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Engineering College
Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
NAAC Accridated with ‘A’ Grade
Prepared by :
M. Ravi Chandra, M.Tech (Assistant Professor)
Nishant A Nair, M.Tech (Assistant Professor)
ACE is the leading institute for coaching in ESE, GATE & PSUs
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MATERIALS
1. Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron, carbon and other elements. Because of its high
tensile strength and low cost, it is a major component used in buildings,
infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and
weapons.
2. Structural steel
Structural steel is a category of steel used for making construction materials
in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the form of an
elongated beam having a profile of a specific cross section
(a) Types of structural steel
• IS 226 (Standard Quality)
• IS 2062 (Fusion welding Quality)
• IS 961 (High tensile steel)
• IS 8500 (Medium & high strength qualities)
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2 Design of Steel Structures
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
3 Materials, Specifications
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
4 Design of Steel Structures
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
5 Materials, Specifications
T – section (ISNT)
• Indian Standard rolled Deep legged T – (ISDT)
• Indian Standard rolled silt Light weight T – bars (ISLT)
• Indian Standard rolled silt Medium weight T – bars (ISMT)
• Indian Standard rolled silt T – bars from H – section (ISHT)
• Designated by its depth and weight
Ex : ISNT 125 at 274 N/m
7. Steel Structure
A steel structure is an assemblage of organized combination of structural
steel members (or structural steel sections) expected to sustain their share
of applied forces, moments and to transfer them safely from one member
to other and finally to the ground. Depending on the orientation of the
member in the structure and its structural use, the member is subjected
to forces either axial, shear, bending moment or twisting moment or a
combination there of. Which are designed to carry loads, deformations
and provide adequate rigidity.
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6 Design of Steel Structures
<16 16-40 41 – 63
Micro alloyed high strength steel Fe 440 440 300 290 280 22
IS 8500
Fe 540 540 410 390 380 20
Fe 590 590 450 430 420 20
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7 Materials, Specifications
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
8 Design of Steel Structures
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
9 Materials, Specifications
Limit State of
Limit State of Strength
Serviceability
• Strength • Deflection
(yielding, buckling) • Vibration
• Stability against overturning • Fatigue checks (including repairable
and sway damage due to fatigue)
• Fracture due to fatigue • Corrosion
Plastic collapse • Fire
• Brittle Fracture
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10 Design of Steel Structures
Characteristic strength
= γm
γm= a material factor, which is also
determined on a ‘probabilistic basis’
* This value is to be considered when stability against overturning or stress reversal is critical
Abbreviations: DL= Dead Load, LL= Imposed Load (Live Loads),
WL= Wind Load, EL= Earthquake Load.
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
Unit 1 1.2 Riveted & Bolted Connections
1. Introduction
One of the important aspects of steel structures is the joining of various
members of a structure so they act as an integral unit. The different
techniques used to join steel members are riveting, bolting and welding.
Riveting is the old practice of connecting metal parts, due to many
internal demerits, which has been to a large extent, replaced by bolting
and welding.
The process of riveting starts with the drilling of holes into the metal parts to
be joined, the diameter of which are slightly greater than the diameter of
the shank of the rivet. The rivet is heated uniformly in a furnace so that it
becomes red hot. Then it inserted into the holes drilled in the metal parts.
The projected portion of the shank is given few rapid blow so that another
head is formed at the other end of shank. On cooling the rivet contracts
in length so that the plates are firmly contact. After this process the shank
diameter increases. Normally, the rivets are driven by the pneumatic
process
3. Rivet hole (d)
Holes are drilled or punched in the connected members to be riveted. The
size of rivet holes are 1.5mm larger than the size of rivet up to 25mm, for
rivets of diameter more than 25mm, the diameter of hole should be 2mm
larger than the diameter of rivets
• Nominal diameter of rivet (φ) is the diameter of shank (Diameter of
rivet before riveting process)
According to the Unwin’s formula the nominal rivet diameter is
assumed as
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12 Design of Steel Structures
5. Classification of rivets
(a) Based on method of heating
• Hot driven Rivets: Rivets are heated red hot before driving
• Cold driven rivets: Driven at atmospheric conditions without
heating.
hh Cold driven rivet has more strength compared to hot driven rivet.
(b) Based on method of placing
• Work shop rivets
• Field driven rivets
hh Work shop driven rivets have more strength than field rivets
(c) Based on method of driving force
• Power driven rivets
• Hand driven rivets
hh Power driven rivets have approximately 20% more strength than
hand driven rivet.
• Snap head or Round head rivets mostly used for connecting structural
steel member or sections. Flat counter sunk or round counter sunk
head rivets are provided to have flush or flat surface.
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13 Bolted and Riveted Connections
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14 Design of Steel Structures
9. Types of bolts
There are several types of bolts used to connect structural members. Some
of them are listed below
• They are primarily used in light structures under static loads such For Micro Notes by the
as small trusses, purlins, bracings. They are also used as temporary Student
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
16 Design of Steel Structures
• For single cover butt joint, cover plate thickness required is 1.25 times
the main plate.
• For double cover butt joint, each cover plate thickness is 5/8 x thickness
of main plate.
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17 Bolted and Riveted Connections
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18 Design of Steel Structures
• Maximum pitch (pmax) = 12t or 200mm whichever is less for For Micro Notes by the
compression member (Where t = thickness of thinner connected Student
member)
• 32t or 300mm, whichever is less for tacking or stitch rivets or bolts
(when plates are not exposed to weather)
• 16t or 200mm whichever is less for tacking or stitch rivets (when
plates are exposed to weather)
• In case of two angles, channels or tee section maximum pitch of
tacking rivets (In which tacking or stitch rivets are to be provided
along length to connect each of them)
Not exceeding 600mm for compression members
Not exceeding 1000mm for tension members.
(b) Gauge (g): Distance between adjacent rivet lines or C/C distance between
two consecutive rivets or bolts measured at right angles to the direction of
the force. It is also defined as c/c distance between two consecutive rivets
measured along the width of member.
(c) Rivet or Bolt line (or gauge line): Line along which rivets or bolts are placed.
(d) End distance: It is the distance between the center of rivet hole or bolt
hole to the nearest edge of main member of cover plate edge measured
parallel to the direction of a load in member.
(e) Edge distance: It is the distance between the center of rivet hole or bolt
hole to the nearest edge of main member of cover plate edge measured
perpendicular to the direction of a load in member
Environments) (IS800:2007)
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19 Bolted and Riveted Connections
(b) Bearing failure of rivets: The rivet crushed half circumference. The plate
may be strong in bearing and heaviest stress plate may crush the rivet
shank. This failure may not occur in practice except plate may strong
in bearing.
(c) Bearing failure of plates: The plate may be crushed when the bearing
stress in the plate exceeds working bearing stress
(d) Shear failure of plates: The internal pressure of over driven (shank length
is more than grip) rivets are placed at a lesser edge distance than
specified cause this failure. This failure can be checked by providing
proper edge distance between center of rivet hole and end of the
plate.
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20 Design of Steel Structures
(e) Tearing failure of plates: The tensile stress in the plate at net cross
section may exceeds the working tensile stress. Tearing failure may
occur when rivets are stronger than the plates under tensile force.
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21 Bolted and Riveted Connections
16. Strength of riveted connection or Joint (Pc or PJ) For Micro Notes by the
(a) Strength of rivet in shear (Ps) Student
Strength of one rivet in single shear (Ps)
πd 2 #
Ps = τ vf
4
Where,
τvf = permissible or allowable shear stress in rivet
d = gross or effective diameter of rivet
n = number of rivets in a lap joint
(b) Strength of rivet in bearing (Pb)
Strength of one rivet in bearing
Pb = d # t # σ pf
Strength of riveted joint in bearing
Pb = d # t # σ pf # n
σpf = Permissible bearing stress in rivet.
t = thickness of thinner plate in lap joint
= thickness of main thinner plate or sum of cover plates thickness,
Whichever is minimum in case of a double cover butt joint.
(c) Rivet value or strength of rivet (Rv)
Minimum of strength of rivet in shear (Ps) and strength of rivet in
bearing (Pb).
Rv = Smaller of Ps and Pb
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22 Design of Steel Structures
= Pc # 100
Psp
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23 Bolted and Riveted Connections
Q. Chain pattern of riveting vs Diamond pattern of riveting: For Micro Notes by the
(a) Diamond pattern of riveting is more efficient than chain riveting. Student
(b) Cover plate material may be saved using diamond pattern of
riveting.
(c) width of main plate required for diamond pattern of riveting may be
lesser` as compared with chain pattern of riveting.
01. Efficiency of a riveted joint having the minimum pitch as per IS: 800,
is______%
02. For the same number of rivets have been used in the joint, then which of the
following yield the highest efficiency?
(a) Chain pattern of riveting.
(b) Staggered pattern of riveting.
(c) Diamond pattern of riveting.
(d) Zig Zag pattern of riveting.
03. Which of the following riveted joint is efficient in transferring the load
without causing eccentricity?
(a) Lap joint
(b) Single cover butt joint
(c) Double cover butt joint
(d) Eccentric joint
04. In a diamond riveting, for a plate of width ‘b’ and rivet diameter d, the
efficiency of the joint is given by
(a) ^b − dh (b) ^b − 2dh
b b
05. An angle ISA 50×50×6 is connected to a gusset plate 5 mm thick, with M16
bolts. What is the bearing strength of the bolt when the hole diameter is 18
mm and the allowable bearing stress is 250 MPa?
(a) 8.0 kN (b) 20 kN
(c) 22.5 kN (d) 24 kN
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24 Design of Steel Structures
06. A 12mm thick plate is connected to two 8mm plates on either side through For Micro Notes by the
a 16mm diameter power driven field rivets as shown in the figure below. Student
08. Match List – I (Failure mode) with List - II (Reason) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists
List – I
A. Shear failure of plates
B. Bearing failure of plates
C. Tearing failure of plates
D. Splitting failure of plates
List - II
1. Insufficient edge distance
2. Strength of plate is less than that of the rivets
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 1 1 2 1
(b) 2 1 2 1
(c) 1 2 1 2
(d) 1 1 1 2
09. Which one of the following is not a mode failure in a double riveted double
cover butt joint is subjected to axial shear force
(a) Shear failure of rivet (b) Tearing failure of rivet
(c) Bearing failure of plate (d)Tearing failure of plate
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
25 Bolted and Riveted Connections
11. For field rivets, the permissible stresses are reduced by _______ percentage?
(a) 10% (b) 20%
(c) 25% (d) 33%
12. The permissible stresses in rivets under combined wind load conditions
as per IS:800-1984 can be exceeded by about
(a) 15% (b) 25%
(c) 33% (d) 50%
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26 Design of Steel Structures
Where,
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27 Bolted and Riveted Connections
βpkg = reduction factor for packing plates For Micro Notes by the
When packing thickness is more than 6mm thick the shank of the bolts is Student
subjected to bending which affects the nominal shear capacity of the bolt
β pkg = 1.0 − 0.0125 t pkg
tpkg= Thickness of thicker packing plate in mm
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28 Design of Steel Structures
(d). Design Tensile strength of plate (Tdp): For Micro Notes by the
Student
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29 Bolted and Riveted Connections
24. Design strength of bolted connection (Vdc) For Micro Notes by the
It is a minimum design strength of bolted connection is based on design Student
strength of bolts in shear (Vdsb), design strength of bolts and plate in bearing
(Vdpb), design strength of bolts in tension (Tdb) (if exists) and minimum design
strength of connected member or plate against gross section yielding or
net section rupture (Tdp).
01. Which one of the following bolt is desirable when structural bolted connection
is subjected to dynamic or impact loads?
(a) Unfinished bolt
(b) Close tolerance bolts
(c) High strength friction grip bolt
(d) Ordinary bolt
02. When the distance between centers of two adjacent bolts connecting
the members subjected to either compression or tension exceeds the
maximum pitch, then the additional bolts which are not subjected to the
calculated stresses are known as
(a) Packing bolts (b) Long-grip bolts
(c) Tacking bolts (d) Auxiliary bolts
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30 Design of Steel Structures
04. Which one of the following failure can be eliminated by providing minimum For Micro Notes by the
Student
end distance and pitch distance as per IS 800 provisions?
(a) Tearing failure of plate
(b) Block shear failure of plate
(c) Shearing failure of bolt
(d) Tearing failure of bolt
05. In triple bolted double cover butt joint, the design strength of connection per
pitch length in shearing the bolt is _______ times the design strength of one
bolt per pitch in single shear, where n is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
06. Mild steel flat subjected to a design axial force of 240 kN is joined to a gusset
plate by lap connection using bolts. If the design forces required per each
bolt (i) to shear the bolt, (ii) to crush the bolt and (iii) to tear the bolt are 40
kN, 50 kN and 30 kN respectively, then the number of bolts required is
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10
07. The tension and shear force (both in kN) in each bolt of the joint, as
shown below, respectively are
4
3 Pu = 250 kN
5
08. The design tensile strength of M16 bolt of grade 4.6 is______ kN
(a) 50.24 kN (b) 45.16 kN
(c) 51.13 kN (d) 43.86 kN
09. The hanger connection is subjected to design axial load is 180 kN. The design
strength of each bolt in shear, bearing and tension respectively 30 kN, 60
kN and 45 kN respectively. The number of bolts are required for the hanger
connection is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
31 Bolted and Riveted Connections
10. The design strength values of a lap bolted connection between plates For Micro Notes by the
are 180,000 N against tearing, 160,000 N against shearing and 1, 50,000 N Student
against bearing. If the design strength of the solid plate is 2, 40,000 N; the
efficiency of the connection is_______%
(a) 55.0% (b) 62.5%
(c) 66.6% (d) 75.0%
11. The maximum longitudinal pitch of bolted joint subjected to tensile force,
where ‘t’ is thickness of plate and ‘D’ is diameter of bolt is
(a) 32 D (b) 16 D
(c) 32 t (d) 16 t
12. A member of a truss consists of two angles ISA 100 × 100 × 6 placed back
to back. It carries an ultimate load of 150 kN and is connected to a
gusset plate 8 mm thick placed in between two connected legs. Assume
Fe410 grade of steel. End distance and pitch distance to bolt holes are
respectively are 30 mm & 40 mm. Partial factor for bearing type bolt is 1.25.
The number of full threaded M16 bolts of grade 4.6 required for this joint is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
06. (b) 07. (d) 08. (d) 09. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b)
Conventional Questions
01. Two ISA 90×90×8mm carry a load of 180 kN and are placed back to back
through 10mm thick gusset plate. The permissible shear stress in rivet is 80 N/
mm2 and permissible bearing stress in rivet is 250N/mm2. Design the riveted
connection and show the arrangement with a neat sketch.
02. Two Fe410 plates of size 200mm × 10mm are to be joined by using bolts of
grade 4.6. Design a suitable bolted connection and also check the strength
of connected members as well as efficiency of bolted connection. The
bolted connection is supposed to carry a service load of 300 kN. The partial
safety factor governed by bearing type bolts is γmb=1.25 and load factor
γf =1.50
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Unit 1 1.3 Welded Connections
WELDED CONNECTIONS
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33 Welded Connections
• Welded structures are more rigid compared to structures with riveted For Micro Notes by the
and bolted connections. Student
• A truly continuous structure is formed by the process of fusing the
members together.
• Generally welded joints are as strong or stronger than the base
metal, thereby placing no restriction on the joints.
• Stress concentration effect is also considerably less in a welded
connection. Some of the disadvantages of welding are that it requires
skilled man power for welding as well as inspection.
• Also, non-destructive evaluation may have to be carried out to detect
defects in welds (Defects like internal air pockets and incomplete
penetration, cracks, porosity).
• Welding in the field may be difficult due to the location or environment.
Welded joints are highly prone to cracking under fatigue loading
(Welded joints are more brittle and their fatigue strength is less)
• Large residual stresses and distortion are developed in welded
connections.
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
34 Design of Steel Structures
(a) Reinforcement
• It is very difficult to maintain flush surface during welding with parent
member
• Reinforcement is extra weld metal (0.75mm – 3mm) which makes
throat dimension at least 10% greater than the thickness of the weld
material. The reason for providing reinforcement is to increase the
efficiency of the connection.
• Reinforcement makes the butt weld stronger for static loads. However
the reinforcement effect is neglected in design strength calculations.
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35 Welded Connections
L w # t e # f y'
Tdw = γ mw
fy′ = smaller of yield stress of the weld (fyw) and parent metal (fy) in MPa
Lw = Effective length of weld in mm
te = Effective throat thickness of weld in m
= 5/8 × Thickness of thinner connected member in case of single butt
weld (t)
= Thickness of thinner connected member in case of fully penetrated
butt weld (t) (or) Double butt weld
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36 Design of Steel Structures
gmw=Partial safety factor against weld strength For Micro Notes by the
gmw=1.25 for work shop welding and Student
gmw=1.50 for site (field) welding
fyw1 L w t e
Vdw = γ mw
Example: 3.1
Two 16mm thick plates are joined in the workshop by (i) a single ‘U’ butt weld
(ii) a double butt weld. The effective length of weld is 300mm. Determine
the design strength of welded joint as per limit state design of IS800:2007.
The yield and ultimate tensile strength of weld and steel are 250 MPa and
410 MPa respectively.
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37 Welded Connections
6. Design of Concentric Fillet Welds (or) Lap Welds For Micro Notes by the
• The fillet weld is done for members which overlap each other or used Student
to connect structural members that are aligned in the two different
planes, for such welded joints shear stress are critical. Usually convex
or concave shape fillet welds are provided depending upon situation.
They are approximately triangular in cross section and they don’t
require edge preparation which are cheaper than butt welds
• Minimum throat thickness of fillet weld not less than 3mm (IS800:2007
For Micro Notes by the
Specification only) Student
• tt = K x Size of the weld (S) (K= constant depends on angle between
fusion faces
• Fillet welds are normally used for connecting parts whose fusion faces
form angles between 60° and 120°.
Angle be-
60°– 91°– 101°– 107°– 114°–
tween fusion
90° 100o 106° 113° 120°
faces
Constant K 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50
(ii) In order to control it the length of the longitudinal (side) fillet weld
should not be less than the width of the plate. The uneven stress
distribution increases as the width of the plate increases.
(iii) For this reason the perpendicular distance between the longitudinal
fillet weld is limited to 16 times the thickness of thinner plate joined.
If the plate is wider than this limit slot or plug welds may introduced,
which tend to improve the distribution of stress in the plate.
(iv) It is assumed that the strength of longitudinal and transverse fillet weld
as shown in figure below is same. Actually the strength of transverse
fillet weld is about 30% more than the longitudinal fillet weld, because
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39 Welded Connections
transverse fillet weld is stressed more uniformly for uniformly for full For Micro Notes by the
length whereas transverse fillet weld is stressed non-uniformly due to Student
varying deformations along the weld length.
• End returns are made twice the size of the weld to relive the high stress
concentration at the ends
• End returns must be provided for welded joints, which are subjected to
eccentricity, stress reversals or impact loads. This particularly important
on tension end of parts carrying bending loads.
• Most designers neglect the end returns in the effective length
calculations of the fillet weld. End returns must be provided for the
welded joints that are subjected to eccentricity, stress reversals or
impact loads.
Example: 3.2.
Example: 3.2
Two plates of 8mm thick and 12mm thick are to be joined using fillet weld.
Select minimum size of fillet, maximum size of fillet weld and length of end
returns.
Sol:
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40 Design of Steel Structures
• Clear spacing between intermediate fillet weld should not more than
• 12t or 200mm whichever is less for compression member
• 16t or 200mm whichever is less for tension member, Where ‘t’ thickness
of thinner connected member
L w # t t # flu = L w # ]K # Sg # flu
Pdw =
3 # γ mw 3 # γ mw
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
41 Welded Connections
f′u= Smaller of ultimate strength of weld and For Micro Notes by the
parent metal in MPa Student
γmw = Partial safety factor
γmw =1.25 for shop welding
γmw =1.50 for site (field) welding
100 ISF10
100 mm
250 kN
6 mm
Sol:
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
42 Design of Steel Structures
Example: 3.4
100 mm
s = 6mm
Sol:
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
43 Welded Connections
(a) The width and diameter of slot should not be less than three times the
thickness of part which slot is formed or 25 mm which ever is greater.
(b) Corner at enclosed ends should be rounded with a radius not less
than 1.5 times the thickness of upper plate or 12 mm which ever is
greater.
(c) The distance between the edges of the plates and slot between
edges of adjacent slot should not be less than twice the thickness of
the upper plate.
8. Weld symbols
Exa
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44 Design of Steel Structures
01. Which one of the following is the mode of failure in a fillet weld
material?
(a) Tension (b) Shear
(c) Bearing (d) Crushing
05. A fillet weld of size ‘S’ as shown in figure. The effective throat thickness of
fillet weld along throat is (where α is angle between weld faces)
99o
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45 Welded Connections
06. The effective length of a fillet weld of overall length ‘L’ and size of weld is For Micro Notes by the
‘S’ is given by Student
(a) L − 2S (b) L – 2S
S
(c) L − (d) L
2
07. For field welds, the permissible stresses in weld are reduced by _______
percentage?
08. A fillet welded joint is shown in the figure. The size of the weld is 8
mm. allowable shear stress in the weld is 110 N/mm2. What is the
safe force (to the nearest magnitude) to which the weld can be
subjected?
80 mm
60 mm
Taper 1 in 15
(on both faces)
12 mm 16 mm
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
46 Design of Steel Structures
10. A circular shaft of diameter 120 mm is welded to a rigid plate by a fillet For Micro Notes by the
weld of size 6 mm. If a torque of 8 kN-m is applied to the shaft, what is the Student
maximum stress in the weld (to the nearest unit)?
(a) 80 N/mm2 (b) 85 N/mm2
(c) 90 N/mm2 (d) 95 N/mm2
11. Two plates are connected by fillet welds of size 10 mm and subjected to
tension, as shown in the sketch. The thickness of each plate is 12 mm. The
yield stress and the ultimate tensile stress of steel are 250 MPa and 410
MPa, respectively. The welding is done in the workshop (γmw = 1.25). As per
the Limit State Method of IS 800.2007. The minimum length (rounded off
to the nearest higher multiple of 5mm) of each weld to transmit a design
force P equal to 270 kN is
(a) 100 mm P
100 mm
(b) 105 mm
(c) 110 mm
(d) 115mm
150 mm
P
12. Two plates of 8mm thickness each are connected by a fillet weld of 6mm
thickness as shown in the figure. The permissible stresses in the plate and
the weld are 150MPa and 110 MPa respectively. Assuming the length of
the weld shown in the figure to be the effective length. The permissible
load P (in kN) is_______
6 mm
P 50 mm 100 mm P
100 mm
13. The effective length of intermediate fillet weld should not be less than
(a) Size of weld
(b) 1/100th length of fillet weld
(c) 4×size of weld or 40mm whichever is higher
(d) 4×thickness of thinner member
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
47 Welded Connections
14. When length of side fillet weld is 300 times the effective throat thickness. For Micro Notes by the
Then the design shear capacity of fillet weld as per IS800:007 is Student
(a) Increased by 20% (b) Decreased by 20%
(c) Increase by 40% (d) Decrease by 40%
Conventional Questions
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
48 Design of Steel Structures
02. A channel section ISMC300@ N/m is welded to a 16mm thick gusset plate
as a member of truss bridge. Design a workshop fillet weld using limit state
design of IS800:2007, if overlap of fillet weld is limited to 365mm.
The properties of ISMC300@ 351 N/m are
Depth of beam section (h) = 300 mm
Cross sectional area (A) = 4564 mm2
Thickness of flange (tf) = 13.6 mm
Thickness of web (tw) = 7.6 mm
Yield stress of steel (fy) = 250 N/mm2
Ultimate tensile stress of steel (fu) = 410 N/mm2
Partial safety factor (γm0) = 1.10
Partial safety factor (γm1) = 1.25
Partial safety factor (γmw) = 1.25
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
49 Welded Connections
05. (a) What is structural steel ? Write its use in engineering structures. For Micro Notes by the
(b) What is lap joint? What are the different types of lap joints ? Student
[JNTU-17]
06. Calculate the strength of a 20 mm diameter bold of grade 4.6 for the
following cases.
The main plates to be jointed are 12 mm thick.
(a) Lap joint
(b) Single cover butt joint, cover plate being 10 mm thick.
[JNTU-17]
07. A 120 mm diameter and 6 mm thick pipe is fillet welded to a 14 mm plate.
It is subjected to a vertical factored load of 4.5 kN at 1m from the welded
end and a factored twisting moment of 1.8 kN-m. design the joint assuming
shop welding and steel grade Fe410. [JNTU-17]
08. (a) What re the load combinations for design purposes?
(b) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of welded connections.
[JNTU-16]
09. Two plates 10 mm and 18 mm thick are to be joined by a double cover
butt joint. Assuming cover plates of 8 mm thickness, design the joint to
transmit a factored load of 500 kN. Assume Fe 410 plate and grade 4.6
bolt. Assume the thickness of packing plate as 8 mm.
[JNTU-16]
10. (a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of steel as structural
steel.
(b) What do you mean by local buckling ? How local buckling of steel
structural shapes does affects the member strength. How it will be avoided.
[JNTU-15]
11. (a) What are prying forces.
(b) Design a double cover butt joint to connect two plates, each 12 mm
thick and 300 mm wide. The service load to be tansferred is 200 kN.
[JNTU-15]
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
50 Design of Steel Structures
03. The product from blast furnance is called For Micro Notes by the
(a) cast iron (b) Wrought Iron Student
08. As per ISI rolled steel beam and web of a beam is known as
(a) ISWB (b) ISHB (c) ISMB (d) ISJB
10. A piece of round steel forged in place to connect two or more steel
members is known as ___
(a) bolt (b) rivet (c) screw (d) nail
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
51 Welded Connections
14. The minimum thickness of main steel members directly exposed to weather For Micro Notes by the
and not accessible for painting is Student
17. The allowable tensile stresses in power driven MS rivets in MPa is ____
(a) 100 (b) 150 (c) 125 (d) 200
18. The Diameter of bolt hole with respect to nominal diameter (d) of bolt is
(a) d+2mm (b) d+1mm (c) d+3mm (d) d+4mm
KEY
01. (c) 02. (b) 03. (b) 04. (c) 05. (a)
06. (a) 07. (a) 08. (a) 09. (d) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b)
01. The effective length of fillet weld should not be less than ____
02. The partial factor of safety for resistance governed by yielding is ____
03. The ability of the material to deform without breaking is called ___
04. Additional tensile force developed in a bolt as a result of the flexing of a
connection component such as a beam end plate or leg of an angle is
called ____
05. ____ is the measure of ability of the steel to absorb energy at high rates of
loading
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
52 Design of Steel Structures
06. The junction between the flange and web of a beam is known as ____ For Micro Notes by the
07. In steel tables, ISMB is a symbol used for ____ Student
Answers
01. Factor of safety adopted by IS: 800-1984 while arriving at the permissible
stress in axial compression is (GATE - 97)
(a) 2.00 (b) 1.00
(c) 1.67 (d) 1.50
02. In section, shear centre is a point through which, if the resultant load
passes, the section will not be subjected to any
(GATE - 99)
(a) Bending (b) Tension
(c) Compression (d) Torsion
03. Rivet value is defined as (GATE - 04)
(a) lesser of the bearing strength of rivet and the shearing strength of the
rivet
(b) lesser of the bearing strength of rivet and the shearing strength of
thinner plate
(c) greater of the bearing strength of rivet and the shearing strength of
the rivet
(d) lesser of the shearing strength of the rivet and the shearing strength of
thinner plate
04. In a steel plate with bolted connections, the rupture of the net section is a
mode of failure under (GATE - 12)
(a) tension (b) compression
(c) flexure (d) shear
P/2 8 mm
12 mm P
P/2 8 mm
07. A double cover butt riveted joint is used to connect two flat plates of
200 mm width and 14 mm thickness as shown in the figure. There are
twelve power driven rivets of 20 mm diameter at a pitch of 50 mm in both
directions on either side of the plate. Two cover plates of 10 mm thickness
are used. The capacity of the joint in tension considering bearing and shear
ONLY, with permissible bearing and shear stresses as 300MPa and 100MPa
respectively, is
(GATE - 10)
50 mm
50 mm 50 mm
50mm
50mm
50mm
50mm
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
55 Welded Connections
Fillet weld
99°
S
S
10. ISA 100 × 100 × 10 mm (Cross sectional area = 1903 mm2) is welded along
A and B (Refer to figure in the below question) such that the lengths of the
weld along A and B are l1 and l2 respectively. Which of the following is a
possibly acceptable combination of l1 and l2
(GATE - 02)
A
ISA 100×100×10
B
Gusset plate
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
11. A fillet-welded joint of 6 mm size is shown in the figure. The welded surfaces
56 Design of Steel Structures
100mm
50 mm
F
12. Two plates, subjected to direct tension, each of 10 mm thickness and hav-
ing widths of 100 mm and 175 mm, respectively are to be fillet welded with
an overlap of 200 mm. Given that the permissible weld stress is 110 MPa and
the permissible stress in steel is 150 MPa, then length of the weld required
using the maximum permissible weld size as per IS : 800 – 1984 is
(GATE - 10)
100 mm 175 mm
200 mm
(a) 245.3 mm (b) 229.2 mm
(c) 205.5 mm (d) 194.8 mm
13. Two plates are connected by fillet welds of size 10 mm and subjected to
tension, as shown in the figure. The thickness of each plate is 12 mm. The
yield stress and the ultimate tensile stress of steel are 250 MPa and 410 MPa,
respectively. The welding is done in the workshop (γmw = 1.25).
P
100 mm
150 mm
P
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57 Welded Connections
As per the Limit State Method of IS 800: 2007, the minimum length (rounded For Micro Notes by the
Student
off to the nearest higher multiple of 5 mm) of each weld to transmit a force
P equal to 270 kN (factored) is
(GATE – 12 & 16 – Set 1)
(a) 90 mm (b) 105 mm
(c) 110 mm (d) 115 mm
50 mm
P P
100 mm
The permissible stresses in the plate and the weld are 150 MPa and 110
MPa, respectively. Assuming the length of the weld shown in the figure to
be the effective length, the permissible load P (in kN) is_______
(GATE – 17 – Set 2)
KEY
01. (c) 02. (d) 03. (a) 04. (a) 05. (b)
06. (b) 07. (b) 08. (b) 09. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (60)
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
58 Design of Steel Structures
02. A ductile structure is defined as one for which the plastic deformation For Micro Notes by the
Student
before fracture (ESE−1996)
(a) is smaller than the elastic deformation
(b) vanishes
(c) is equal to the elastic deformation
(d) is much larger than the elastic deformation
04. Upper yield point in the stress-strain curve in structural steel can be avoided
by (ESE−1997)
(a) Cold working (b) Hot working
(c) Quenching (d) Galvanizing
05. The permissible stresses for main structural steel members under dynamic
loads should be increased by (ESE−1999)
(a) 20% (b) 25%
(c) 30% (d) 33.33%
06. Assertion (A): When a mild steel bar is tested in tension, the stress drops
down from upper yield point to lower yield point without elongation.
Reason (R): The boundaries of grains of mild steel are composed of brittle
material. (ESE−2000)
07. Match List-I (Properties) with List-II (stress points labelled 1,2,3 and 4) in the
stress strain figure and select the correct answer using the codes given be-
low the lists: (ESE−2001)
List-I
A. Yield Point
B. Proportional limit
C. Rupture Strength
D. Ultimate strength
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
59 Welded Connections
STRESS 3 2
1
4
STRAIN
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 4 1 2 (b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 4 3 2 1
13. The stress strain diagram for mild steel subjected to tensile load is given
below. Now consider the following statements: (ESE-2004)
D
A
Stress C
B
Strain
14. In a situation where torsion is dominant, which one of the following is the
desirable section? (ESE-2005)
(a) Angle section (b) Channel section
(c) I-section (d) Box type section
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
61 Welded Connections
18. Assertion (A): In the case of mild steel, the tensile strength (expressed as
per unit area) of smaller diameter bars are more than that of larger diam-
eter bars.
Reason (R): In the case of smaller diameter mild steel bars, the ratio of
outer hard core to total area (outer hard core + inner soft core) is more.
(ESE-2010)
19. Which of the following steel sections should preferably be used at places
where torsion occurs? (ESE-2011)
(a) Box-type section (b) Channel section
(c) Angle section (d) any of the above
21. When designing steel structures, one must ensure that local buckling in
webs does not take place. This check may not be critical when using
rolled steel sections because (ESE – 2014)
(a) quality control at the time of manufacture of rolled sections is very
good
(b) web depths available are small
(c) web stiffness is built-in rolled sections
(d) depth to thickness ratio of the web is always appropriately adjusted
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
62 Design of Steel Structures
23. Statement (I): In recent practice, sponge iron replaces pig iron in large
foundries.
Statement (II): Sponge iron can be produced in small plants using no-cok-
ing coal. (ESE – 2017)
24. Statement (I): Aluminum alloy with less than 6% copper is used in making
auto-mobile pistons.
Statement (II): Duraluminium containing 4% copper has a high tensile
strength and is well usable wherever alkaline environment is not present.
(ESE – 2018)
KEY
01. (d) 02. (d) 03. (c) 04. (b) 05. (d) 06. (a) 07. (a) 08. (c) 09. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b)
02. The common assumption that, ‘all rivets share equally a non-eccentric
load’ is valid at a load (ESE–1995)
(a) Below the working load (b) Equal to the working load
(c) Above the working load (d) Equal to the failure load
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
63 Welded Connections
06. In a diamond riveting, for a plate of width ‘b’ and rivet diameter ‘d’, the
efficiency of the joint is given by (ESE−1997)
^b − dh ^ b − 2dh
(a) (b)
b b
^b − dh ^ b − 2dh
(c) (d)
d d
09. The permissible stresses in rivets under wind load conditions as per IS: 800
can be exceeded by about (ESE−2000)
(a) 15% (b) 25% (c) 33% (d) 50%
10. In a truss girder of a bridge, a diagonal consists of mild steel flat 400 ISF
and carries a pull of 800 kN. If the gross diameter of the rivets is 26 mm,
then the number of rivets required in the splice is (ESE−2000)
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
64 Design of Steel Structures
11. Load on connection is not eccentric for (ESE−2001) For Micro Notes by the
Student
(a) Lap joint
(b) Single cover butt joint
(c) Double cover butt joint
(d) All the joints mentioned in (a), (b) and (c) of the question
30 cms
1 23
(a) Section1 − 1
(b) Section 2 − 2
(c) Section 3 − 3
(d) Both section 1− 1 and section 2 − 2
13. Match List-I (Failure mode) with List-II (Reason) and select the correct an-
swer using the codes given below the lists: (ESE− 2003)
List-I
A. Shear failure of plates B. Bearing failure of plates
C. Tearing failure of plates D. Splitting failure of plates
List-II
1. Insufficient edge distance
2. Strength of plate is less than that of the rivets
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 1 2 1 (b) 2 1 2 1
(c) 1 2 1 2 (d) 1 1 1 2
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
65 Welded Connections
14. The centre to centre maximum distance between bolts in tension mem- For Micro Notes by the
ber of thickness 10 mm is (ESE−2003) Student
15. In a riveted joint, failure will occur due to which one of the following?
(ESE− 2003)
(a) Shear failure of rivet
(b) Bearing failure of rivet
(c) Tearing failure of plate
(d) Minimum load value of shearing, Bearing or tearing failure
16. When the effect of wind or earthquake load is considered in the design of
rivets and bolts for steel structures, by what percentage the permissible
stresses may be exceeded? (ESE-2004)
(a) 15% (b) 25%
(c) 33.33% (d) 50%
19. What is the ratio of the yield stress in power driven shop rivets relative to
the permissible bearing stress of mild steel? (ESE-2007)
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.8
(c) 0.6 (d) 0.4
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
66 Design of Steel Structures
20. What is the maximum permissible longitudinal pitch in staggered riveted For Micro Notes by the
compression joints? (ESE-2007) Student
(a) 500 mm (b) 400 mm
(c) 300 mm (d) 100 mm
21. How are structural members composed of two angles back to back con-
nected throughout their length? (ESE-2008)
(a) By locking rivets (b) By spacing rivets
(c) By gripping rivets (d) By tacking rivets
22. For field rivets, the permissible stresses are reduced by what percentage?
(ESE-2008)
(a) 10% (b) 15% (c) 25% (d) 33 %
23. A steel plate is 300 mm wide and 10 mm thick. A rivet of nominal diameter
of 16 mm is driven into it. What is the net sectional area of the plate?
(ESE-2009)
(a) 2600 mm2 (b) 2760 mm2
(c) 2830 mm2 (d) 2840 mm2
25. A steel plate is 300 mm wide and 10 mm thick. A rivet of nominal diameter
18 mm is driven. The net sectional area of the plate is (ESE-2010)
(a) 1800 mm2 (b) 2805 mm2
(c) 2820 mm2 (d) 3242 mm2
26. The maximum longitudinal pitch allowed in bolted joints of tension mem-
bers is (ESE-2010)
(a) 16 times the diameter of the bolt
(b) 32 times the diameter of the bolt
(c) 16 times the thickness of the plate
(d) 32 times the thickness of the plate
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
67 Welded Connections
(a) Diameter of 16 mm
(b) Diameter of 70 mm
(c) Length of 16 mm
(d) Cross-sectional area of 16 × 70 cm2
29. When the distance between centers of two adjacent rivets connecting
the members subjected to either compression or tension exceeds the
maximum pitch, then the additional rivets which are not subjected to the
calculated stresses are known as (ESE-2011)
(a) Packing rivets (b) Long-grip rivets
(c) Tacking rivets (d) Auxiliary rivets
30. The maximum longitudinal pitch in bolted joints, subjected to tensile forc-
es, where in
t = thickness of the plate and
D = diameter of bolt, is (ESE-2011)
(a) 32 D (b) 16 D
(c) 32 t (d) 16 t
31. When the effect of wind or earthquake load is taken into account in the
design of a rivets connection, the permissible stresses in rivets may be ex-
ceeded by (ESE-2012)
(a) 16.66% (b) 33.33% (c) 25% (d) 20%
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
68 Design of Steel Structures
33. When the load line coincides with the centroid of the rivet group, the riv- For Micro Notes by the
ets are subjected to (ESE-2012) Student
(a) Shear only (b) Tension only
(c) Bending only (d) Shear as well as tension
35. A mild steel structural section is an unsymmetrical I-section, with the great-
er width at the top and the smaller width at the bottom. The overall depth
of the beam is 300 mm, and the flange stresses at the top and the bottom
of the beam are 150 N/mm2 and 50 N/mm2, respectively. What is the
height of the neutral axis of the beam from its bottom? (ESE – 2015)
(a) 125 mm (b) 100 mm (c) 75 mm (d) 50 mm
36. What is the maximum number of 20 diameter bolts that can be accom-
modated in a single row on a 140 mm wide flat strip used as one of the
structural elements involved in the process? (ESE – 2015)
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 5
38. The block shear failure of a bolted joint in tension occurs because of
1. Use of high shear strength bolts
2. Use of plates with higher bearing strength
(ESE – 2016)
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
69 Welded Connections
39. As per IS code, the maximum longitudinal pitch allowed in bolted joints of For Micro Notes by the
tension members is nominally (ESE – 2016) Student
(a) 12 times the thickness of the plate
(b) 12 times the diameter of the bolt
(c) 16 times the thickness of the plate
(d) 16 times the diameter of the bolt
41. Statement (I): In a bolted joint, all similarly placed bolts share the load
equally.
Statement (II): Bolts are placed in holes having slightly larger diameters.
(ESE – 2018)
KEY
01. (c) 02. (d) 03. (d) 04. (c) 05. (c) 06. (a) 07. (d) 08. (b) 09. (b) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (*)
41. (b)
Welded Connections
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
70 Design of Steel Structures
02. In a fillet weld the weakest section is the (ESE−1996) For Micro Notes by the
Student
(a) Smaller side of the fillet (b) Throat of the fillet
(c) Side perpendicular to force (d) Side parallel to force
04. For two plates of equal thickness, full strength of fillet weld can be ensured
if its maximum size, for square edge, is limited to (ESE−1998)
(a) 1.5 mm less than the thickness (b) 75% of the thickness
(c) 80% of the thickness (d) Thickness of the plate
06. Match List-I (Use) with List-II (Type of weld) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists: (ESE−1999)
List-I
A. Structural members
B. Joining two surfaces
C. A hole is made in one of
D. Pressure is applied
List-II
1. Slot weld subject to direct tension or compression
2. Seam weld approximately at right angles to each other
3. Fillet weld the components and welding is done around the periph-
ery of the hole
4. Plug weld continuously
5. Butt weld
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 5 4 1 3 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 5 3 1 2 (d) 4 5 3 2
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
71 Welded Connections
07. A welding details is shown in figure (ESE−1999) For Micro Notes by the
Student
80 75
75 100
100 75
75 100
100 75
75 100
80 75
10 mm weld
8 mm weld
The welding notation for the figure is
(a) 8 (80) 75 (100) (b) 10 75 (100)
10 75 (100) 8 (80) 75 (100)
08. Which one of the following is the mode of failure in a fillet weld material?
(ESE−2001)
(a) Tension (b) Shear
(c) Bearing (d) Crushing
09. Which of the following does not describe a weld type? (ESE− 2003)
(a) Butt (b) Plug
(c) Zig-Zag (d) Lap
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
72 Design of Steel Structures
11. What is the safe load P that can be transmitted by the fillet-welded joint For Micro Notes by the
Student
shown in figure below if the safe allowable shear stress in the fillet-weld is
108 MPa? (ESE-2009)
6V
P 60 mm 50 mm P
100 mm
16 mm
(a) 50 mm (b) 75 mm
(c) 100 mm (d) 150 mm
14. For two plates of equal thickness, full strength of square-edged fillet weld
can be ensured if its maximum size is limited to (ESE-2011)
(a) 1.5 mm less than the plate thickness
(b) 67% of the plate thickness
(c) 80% of the plate thickness
(d) Thickness of the plate
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
73 Welded Connections
16. The effective length of a fillet weld is taken as the actual length
(ESE – 2014)
(a) plus twice the size of the weld
(b) minus twice the size of the weld
(c) plus the size of the weld
(d) minus the size of the weld
17. For the welded joint shown in the figure, the direct vertical shear stress on
the weld is 40 MPa and the bending stress is 120 MPa. For what strength
should the weld be designed? (ESE– 2015)
Front View Side View
P
18. A fillet-welded joint is shown in the figure. The size of the weld is 8 mm.
Safe stress in the weld is 110 N/mm2. What is the safe force (to the nearest
magnitude) to which the weld can be subjected?
(ESE– 2015)
80 mm
60 mm
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
74 Design of Steel Structures
Taper 1 in
15(on both
12 mm 16 mm faces)
21. Which of the following statements are correct in respect of welded con-
nections?
1. Strength of Butt weld is equal to the strength of components joined.
2. Fillet welds carry the loads computed based on the tensile strength
characteristics of fusion material.
3. For effective transmission of load by fillet weld, the fusion faces shall
subtend an angle between 60o and 120o (ESE– 2015)
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
(c) 90 N/mm 2
(d) 95 N/mm2
KEY
01.(c) 02. (b) 03. (b) 04. (a) 05. (c) 06. (c) 07. (a) 08. (b) 09. (c) 10.(b)
11.(c) 12.(b) 13.(c) 14.(a) 15.(a) 16.(b) 17.(*) 18.(d) 19.(a) 20.(c)
21.(d) 22.(a)
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
75 Welded Connections
Connections of steel structures NPTEL notes DSS-I
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)