter Ratio, b = 0.2001 Difference, P1 - P2 = 8300

Fluid Density, r = 23.546 kg/m3 Pressure Ratio, P2/P1 = 0.998

Expansion Factor Y = 0.999 Orifice Area, (Ao)-2 = 1.965E-05

Difference between Orifice Area, [(Ao)-1 and (Ao)-2]*100000 = 0.000131

NOTE: You must use Excel's "Goal Seek" to find the orifice diameter as follows: Place the
cursor on cell G45 and click on "goal seek" (in the "tools" menu of older versions and under
"Data - What If Analysis" in newer versions of Excel). Enter values to "Set cell:" G45, "
To value: "0", "By changing cell:" G11, and click on "OK". The calculated value of Do will
appear in cell G11 and below in cell F56. The yellow cell G11 needs an initial estimate
RESULTS

of Do to start the iterative process.

Orifice Diameter Needed, Do = Redo Goal Seek mm

Static Pressure Loss = 7.97 kPa

(approximate permanent pressure loss downstream of orifice)
psi
in. Hg
 S.I. Units References and Equations
For background and descriptive information about orifice flow meters see:

Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements

Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure Flowmeters

m3/s Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 6.1.7, Flow Through Orifices

mm For a table with standard pipe size information, see:

alculation below) Piping Handbook, Seventh Ed., Table E2.1M - S.I. units

Obtaining Values of the Orifice Coefficient, Co:

1) To determine a value for Co, for square-edged circular orifices with Re > 30,000 and with th

located between one and two pipe diameters from the orifice plate, and/or to find the downstre
mm the orifice plate to the vena contracta, see: Figure 10-15 in Perry's Chemical Engineer

2) To determine a value for Co, for a quadrant edge orifice, see:

Table 10-6 in Perry's Chemical Engineers'

3) To determine a value for Co, for a square-edged circular orifice with corner taps, see:
o
C Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Hand
kPa

The equation for gas flow rate through an orifice meter (horizontal, inclined or vertical)
( Adapted from: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-22

Where: Q = flow rate through the pipe and through the meter, m3/s
Co = orifice discharge coefficient, dimensionless
m Ao = orifice area, m2
P1 = undisturbed upstream pressure in the pipe, Pa
 m2 P2 = pressure in the pipe at the constricted area, Pa
b = Do/D1 = orifice diam./pipe diam., dimensionless
Pa Z = compressibility factor of the gas at P1, T1
R = Ideal Gas Law Constant = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K
MW = molecular weight of gas
T1 = upstream absolute temperature in the pipe, K
m2 Y = Expansion Factor - see equation for Y below
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
m2 z1 - z2 = difference between elevation of pipe centerline at pressure tap 1 and pressu

Y = 1 - (0.41 + 0.35 b4)[P1 - P2)/kP1 ] ( for P2/P1 > 0.8 )

ws: Place the
ons and under Approximate static pressure loss = (P1 - P2)(1 - b 2)
ll:" G45, "
alue of Do will Source for static pressure loss equation:
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-24
flow meters see:

surements

tial Pressure Flowmeters

ugh Orifices

s with Re > 30,000 and with the upstream tap

ate, and/or to find the downstream distance from

-15 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

6 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

e with corner taps, see:

erry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

izontal, inclined or vertical) is:

ndbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-22 )
e at pressure tap 1 and pressure tap 2, m

ndbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-24

 Gas Flow/Orifice Meter Calculations - Pressure Diff. - S.I. Units
User Specified Orifice Coefficient, Co

User Inputs: Enter values in yellow cells only.

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 25.0 mm Orifice Diameter, Do = 5.0

INPUTS

(See link at right for std pipe size table)

Assumed Value of Pressure
Pipe Flow Rate, Q = 0.000313 m3/s Difference, P1 - P2 = 8.3
Orifice Coefficient, Co = 0.6 (needed to start iterative calculation below)
(See links at right for Co information)

Elevation Diff. between pipe centerline at press. taps, z1 - z2 = 0.0

(Note that z1 - z2 = 0 for a horizontal meter)
GAS PROPERTIES

Summary of Gas Property Values from Gas Properties Worksheet:

Viscosity of Gas, m = 1.125E-05 Pa-s Gas Mol. Wt., MW = 16.04

Specific Heat Ratio Gas Temp. in Pipe, T1 = 27
of Gas (Cp/Cv), k = 1.3 Abs. Press. in Pipe, P1 = 3447
Compressibility Factor, Z = 0.9411

If any of the above values need to be changed, go to the

"Gas Properties" worksheet to do so.

Calculations:

Ideal Gas Law Constant, R = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K

CALCULATIONS

Pipe Diameter, D1 = 0.0250 m Orifice Diameter, Do = 0.005

Pipe Area, A1 = 0.0005 m2 Orifice Area, Ao = 0.00002

Fluid Density, r = 23.546 kg/m3 Diameter Ratio, b = 0.2000

CALCULAT Assumed Value of Pressure
Expansion Factor Y = 0.999 Difference, P1 - P2 = 8311

Calculated Pressure Difference, P1 - P2 = 8309.3

Diff. Between Assumed and Calculated Pressure Diff., D(P1 - P2 ) = 1.2473

NOTE: You must use Excel's "Goal Seek" to find the pressure difference as follows: Place the
cursor on cell G43 and click on "goal seek" (in the "tools" menu of older versions and under
"Data - What If Analysis" in newer versions of Excel). Enter values to "Set cell:" G43, "
To value: "0", "By changing cell:" G11, and click on "OK". The calculated value of P 1 - P2
will appear in cell G11 and below in cell F54. The yellow cell G11 needs an initial estimate
RESULTS

of P1 - P2 to start the iterative process.

Pressure Difference, P1 - P2 = Redo Goal Seek kPa

Static Pressure Loss = 7.98 kPa

(approximate permanent pressure loss downstream of orifice)
S.I. Units References and Equations
For background and descriptive information about orifice flow meters see:

Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 8.5.4, Flow Measurements

Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 10.1.12, Differential Pressure Flowmeters

mm Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Sec. 6.1.7, Flow Through Orifices

kPa For a table with standard pipe size information, see:

lation below) Piping Handbook, Seventh Ed., Table E2.1M - S.I. units

Obtaining Values of the Orifice Coefficient, Co:

mm 1) To determine a value for Co, for square-edged circular orifices with Re > 30,000 and with the
located between one and two pipe diameters from the orifice plate, and/or to find the downstre
the orifice plate to the vena contracta, see: Figure 10-15 in Perry's Chemical Engineer

2) To determine a value for Co, for a quadrant edge orifice, see:

Table 10-6 in Perry's Chemical Engineers'
o
C
kPa 3) To determine a value for Co, for a square-edged circular orifice with corner taps, see:
Figure 10-16 in Perry's Chemical Engineers' H

The equation for gas flow rate through an orifice meter (horizontal, inclined or vertical) is
( Adapted from: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equation 1

m Where: Q = flow rate through the pipe and through the meter, m3/s
Co = orifice discharge coefficient, dimensionless
m2 Ao = orifice area, m2
P1 = undisturbed upstream pressure in the pipe, Pa
P2 = pressure in the pipe at the constricted area, Pa
 b = Do/D1 = orifice diam./pipe diam., dimensionless
Pa Z = compressibility factor of the gas at P1, T1
R = Ideal Gas Law Constant = 8.3145 kN-m/kgmole-K
Pa MW = molecular weight of gas
T1 = upstream absolute temperature in the pipe, K
Y = Expansion Factor - see equation for Y below
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
z1 - z2 = difference between elevation of pipe centerline at pressure tap 1 and pressur
ows: Place the
ns and under Y = 1 - (0.41 + 0.35 b4)[P1 - P2)/kP1 ] ( for P2/P1 > 0.8 )

ue of P 1 - P2 Approximate static pressure loss = (P1 - P2)(1 - b 2)

Source for static pressure loss equation:

Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed, Equation 1
s

sure Flowmeters

ces

e > 30,000 and with the upstream tap

or to find the downstream distance from
erry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

y's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

orner taps, see:

s Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Ed.

inclined or vertical) is:

dbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-22 )
sure tap 1 and pressure tap 2, m

dbook, 8th Ed, Equation 10-24