Foreign Literature

Technology aids student expression. Present what they have learned. They can

use software to make presentations and projects. This makes them more interested in

the subject and leads to better retention of information. With technological aids, they can

make easy-to remember notes and a creative presentation of the information they have

acquired it. It won’t wrong to say that application of technology has made a student’s life

easy. It’s easier for students to carry a PDA than carrying big fat books to school. An iPad

is less bulky than a pile of notebooks or eBook reader much lighter than a book. (Andersen

and Becker, 2009)

Due to the rapid expansiveness of technology and its wide array of uses, the

incorporation of technology in learning has become a visible in inexpensive option. Almost

three-quarters of Americans, 73% believe that investing in innovation and advanced

technology sciences in education is the key to the country’s long-term success (Harris

Interactive, 2009)

Based on Freeman Dyson, 2008 he stated that “Technology is a teaching aid:

Computers offer an interactive audio-visual medium. PowerPoint presentations and

animation software can be used to present information in an interactive way. Owing to

the audio-visual effects, this way of teaching invites greater interest from students.

Technology has revolutionized the field of education. The importance of

technology in school cannot be ignores. In fact, with the onset of computers in education,

it has become easier for teachers to impart knowledge and for students to acquire it. The
use of technology has made the process of teaching and learning enjoyable. (Muir-Herzig,

2008)

However, it is important to realize that failure to present multimedia technology in

an appropriate form can lead to negative results. The perception of display on a

multimedia application is of significant importance in terms of transfer learning. In fact,

too much multimedia stimulation can interfere with the deeper cognitive processing that

is critical to learning (Mayer, Griffith, Jurkowitz & Rothman, 2008).

According to them technological devices may affect the learning performance of

the student in negative result if they failed to use properly those devices in a right way.

Guide for Designing Interactive Teaching for the World Guide Web the Internet

used to exchange information in hyper formats and a dynamic electronic network that

permits computers connected anywhere on that network to exchange information. It is

different from Worl Wide Web, but for the project, we will use the synonym and

hypemedia-based instructional program which utilizes the attributes of resources to

create a meaningful learning environment where learning is fostered and supported.

(David W. Brooks, 2007)

As what Brooks explained, he simply says that through the use of technological

devices the learning performance of the students may affect through interactive teaching

for the world guide web.

“Most of our youth and students today are found of going into internet shop to

use computer, without knowledge of their parents of what they are up to you. They will
ask money from their parents telling that they have something to search in the internet

for their project or assignments, although others do so, but there are some who just

make it as an alibi so that they can competent skills with their peers through playing

games online like for example war craft, battle realms, etc.”. (Khan, 2007)

Foreign Studies

In the field of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL). The term “Next

Generation” has been clearly defined by Prensky (2010) who states that Net Generation

members are “digital natives” since they “spent their entire lives surrounded by and using

computers, videogames, digital music players, video cams, cell phones and all the other

toys and tools of the digital age” which make them different from the baby boomer

generation.

Technology addiction problem has been treated important, especially in the

education field of secondary schools, because adolescent is more vulnerable to the

addiction. Internet addiction was an important issue a few years ago. However, smart

phone addiction has become a more serious problem recently. In order to prevent the

addiction and to provide new educational methods for the secondary school students,

many researchers have proposed various kinds of research works such as new addiction

measurement scales and the environmental or personal factors that cause the addiction

so far emphasis and keeping in view all the factors adversely or positively impacts on

their academic performance. Majority of students use smartphones for leisure purposes

and only few uses for educational development purposes.

 It’s easier to store information: Computers enable better and more robust

storage of information. Compact memory devices have replaced notebooks and a

keyboard and computer mouse are the new writing devices. What may have required

hundred pages of a book can be compacted into a tiny memory chip. It can take hours

to write, but it takes only second s to type. Storing data has been much easier, owing to

technology. (Parsad and Jones, 2008)

Computers seem to be the big craze of the century. Computers are in almost every

classroom around the world, whether at each students desk or at least at every teachers

desk. In the James Kulik Study (1994), the researcher used a technique called meta-

analysis to aggregate the findings from more than 500 individual studies of computer-

based instruction. Computer based instruction individualizes the educational process to

accommodate the needs, interests, and learning styles of each student (Kulik, 1994, 4).

Margaret Kay (2008) mentioned that the growth and prevalence of modern

technology has opened up the ways in which teachers can communicate ideas to their

students. Students frequently use and participate in technology in a non0academic setting

through video games, cell phones and the internet. As students’ progress through the

schooling system, they may be required to use technologies to research and present their

ideas. Thus, incorporating technology into the classroom curriculum may not only be a

familiar way of communicating with today’s techno-savvy children but also necessary in

preparing them in an increasingly technological society. Kat Bradley (2009) said that, as

technology becomes more prevalent in everyday life, schools have an obligation to ensure

that students are prepared to use that technology in workplace.

 Technology is not just a device to make a classroom come more alive, but can also

come in the form of “Assistive Technology." An Assistive Technology Device is any item,

piece of equipment, or product system that is used to increase, maintain, or improve

functional capabilities of students with disabilities. Assistive Technology is available for

students with disabilities as well as students who don't have identifiable disabilities. This

type of technology can promote positive student achievement for those students that lack

the basic mathematical skills. The article states that there are many forms of technology

that can promote academic achievement. These students are unable to take advantage

of important learning tools such as: colored tiles, cubes, pattern blocks, and geoboards.

The article explains that virtual manipulative is offered to classroom teachers as a

technology alternative. This provides students with the opportunity to work with onscreen

manipulative like those found in most classrooms. That way all students can be

accommodated with the proper technological tools to enhance student achievement. This

article relates to the current study because it provides the necessary technology devices

and services for students with learning disabilities. These devices obviously can help to

improve a student's academic achievement. These technology devices can be further

researched specifically to determine the actual outcomes on student achievement (Riley,

Beard and Strain, 2001, 47).

Information is easily accessible: The internet is a huge information base. It can be

used an effective too; for acquiring knowledge. All a web user needs to do is to key in

queries to search engines. Users are presented with thousands of search results. There

are several websites and web directories that offer information on literally everything in
the world. And all this is just a few clicks away. Both teachers and students can benefit

from this. Technology has eliminated space and time constraints: Online education and

distance learning have given a new dimension to education and higher learning. Even if

students are geographically far away from each other, they can be a part of one

classroom. Though not physically but virtually, they can. Many educational institutes offer

online courses, which eliminates time and space constraints in acquiring education.

Universities offer online educational programs wherein students can interact with their

teachers over the internet, access reference material from the University website and

earn degrees online. (Trotter, 20018)

Local Literature

Technology also saves teaching time as they require short-time to present large

information. They can be used to reveal needs and stimulate students’ question. Thus

learners’ interest can aroused, maintained, and stimulated to promote their imaginative

power. overall, media ensure the application of classroom-oriented communication

techniques. Therefore, learners should be assisted, encouraged and motivated not only

to learn, but also to continue to learn. (Demegilio, 2009)

Based on Demegilio 2009, he only means that technology is a factor to the learning

of the student, not only to learn but also to renew something to learn.

On the Journal of Athens Academy pp-66, 2009 refers that educational technology

can make student study more interesting and enjoyable. The changing images and use

of special effects, among others, can reduce boredom on the part of learners.
Furthermore, classroom interaction can be interactive. Technology can also promote

student- student interaction, student-teacher interaction, and teacher-student

interaction, if pre-instructional planning incorporates principles such as stimulus variation,

feedback, reinforcement, and learners’ participation.

Local Studies

According to Ryan T. Gertner in 2011, on his study about “The effects of

multimedia technology on learning” he concludes that multimedia gives light on some

possible effects of it to the learning of students. This means that technological devices

may affects the learning performance of a student.