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G ROUNDING
R ESISTORS
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
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With over 130 years of combined
industrial and utility experience,
Post Glover
delivers the industry’s strongest, broadest and most
technologically advanced products available.
Experienced
Post Glover has grown into the world’s largest power resistor company,
based on its industry leading positions in grounding solutions and
dynamic braking resistors. Post Glover can be trusted to deliver cost-
effective, reliable products to the marketplace.
Efficient
Post Glover’s factory in Erlanger, Kentucky integrates computer aided
design and manufacturing with the industry’s strongest engineering team
for greater manufacturing capabilities and efficiencies. Post Glover
continues to improve through Kaizen events, third party certifications
and regular audits of our internal practices.
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The industry’s most experienced sales and engineering team and largest
independent sales representative network insure a timely and accurate,
same day response to your typical and complex applications. With 16
engineers on staff, we are poised to answer your product and application
questions.
Certified Products
Post Glover prides itself on designing and manufacturing in accordance
with all applicable standards, be they IEEE, ANSI, NEMA or IEC. Taking
safety one step further, we offer the only UL listed high resistance
grounding unit in the industry, as well as UL and CSA offerings in low
resistance grounding resistors and dynamic braking resistors.
Table of Contents
Specifications ............................................................................................................................ 15
Neutral Grounding Resistors ................................................................................... 15
• High Voltage, Low Resistance...................................................................... 15
• Low or Medium Voltage, High Resistance ................................................... 16
Zigzag Grounding Transformers.............................................................................. 17
Transformer bank
SYSTEM In addition to the cost of equipment damage,
GROUNDING
ungrounded systems present fault locating problems.
EQUIPMENT
This involves a tedious process of trial and error, first
GROUNDING isolating the correct feeder, then the branch, and
finally the equipment at fault. The result is
unnecessarily lengthy and expensive downtime.
Cha r a c t e ristic s of Ungrounded
Sy st e m s Despite the drawbacks of an ungrounded system, it
does have one main advantage. The circuit may
An ungrounded system is one in which there is no continue in operation after the first ground fault,
intentional connection between the conductors and assuming it remains as a single fault. This permits
earth ground. However, in any system, a capacitive continued production, until a convenient shutdown
coupling exists between the system conductors and can be scheduled for maintenance.
the adjacent grounded surfaces. Consequently, the
“ungrounded system” is, in reality, a “capacitively
grounded system” by virtue of the distributed
capacitance. This is shown in Figure 2. Under normal
operating conditions, this distributed capacitance
causes no problems. In fact, it is beneficial, because
it establishes, in effect, a neutral point for the system,
as shown in Figure 3a. As a result, the phase FIGURE 3 Phase A and B are now at full
line-to-line voltage above ground
conductors are stressed at only line-to-neutral voltage A B
While solidly grounded systems are an improvement Line to Neutral Voltage Equals
System Voltage Divided by 1.732
over ungrounded systems, and speed up the location
of faults, they lack the current limiting ability of
resistance grounding and the extra protection this
FIGURE 4
Solidly
Grounded
Neutral
System
V
on medium and high voltage systems.
7
34
High Re sist anc e Grounded Neutr al High Resistance
Neutral Grounding
5 Amps
High resistance grounding of the neutral limits the 69.4 Ohms
ground fault current to a very low level (typically
under 25 amps). It is used on low voltage systems of
600 volts or less (see Figure 6). By limiting the ground
fault current, the fault can be tolerated on the system
until it can be located, and then isolated or removed
at a convenient time. This permits continued A B
production, providing a second ground fault does not FIGURE 7
occur. Neutral is
at L-N volts Phase A and B
above ground are at line-to-line
High resistance neutral grounding can be added to A B voltage above
ground
existing ungrounded systems without the expense of
adding fault clearing relays and breakers. This N
provides an economical method of upgrading older, Phase C
grounded
ungrounded systems.
Table 3 – IEEE-32
Time Ratings and Permissible Temperature Rises for Neutral Grounding Resistors
Time Rating (on time) Permissible Temperature Rise (above 30˚C)
Ten Seconds (Short Time) 760˚C
One Minute (Short Time) 760˚C
Ten Minutes (Short Time) 610˚C
Extended Time 610˚C
Steady State (Continuous) 385˚C (CSA permissible rise is 375˚C on continuous duty)
Factors to Consider
The Sele ction Proce s s
Over the years, the standard practice for neutral
Whether solid or resistance grounding is selected, it is
grounding in industrial plants has been:
necessary to ground each voltage level to achieve the
a.) 600 volt and lower systems - solid grounding protection and advantages of neutral grounding. The
ground connection should be at the neutral lead of the
b.) 2.4 to 13.8 kv - low resistance grounding generator or the power transformer bank. In other words,
ground at the power source, not at the load. The ground
c.) above 13.8 kv- solid grounding
connection should always be on the secondary of the
Recently the trend on 600 volt and lower systems has transformer. (See Figure 9).
been to use high resistance grounding, with all the
When a single line-to-ground fault occurs on a
inherent advantages it offers the user.
resistance grounded system, a voltage equal to the
The following factors should be considered when rating normal line-to-neutral system voltage appears across the
neutral grounding resistors: resistor.
a.) The capacitance-to-ground charging current of The resistor current is equal to the current in the fault.
the circuit being protected. Rule of thumb is: Thus, the current is practically equal to line-to-neutral
- On systems of 600 volts or lower, .5 amp per voltage divided by the resistance in ohms. For example,
1000 kVA of transformer capac ity. - On on a 4160 volt, 3-phase system grounded by a 12 ohm
medium and high voltage systems (above 600 resistor, the line-to-neutral voltage is 4160÷ 3, or 2400
volts), 1.0 amp per 1000 kVA of transformer volts. The ground current will be 2400÷12, or 200
capacity. amperes. Therefore, for this example, the ground fault
current would be limited to 200 amperes, and the rating
b.) The maximum ground fault current to be of the resistor would be 2400 volts and 200 amps.
permitted on the system, after taking into
consideration points a.) and b.) above. This The time rating would be selected based on the length
determines the amount of fault damage f ti th t th f lt d i it i ll dt b
considered acceptable under ground fault FIGURE 9 If branch breaker trips
system ground could be lost.
conditions. Motor
N
G
R X3
X3
Scope Enclosure s
This specification covers the design, manufacture and The frame of the enclosure shall be made from
testing of high-voltage, low-resistance type Neutral structural steel angles welded together, or bolted
Grounding Resistors (NGR) for installation outdoors onto together with stainless-steel hardware. The top of the
a concrete pad or power transformer. enclosure shall be solid, slightly overhung and sloped. It
shall be embossed with stiffening ribs. The enclosure
Applicable Standards shall have forged eyebolts in each corner for lifting
purposes.
The NGR shall be designed, manufactured and tested
as per the latest revisions of IEEE-32. The bottom of the enclosure shall be screened with
expanded or perforated metal with openings of 1/2" or
Re si stor s less. This screening shall be welded or bolted in and is
not removable. It shall be elevated 4 to 6 inches above
The resistive elements shall be low temperature the base of the unit.
coeffic ient, resistor grade stainless steel of sufficient
mass to withstand the rated current and prescribed duty. Bolt-on side covers on all four sides shall be used.
Screened covers may be furnished for certain
The resistors shall be mounted in corrosion resistant applications. Stainless-steel hardware shall be used.
support frames, using stainless-steel hardware. Louvered or screened openings shall not exceed 1/2".
The entire resistor assembly shall be mounted on A durable nameplate, permanently attached to one
insulators rated for the system voltage. side cover shall show the manufacturer and the
complete rating. Painted enclosures shall be suitably
All resistor terminals and interconnections between
cleaned, primed and painted. Stainless-steel and
resistor units shall be stainless-steel using stainless- steel
aluminum enc losures (in particular) shall be protected
hardware inc luding lock washers. High current
from scratching during manufacture, assembly and
connections shall be spot or TIG welded as appropriate.
shipment.
Connections between resistors and bushings or current
CS A Approv ed Enclosure
transformers shall be solid copper or stainless steel bus
or copper cables.
To meet CSA outdoor requirements, solid side covers
and elevated, hooded roof shall be supplied. All of the
other requirements outlined above shall be met.
Scope Enclosure s
This specification covers design, manufacture and Lo w V o ltage (600 volts or less)
testing of low- or medium-voltage, high-resistance type Enclosure shall be of heavy gauge Galvanneal cold
Neutral Grounding Resistors (NGR) for installation rolled steel with baked enamel finish. All mounting
indoors and outdoors onto a concrete pad or power hardware shall be stainless steel.
transformer.
Indoor enclosure shall have a screened cover with
Applicable Standards maximum openings of 1/2".
Scope Enclosure s
This specification covers design, manufacture and Lo w V o ltage (600 volts or less)
testing of low- or medium-voltage Zigzag grounding The Zigzag transformer may be combined with the NGR
transformers for use with Neutral Grounding Resistors and mounted in one enclosure where the continuous
(NGR) for installation indoors or outdoors onto a rating does not exceed 5 amps.
concrete pad or power transformer.
The enclosure shall be of heavy gauge Galvanneal
cold rolled steel with baked enamel finish. All mounting
Applicable Standards
hardware shall be stainless-steel.
The transformer shall be designed, manufactured and
Indoor enclosure shall have a screened cover with
tested as per the latest revisions of IEEE-32.
maximum openings of 1/2".
The transformer shall be continuously rated for the Medi um V o l tage (above 600 volts t o 5 ,000 volts)
charging current of the system on which it is being The frame of the enclosure shall be made from
applied; it shall also have the same current and “on” structural steel angles made from heavy gauge steel,
time rating as that of the NGR with which it is being welded together, or bolted together with stainless-steel
applied. hardware. The top of the enclosure shall be solid,
slightly overhung and sloped. It shall be embossed with
Insulation class maximum temperature rise shall not be stiffening ribs. The enclosure shall have forged eyebolts
exceeded at these currents and “on” times. in each corner for lifting purposes.
It shall be rated at the system voltage. The bottom of the enclosure shall be screened with
expanded or perforated metal with openings of 1/2" or
less. This screening shall be welded or bolted in and is
not removable. It shall be elevated 4 to 6 inches above
the base of the unit.