Duel Nature of Matter

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER
Electric Discharge through Gases

At normal atmospheric pressure, the gases are poor conductor of electricity. If we establish a potential
difference (of the order of 30 kV) between two electrodes placed in air at a distance of few cm from each other,
electric conduction starts in the form of sparks.
The passage of electric current
through air is called electric
discharge through the air.
The discharge of electricity
through gases can be systematically
studied with the help of discharge
tube shown below
The discharge tube is filled with
the gas through which discharge is to
be studied. The pressure of the enclosed gas can be reduced with the help of a vacuum pump and its value is read
by manometer.
Sequence of phenomenon
As the pressure inside the discharge tube is gradually reduced, the following is the sequence of phenomenon
that is observed.
Negative glow Positive column
– Streamers + – Positive column + – +
10 mm of Hg Below 4 mm of Hg F.D.S. 1.65 mm of Hg
Negative glow Positive column Cathode glow Negative glow

– + – +
Cathode glow C.D.S. F.D.S. C.D.S. F.D.S. Striations Greenish light

0.8 mm of Hg 0.05 mm of Hg 0.01 mm of Hg
(1) At normal pressure no discharge takes place.

(2) At the pressure 10 mm of Hg, a zig-zag thin red spark runs from one electrode to other and cracking sound is
heard.
(3) At the pressure 4 mm. of Hg, an illumination is observed at the electrodes and the rest of the tube appears
dark. This type of discharge is called dark discharge.
(4) When the pressure falls below 4 mm of Hg then the whole tube is filled with bright light called positive
column and colour of light depends upon the nature of gas in the tube as shown in the following table.
Gas Colour
Air Purple red
H2 Blue
N2 Red
Cl2 Green
CO2 Bluish white
1 ADITYA VIDYASHRAM, PONDICHERRY NEET / IIT MAINS MATERIAL

Na Yellow
Neon Dark red
(5) At a pressure of 1.65 mm of Hg:
(i) Sky colour light is produced at the cathode it is called as negative glow.
(ii) Positive column shrinks towards the anode and the dark space between positive column and negative
glow is called Faradays dark space (FDS)
(6) At a pressure of 0.8 mm Hg: At this pressure, negative glow is detached from the cathode and moves towards
the anode. The dark space created between cathode and negative glow is called as Crook's dark space length
of positive column further reduced. A glow appears at cathode called cathode glow.
(7) At a pressure of 0.05 mm of Hg: The positive column splits into dark and bright disc of light called striations.
(8) At the pressure of 0.01 or 10–2 mm of Hg some invisible particle move from cathode which on striking with
the glass tube of the opposite side of cathode cause the tube to glow. These invisible rays emerging from
cathode are called cathode rays.
(9) Finally when pressure drops to nearly 10–4 mm of Hg, there is no discharge in tube.
Cathode Rays
Cathode rays, discovered by Sir William Crooke are the stream of electrons. They can be produced by using a
discharge tube containing gas at a low pressure of the order of 10–2 mm of Hg. At this pressure the gas molecules
ionize and the emitted electrons travel towards positive potential of anode. The positive ions hit the cathode to
cause emission of electrons from cathode. These electrons also move towards anode. Thus the cathode rays in the
discharge tube are the electrons produced due to ionization of gas and that emitted by cathode due to collision of
positive ions.
(1) Properties of cathode rays
(i) Cathode rays travel in straight lines (cast shadows of objects placed in their path)
(ii) Cathode rays emit normally from the cathode surface. Their direction is independent of the position of the
anode.
(iii) Cathode rays exert mechanical force on the objects they strike.
(iv) Cathode rays produce heat when they strike a material surface.
(v) Cathode rays produce fluorescence.
(vi) When cathode rays strike a solid object, specially a metal of high atomic weight and high melting point X-
rays are emitted from the objects.
(vii) Cathode rays are deflected by an electric field and also by a magnetic field.
(viii) Cathode rays ionize the gases through which they are passed.
(ix) Cathode rays can penetrate through thin foils of metal.
1 1
(x) Cathode rays are found to have velocity ranging th to th of velocity of light.
30 10

(2) J.J. Thomson's method to determine specific charge of electron

Its working is based on the fact that if a beam of electron is subjected to the crossed electric field E and
magnetic field B , it experiences a force due to each field. In case the forces on the electrons in the electron beam
due to these fields are equal and opposite, the beam remains undeflected.
P
A X +
C
P
Y –
P
L.T. Magnetic
(H.T.) field S
C = Cathode, A = Anode, F = Filament, LT = Battery to heat the filament, V = potential difference to accelerate
the electrons, SS' = ZnS coated screen, XY = metallic plates (Electric field produced between them)
(i) When no field is applied, the electron beam produces illuminations at point P.
(ii) In the presence of any field (electric and magnetic) electron beam deflected up or down (illumination at P' or
P '' )
(iii) If both the fields are applied simultaneously and adjusted such that electron beam passes undeflected
and produces illumination at point P.
E
In this case; Electric force = Magnetic force  eE = evB  v  ; v = velocity of electron
B
As electron beam accelerated from cathode to anode its potential energy at the cathode appears as gain in the
K.E. at the anode. If suppose V is the potential difference between cathode and anode then, potential energy = eV
1 1 e v2 e E2
And gain in kinetic energy at anode will be K.E.  mv 2 i.e. eV  mv 2    
2 2 m 2V m 2VB2
e
Thomson found,  1.77  1011 C / kg.
m
Note :  The deflection of an electron in a purely electric field is +
y
1  eE  l2 
given by y    . 2 ; where l length of each plate, y = E e–
2 m  v –
l
deflection of electron in the field region, v = speed of the
electron.
Positive Rays
Positive rays are sometimes known as the canal rays. These
were discovered by Goldstein. If the cathode of a discharge tube has    
   
holes in it and the pressure of the gas is around 10–3 mm of Hg then   
faint luminous glow comes out from each hole on the backside of the Positive rays
cathode. It is said positive rays which are coming out from the holes.

(1) Origin of positive rays

When potential difference is applied across the electrodes, electrons are emitted from the cathode. As they
move towards anode, they gain energy. These energetic electrons when collide with the atoms of the gas in
the discharge tube, they ionize the atoms. The positive ions so formed at various places between cathode and
anode travel towards the cathode. Since during their motion, the positive ions when reach the cathode, some
pass through the holes in the cathode. These streams are the positive rays.
(2) Properties of positive rays
(i) These are positive ions having same mass if the experimental gas does not have isotopes. However if the
gas has isotopes then positive rays are group of positive ions having different masses.
(ii) They travel in straight lines and cast shadows of objects placed in their path. But the speed of the positive
rays is much smaller than that of cathode rays.
(iii) They are deflected by electric and magnetic fields but the deflections are small as compared to that for
cathode rays.
(iv) They show a spectrum of velocities. Different positive ions move with different velocities. Being heavy,
their velocity is much less than that of cathode rays.
(v) q /m ratio of these rays depends on the nature of the gas in the tube (while in case of the cathode rays
q/m is constant and doesn't depend on the gas in the tube). q/m for hydrogen is maximum.
(vi) They carry energy and momentum. The kinetic energy of positive rays is more than that of cathode rays.
(vii) The value of charge on positive rays is an integral multiple of electronic charge.
(viii) They cause ionization (which is much more than that produced by cathode rays).
Matter waves (de-Broglie Waves)
According to de-Broglie a moving material particle sometimes acts as a wave and sometimes as a particle.
or
A wave is associated with moving material particle which control the particle in every respect.
The wave associated with moving particle is called matter wave or de-Broglie wave and it propagates in the
form of wave packets with group velocity.
(1) de-Broglie wavelength

According to de-Broglie theory, the wavelength of de-Broglie wave is given by
h h h 1 1 1
     
p mv 2mE p v E
Where h = Plank's constant, m = Mass of the particle, v = Speed of the particle, E = Energy of the particle.
The smallest wavelength whose measurement is possible is that of  -rays.
The wavelength of matter waves associated with the microscopic particles like electron, proton, and
neutron, -particle etc. is of the order of 1010 m.

(i) de-Broglie wavelength associated with the charged particles.

1
The energy of a charged particle accelerated through potential difference V is E  mv 2  qV
2
h h h
Hence de-Broglie wavelength    
p 2mE 2mqV
12.27 0.286 0.202  1010 0.101
 electron  Å,  proton  Å,  deutron  Å,   particle  Å
V V V V
(ii) de-Broglie wavelength associated with uncharged particles.
0.286  10 10 0.286
For Neutron de-Broglie wavelength is given as  Neutron  m Å
E (in eV) E (in eV )
Energy of thermal neutrons at ordinary temperature
h
E  kT    ; where k = Boltzman's constant = 1.38 1023 Joules/kelvin,
2mkT
T = Absolute temp.
6.62  1034 30.83
So  Thermal Neutron   Å
2  1.07  1017  1.38  1023 T T
(2) Some graphs
  
Slope = h Small m
Large m
p 1/b v
 Small m   Small m
Large m Large m
Small m
Large m
1/V E 1 E
Note :  A photon is not a material particle. It is a quanta of energy.

When a particle exhibits wave nature, it is associated with a wave packet, rather then a wave.
(3) Characteristics of matter waves
(i) Matter wave represents the probability of finding a particle in space.
(ii) Matter waves are not electromagnetic in nature.
(iii) De-Broglie or matter wave is independent of the charge on the material particle. It means, matter wave
of de-Broglie wave is associated with every moving particle (whether charged or uncharged).
(iv) Practical observation of matter waves is possible only when the de-Broglie wavelength is of the order
of the size of the particles is nature.
(v) Electron microscope works on the basis of de-Broglie waves.
(vi) The electric charge has no effect on the matter waves or their wavelength.
(vii) The phase velocity of the matter waves can be greater than the speed of the light.
(viii) Matter waves can propagate in vacuum; hence they are not mechanical waves.
(ix) The number of de-Broglie waves associated with nth orbital electron is n.
(x) Only those circular orbits around the nucleus are stable whose circumference is integral multiple
of de-Broglie wavelength associated with the orbital electron.
(4) Davisson and Germer experiment
It is used to study the scattering of electron from a solid
or to verify the wave nature of electron. A beam of electrons F Electron gun
emitted by electron gun is made to fall on nickel crystal cut
along cubical axis at a particular angle. Ni crystal behaves like a Incident beam
Detector
three dimensional diffraction grating and it diffracts the of electrons

 Diffracted beam

electron beam obtained from electron gun. 
of electrons
The diffracted beam of electrons is received by the

detector which can be positioned at any angle by rotating it
Nickel crystal
about the point of incidence. The energy of the incident beam
of electrons can also be varied by changing the applied voltage
to the electron gun.
According to classical physics, the intensity of scattered beam of electrons at all scattering angle will be same
but Davisson and Germer, found that the intensity of scattered beam of electrons was not the same but different at
different angles of scattering.
Incident beam
Incident beam
Incident beam
Incident beam
50o
44 V 48 V 54 V 64 V
Intensity is maximum at 54 V potential difference and 50o diffraction angle.

If the de-Broglie waves exist for electrons then these should be diffracted as X-rays. Using the Bragg's formula
2dsin   n , we can determine the wavelength of these waves.
(180  )
Where d = distance between diffracting planes,   = glancing
2 =65°  =50°
angle for incident beam = Bragg's angle. D


d
The distance between diffraction planes in Ni-crystal for this experiment is d
Atomic planes
= 0.91Å and the Bragg's angle = 65o. This gives for n = 1,
  2  0.911010 sin 65o  1.65 Å
12.27 12.27
Now the de-Broglie wavelength can also be determined by using the formula     1.67Å . Thus
V 54
the de-Broglie hypothesis is verified.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, it is impossible to measure simultaneously both the position
and the momentum of the particle.

Let x and p be the uncertainty in the simultaneous measurement of the position and momentum of the
h
particle, then xp  ; where  and h = 6.63  10–34 J-s is the Planck's constant.
2
If x = 0 then p = 
and if p = 0 then x =  i.e., if we are able to measure the exact position of the particle (say an electron)
then the uncertainty in the measurement of the linear momentum of the particle is infinite. Similarly, if we are able
to measure the exact linear momentum of the particle i.e., p = 0, then we can not measure the exact position of the
particle at that time.
Photon
According to Einstein’s quantum theory light propagates in the bundles (packets or quanta) of energy, each
bundle being called a photon and possessing energy.
(1) Energy of photon
hc
Energy of each photon is given by E  h  ; where c = Speed of light, h = Plank's constant = 6.6  10–34 J-sec,  =

Frequency in Hz,  = Wavelength of light
hc 12375 12400
Energy of photon in electron volt E(eV)   
e  (Å)  (Å)
(2) Mass of photon
Actually rest mass of the photon is zero. But it's effective mass is given as
E h h
E  mc2  h  m    . This mass is also known as kinetic mass of the photon
c 2 c 2 c
(3) Momentum of the photon
E h h
Momentum p  m  c   
c c 
(4) Number of emitted photons
The number of photons emitted per second from a source of monochromatic radiation of wavelength  and
P P P
power P is given as (n)    ; where E = energy of each photon
E h hc
(5) Intensity of light (I)

Energy crossing per unit area normally per second is called intensity or energy flux
E P E 
i.e. I    P  radiation power 
At A  t 
P 1
At a distance r from a point source of power P intensity is given by I   I 2
4r 2
r
Examples
Example: 1 The ratio of specific charge of an  -particle to that of a proton is
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 3

q (q / m)  q  m p 1
Solution : (c) Specific charge  ; Ratio     .
m (q / m) p q p m  2
Example: 2 The speed of an electron having a wavelength of 1010 m is

(a) 7.25 106 m/s (b) 6.26 106 m / s
(c) 5.25 106 m / s (d) 4.24 106 m / s
h h 6.6  1034
Solution : (a) By using electron   v  31 10
 7.25  106 m /s.
me v me  e 9.1 10  10
Example: 3 In Thomson experiment of finding e/m for electrons, beam of electron is replaced by that of muons
(particle with same charge as of electrons but mass 208 times that of electrons). No deflection
condition in this case satisfied if
(a) B is increased 208 times (b) E is increased 208 times
(c) B is increased 14.4 times (d) None of these
e E2
Solution : (c) In the condition of no deflection  . If m is increased to 208 times then B should be
m 2VB2
increased by 208  14.4 times.
Example: 4 In a Thomson set-up for the determination of e/m, electrons accelerated by 2.5 kV enter the region
of crossed electric and magnetic fields of strengths 3.6 104 Vm1 and 1.2 103 T respectively and
go through undeflected. The measured value of e/m of the electron is equal to
(a) 1.0 1011 C-kg-1 (b) 1.76 1011 C-kg-1
(c) 1.80 1011 C-kg-1 (d) 1.85 1011 C-kg-1
e E2 e (3.6  104 ) 2
Solution : (c) By using     1.8  1011 C / kg.
m 2VB2 m 2  2.5  103  (1.2  103 ) 2
Example: 5 An electron and a photon have same wavelength. It p is the momentum of electron and E the
energy of photon. The magnitude of p/ E in S.I. unit is
(a) 3.0  108 (b) 3.33  10–9
(c) 9.1  10–31 (d) 6.64  10–34
h h hc
Solution : (b)  (for electron) or p and E  (for photon)
p  
p 1 1
    3.33  10 9 s / m
E c 3  108 m / s
Example: 6 The energy of a photon is equal to the kinetic energy of a proton. The energy of the photon is E. Let
1 be the de-Broglie wavelength of the proton and 2 be the wavelength of the photon. The ratio
1/2 is proportional to
(a) E 0 (b) E1/2 (c) E 1 (d) E2
hc h
Solution : (b) For photon  2  ……. (i) and For proton 1  …….(ii)
E 2mE
1 E1/ 2 
Therefore   1  E1/2 .
2 2m c  2

Example: 7 The de-Broglie wavelength of an electron having 80eV of energy is nearly ( 1eV  1.6 1019 J , Mass of
electron 9 1031 kg and Plank's constant 6.6 1034 J-sec)
(a) 140 Å (b) 0.14 Å (c) 14 Å (d) 1.4 Å
h 12.27
Solution : (d) By using    . If energy is 80 eV then accelerating potential difference will be 80 V. So
2mE V
12.27
  1.37  1.4 Å.
80
Example: 8 The kinetic energy of electron and proton is 1032 J for both. Then the relation between their de-
Broglie wavelengths is
(a)  p   e (b)  p   e (c)  p   e (d)  p  2 e
h 1
Solution : (a) By using   E = 10–32 J = Constant for both particles. Hence  
2mE m
Since m p  me so  p   e .
Example: 9 The energy of a proton and an  particle is the same. Then the ratio of the de-Broglie wavelengths
of the proton and the  is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1
h 1  proton m 2
Solution : (b) By using     (E – same)    .
2mE m   particle mp 1
Example: 10 The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle accelerated with 150 volt potential is 1010 m. If it is
accelerated by 600 volts p.d., its wavelength will be
(a) 0.25 Å (b) 0.5 Å (c) 1.5 Å (d) 2 Å
1 1 V2 10 10 600
Solution : (b) By using        2  2 = 0.5 Å.
V 2 V1 2 150
Example: 11 The de-Broglie wavelength of an electron in an orbit of circumference 2 r is
(a) 2 r (b) r (c) 1/ 2r (d) 1/ 4r
h  h 
Solution : (a) According to Bohr's theory mv r  n  2 r  n    n
2  mv 
For n = 1  = 2r
Example: 12 The number of photons of wavelength 540 nm emitted per second by an electric bulb of power
100W is (taking h  6 1034 J-sec)
(a) 100 (b) 1000 (c) 3  1020 (d) 3 1018
P 100  540  109
Solution : (c) By using n    3  1020
hc 6.6  1034  3 108
Example: 13 A steel ball of mass 1kg is moving with a velocity 1 m/s. Then its de-Broglie wavelength is equal
to
(a) h (b) h / 2 (c) Zero (d) 1 / h

h 
Solution : (a) By using      h.
mv 11
Example: 14 The de-Broglie wavelength associated with a hydrogen atom moving with a thermal velocity of 3
km/s will be
(a) 1 Å (b) 0.66 Å (c) 6.6 Å (d) 66 Å
34
h 6.6  10
Solution : (b) By using      0.66Å
mvrms 2  1.67  1027  3  103
Example: 15 When the momentum of a proton is changed by an amount P0, the corresponding change in the de-
Broglie wavelength is found to be 0.25%. Then, the original momentum of the proton was
(a) p0 (b) 100 p0 (c) 400 p0 (d) 4 p0
1 p  p  p 0.25 1
Solution : (c)       0    p = 400 p0 .
p p  p  p 100 400
Example: 16 If the electron has same momentum as that of a photon of wavelength 5200Å, then the velocity of
electron in m /sec is given by
(a) 103 (b) 1.4  103 (c) 7  10–5 (d) 7.2  106
h h 6.6  1034
Solution : (b)   v   v = 1.4  103 m/s.
mv m 9.1 1031  5200  1010
Example: 17 The de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron at 27oC is . What will be its wavelength at 927oC
(a)  / 2 (b)  / 3 (c)  / 4 (d)  / 9
1 1 T  (273  927) 1200 
Solution : (a)  neutron    2     2  2  .
T 2 T1  2 (273  27) 300 2
Example: 18 The de-Broglie wavelength of a vehicle is . Its load is changed such that its velocity and energy
both are doubled. Its new wavelength will be
 
(a)  (b) (c) (d) 2
2 4
h 1 hv
Solution : (a)  and E  mv 2    when v and E both are doubled,  remains unchanged i.e. ' = .
mv 2 2E
Example: 19 The minimum intensity of light to be detected by human eye is 1010 W / m2 . The number of photons
of wavelength 5.6 107 m entering the eye, with pupil area 106 m 2 , per second for vision will be
nearly
(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) 300 (d) 400
P
Solution : (c) By using I  ; where P = radiation power
A
nh c n IA
 P  IA   IA  
t t hc
10 6 7
 n  10 10  5.6 10
Hence number of photons entering per sec the eye    = 300.
t 6.6 1034  3 108

Example: 20 A particle of mass M at rest decays into two particles of masses m1 and m 2 , having non-zero
velocities. The ratio of the de-Broglie wavelengths of the particles, 1 /  2 is
(a) m1 / m 2 (b) m 2 / m1
(c) 1.0 (d) m1 / m1


Solution : (c) According to conservation of momentum i.e. p1  p 2 p1
h  p 1
m1
Hence from    1  1  M
p  2 p2 1 m2 
p2
Example 21: The curve drawn between velocity and frequency of photon in vacuum will be a
(a) Straight line parallel to frequency axis (b) Straight line parallel to velocity axis
(c) Straight line passing through origin and making an angle of 45o with frequency axis
(d) Hyperbola Velocity of
photon (c)
Solution : (a) Velocity of photon (i.e. light) doesn’t depend upon frequency.
Hence the graph between velocity of photon and frequency will be
as follows.
Photo-electric Effect Frequency ()
It is the phenomenon of emission of electrons from the surface of metals, when light radiations
(Electromagnetic radiations) of suitable frequency fall on them. The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons
and the current so produced is called photoelectric current.
This effect is based on the principle of conservation of energy.
(1) Terms related to photoelectric effect
(i) Work function (or threshold energy) (W0) : The minimum energy of incident radiation, required to
eject the electrons from metallic surface is defined as work function of that surface.
hc
W0  h0  Joules; 0 = Threshold frequency; 0 = Threshold wavelength
0
hc 12375
Work function in electron volt W0 (in eV)  
e 0  0 (inÅ)
Note:  By coating the metal surface with a layer of barium oxide or strontium oxide it's work function is
lowered.
(ii) Threshold frequency (0): The minimum frequency of incident radiations required to eject the electron
from metal surface is defined as threshold frequency.
If incident frequency  < 0  No photoelectron emission
(iii) Threshold wavelength (0): The maximum wavelength of incident radiations required to eject the
electrons from a metallic surface is defined as threshold wavelength.
If incident wavelength  > 0  No photoelectron emission
(2) Einstein's photoelectric equation
According to Einstein, photoelectric effect is the result of one to one inelastic collision between photon and
electron in which photon is completely absorbed. So if an electron in a metal absorbs a photon of energy E (= h), it
uses the energy in three following ways.

(i) Some energy (say W) is used in shifting the

Incident photon
electron from interior to the surface of the metal.
K
(ii) Some energy (say W0) is used in making the Work
surface electron free from the metal. e – function W0
(iii) Rest energy will appear as kinetic energy (K) of W
the emitted photoelectrons. e –

Metal
Hence E = W + W0 + K
For the electrons emitting from surface W = 0 so kinetic energy of emitted electron will be max.
Hence E = W0 + Kmax ; This is the Einstein's photoelectric equation
(3) Experimental arrangement to observe photoelectric effect
When light radiations of suitable frequency (or suitable wavelength Radiations
–
and suitable energy) fall on plate P, photoelectrons are emitted from P. –
e e–  e–  e 
–
e–  e–  e–  e 
P Q
(i) If plate Q is at zero potential w.r.t. P, very small current flows in e–  e–  e–  e– 
the circuit because of some electrons of high kinetic energy are V
reaching to plate Q, but this current has no practical utility mA
Battery
(ii) If plate Q is kept at positive potential w.r.t. P current starts flowing through the circuit because more
electrons are able to reach up to plate Q.
(iii) As the positive potential of plate Q increases, current through the circuit increases but after some time
constant current flows through the circuit even positive potential of plate Q is still increasing, because at
this condition all the electrons emitted from plate P are already reached up to plate Q. This constant
current is called saturation current.
(iv) To increase the photoelectric current further we will have to increase the intensity of incident light.
Photoelectric current (i) depends upon
(a) Potential difference between electrodes (till saturation) I
(b) Intensity of incident light (I)

(c) Nature of surface of metal
i
(v) To decrease the photoelectric current plate Q is maintained at negative potential w.r.t. P, as the anode Q is
made more and more negative, fewer and fewer electrons will reach the cathode and the photoelectric
current decreases.
(vi) At a particular negative potential of plate Q no electron will reach the plate Q and the current will become
zero, this negative potential is called stopping potential denoted by V0.
(vii) If we increase further the energy of incident light, kinetic energy of photoelectrons increases and more
negative potential should be applied to stop the electrons to reach upto plate Q. Hence eV0 = K max .
Note :  Stopping potential depends only upon frequency or wavelength or energy of incident radiation. It
doesn't depend upon intensity of light.
We must remember that intensity of incident light radiation is inversely proportional to the square
1 1
of distance between source of light and photosensitive plate P i.e., I  2
so I  i  2 )
d d

Important formulae
 h  h 0  K max
1 2h(   0 )
 K max  eV0  h(   0 )  mv 2max  h(   0 )  v max 
2 m
1 1 1    2hc     0 
 K max  mv 2max  eV0  hc     hc  0   vmax 
2   0    0  m  0
h hc  1 1  1 1 
 V0  (   0 )      12375   
e e   0    0 
(4) Different graphs
(i) Graph between potential difference between the plates P and Q and photoelectric current
i i
I3
I2
I1 3 > 2 > 1
3
2 1
– V0 – V0 1 – V0 2 – V0 3 V
V
For different intensities of incident For different Frequencies of
light incident light
(ii) Graph between maximum kinetic energy / stopping potential of photoelectrons and frequency of
incident light
V0
Kmax


–W0 
–W0/e 
Slope = tan = h Slope = tan = h/e
Photoelectric Cell
A device which converts light energy into electrical energy is called photoelectric cell. It is also known as
photocell or electric eye.
Photoelectric cells are mainly of three types
Photo-emissive cell Photo-conductive cell Photo-voltaic cell

It consists of an evacuated glass or quartz It is based on the principle that conductivity It consists of a Cu plate coated with a thin
bulb containing anode A and cathode C. of a semiconductor increases with increase in layer of cuprous oxide (Cu2O). On this plate is
The cathode is semi-cylindrical metal on the intensity of incident light. laid a semi transparent thin film of silver.
which a layer of photo-sensitive material Surface film Transparent
is coated. film of silver
A
Selenium
Selenium R Output
Output
C
Metal layer Semiconducting layer of Cu2O R
Metal layer of Cu
In this, a thin layer of some semiconductor (as

When light fall, the electrons emitted from the

C selenium) is placed below a transparent foil layer of Cu2O and move towards the silver
A
Light of some metal. This combination is fixed over film. Then the silver film becomes negatively
an iron plate. When light is incident on the charged and copper plate becomes positively
Galvanometer transparent foil, the electrical resistance of charged. A potential difference is set up
or the semiconductor layer is reduced. Hence a between these two and current is set up in
Micro ammeter
current starts flowing in the battery circuit the external resistance.
connected.
A
+ –
When light incident on the cathode, it
emits photo-electrons which are
attracted by the anode. The
photoelectrons constitute a small current
which flows through the external circuit.
Note :  The photoelectric current can be increased by filling some inert gas like Argon into the bulb. The
photoelectrons emitted by cathode ionise the gas by collision and hence the current is increased.
Compton effect
The scattering of a photon by an electron is called Compton Compton scattering
–
effect. The energy and momentum is conserved. Scattered photon Target electron
Recoil
at rest
will have less energy (more wavelength) as compare to incident h 
electron
–

photon (less wavelength). The energy lost by the photon is taken by i h 
Incident photon
electron as kinetic energy. f
Scattered photon
The change in wavelength due to Compton effect is called
h
Compton shift. Compton shift f  i  (1  cos )
m0 c
Note :  Compton effect shows that photon have momentum.
X-rays
X-rays was discovered by scientist Rontgen that's why they are also called Rontgen rays.
Rontgen discovered that when pressure inside a discharge tube kept 10–3 mm of Hg and potential difference is
25 kV then some unknown radiations (X-rays) are emitted by anode.
(1) Production of X-rays
There are three essential requirements for the production of X-rays
(i) A source of electron
(ii) An arrangement to accelerate the electrons
(iii) A target of suitable material of high atomic weight and high melting point on which these high speed
electrons strike.
(2) Coolidge X-ray tube
It consists of a highly evacuated glass tube Lead
V
containing cathode and target. The cathode chamber Anode

C
consist of a tungsten filament. The filament is Water
coated with oxides of barium or strontium to T
have an emission of electrons even at low F

Filament W
temperature. The filament is surrounded by a Window X-rays
Target

molybdenum cylinder kept at negative

potential w.r.t. the target.
The target (it's material of high atomic weight, high melting point and high thermal conductivity) made of
tungsten or molybdenum is embedded in a copper block
The face of the target is set at 45o to the incident electron stream.
The filament is heated by passing the current through it. A high potential difference ( 10 kV to 80 kV) is
applied between the target and cathode to accelerate the electrons which are emitted by filament. The stream
of highly energetic electrons is focused on the target.
Most of the energy of the electrons is converted into heat (above 98%) and only a fraction of the energy of
the electrons (about 2%) is used to produce X-rays.
During the operation of the tube, a huge quantity of heat is produced in this target; this heat is conducted
through the copper anode to the cooling fins from where it is dissipated by radiation and convection.
(i) Control of intensity of X-rays: Intensity implies the number of X-ray photons produced from the target.
The intensity of X-rays emitted is directly proportional to the electrons emitted per second from the
filament and this can be increased by increasing the filament current. So intensity of X-rays  Filament
current
(ii) Control of quality or penetration power of X-rays: Quality of X-rays implies the penetrating power of
X-rays, which can be controlled by varying the potential difference between the cathode and the target.
For large potential difference, energy of bombarding electrons will be large and hence larger is the
penetration power of X-rays.
Depending upon the penetration power, X-rays are of two types
Hard X-rays Soft X-rays
More penetration power Less penetration power
More frequency of the order of  1019 Hz Less frequency of the order of  1016 Hz
Lesser wavelength range (0.1Å – 4Å) More wavelength range (4Å – 100Å)
Note:  Production of X-ray is the reverse phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
(3) Properties of X-rays
(i) X-rays are electromagnetic waves with wavelength range 0.1Å – 100Å.
(ii) The wavelength of X-rays is very small in comparison to the wavelength of light. Hence they carry much
more energy (This is the only difference between X-rays and light)
(iii) X-rays are invisible.
(iv) They travel in a straight line with speed of light.
(v) X-rays are measured in Rontgen (measure of ionization power).
(vi) X-rays carry no charge so they are not deflected in magnetic field and electric field.
(vii)  Gama rays   X-rays   UV rays
(viii) They used in the study of crystal structure.
(ix) They ionize the gases
(x) X-rays do not pass through heavy metals and bones.
(xi) They affect photographic plates.
(xii) Long exposure to X-rays is injurious for human body.
(xiii) Lead is the best absorber of X-rays.

(xiv) For X-ray photography of human body parts, BaSO4 is the best absorber.
(xv) They produce photoelectric effect and Compton effect
(xvi) X-rays are not emitted by hydrogen atom.
(xvii) These cannot be used in Radar because they are not reflected by the target.
(xviii)They show all the important properties of light rays like; reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction
and polarization etc.
(4) Absorption of X-rays
X-rays are absorbed when they incident on substance.
Intensity of emergent X-rays I  I0 ex I0 Emergent
X-rays
So intensity of absorbed X-rays I'  I0  I  I0 (1  ex )
I
Incident X-rays
where x = thickness of absorbing medium,  = absorption
coefficient x
I0
Note:  The thickness of medium at which intensity of emergent X-rays becomes half i.e. I '  is called
2
0.693
half value thickness (x1/2) and it is given as x1/2  .

Classification of X-rays
In X-ray tube, when high speed electrons strikes the target, they penetrate the target. They loses their kinetic
energy and comes to rest inside the metal. The electron before finally being stopped makes several collisions with
the atoms in the target. At each collision one of the following two types of X-rays may get form.
(1) Continuous X-rays
As an electron passes close to the positive nucleus of atom,
the electron is deflected from it's path as shown in figure. This e–
X-ray photon
results in deceleration of the electron. The loss in energy of the +
electron during deceleration is emitted in the form of X-rays.

The X-ray photons emitted so form the continuous X-ray
spectrum.
Note:  Continuos X-rays are produced due to the phenomenon called "Bremsstrahlung". It means slowing
down or braking radiation.
Minimum wavelength
When the electron looses whole of it's energy in a single collision with the atom, an X-ray photon of maximum
1 2 hc
energy hmax is emitted i.e. mv  eV  h max 
2  min
where v = velocity of electron before collision with target atom, V = potential difference through which
electron is accelerated, c = speed of light = 3  108 m/s
eV
Maximum frequency of radiations (X-rays)  max 
h

hc 12375
Minimum wave length = cut off wavelength of X-ray  min   Å
eV V
Note :  Wavelength of continuous X-ray photon ranges from certain minimum (min) to infinity.
max logemax logemax

min
V logeV V logeV
Intensity wavelength graph

The continuous X-ray spectra consist of all the wavelengths over Y
a given range. These wavelength are of different intensities. Following
Intensity
figure shows the intensity variation of different wavelengths for
30 kV
various accelerating voltages applied to X-ray tube. 20 kV
10 kV
min Wave length
For each voltage, the intensity curve starts at a particular minimum wavelength ( min). Rises rapidly to a
maximum and then drops gradually.
The wavelength at which the intensity is maximum depends on the accelerating voltage, being shorter for
higher voltage and vice-versa.
(2) Characteristic X-rays
Few of the fast moving electrons having high velocity penetrate e–
the surface atoms of the target material and knock out the tightly X-ray photon
e–
e–
bound electrons even from the inner most shells of the atom. Now
+
when the electron is knocked out, a vacancy is created at that place. L
K
To fill this vacancy, electrons from higher shells jump to fill the M
created vacancies, we know that when an electron jumps from a

higher energy orbit E1 to lower energy orbit E2, it radiates energy (E1
– E2).
Thus this energy difference is radiated in the form of X-rays of very small but definite wavelength which
depends upon the target material. The X-ray spectrum consists of sharp lines and is called characteristic X-ray
spectrum.
K, L, M, …… series
If the electron striking the target eject an electron O n=5
N n=4
from the K-shell of the atom, a vacancy is crated in the
M M
K-shell. Immediately an electron from one of the outer M n=3
M-series
shell, say L-shell jumps to the K-shell, emitting an X-ray L L L
photon of energy equal to the energy difference L n=2
L-series
between the two shells. Similarly, if an electron from the K K K
K n=1
M-shell jumps to the K-shell, X-ray photon of higher K-series
energy is emitted. The X-ray photons emitted due to the
jump of electron from the L, M, N shells to the K-shells

gives K, K, K lines of the K-series of the spectrum.

If the electron striking the target ejects an electron from the L-shell of the target atom, an electron from the M,
N ….. shells jumps to the L-shell so that X-rays photons of lesser energy are emitted. These photons form the lesser
energy emission. These photons form the L-series of the spectrum. In a similar way the formation of M series, N
series etc. may be explained.
Energy and wavelength of different lines
Series Transition Energy Wavelength
L K hc 12375
K E L  E K  h K  K   Å
(2) (1)
E L  E K (E L  E K )eV
MK hc 12375
K E M  E K  h K  K   Å
(3) (1)
E M  E K (E M  E K )eV
ML hc 12375
L E M  E L  h L  L   Å
(3) (2)
E M  E L (E M  E L )eV
Note :  The wavelength of characteristic X-ray doesn't depend on accelerating voltage. It depends on the
atomic number (Z) of the target material.
  K   L   M and  K   L   M
  K   L   K
Intensity-wavelength graph
At certain sharply defined wavelengths, the intensity of X- Intensity K
rays is very large as marked K, K …. As shown in figure. These X- K

L
rays are known as characteristic X-rays. At other wavelengths the L L
K-series
intensity varies gradually and these X-rays are called continuous
L-series
X-rays.
min Wavelength
Mosley's law
Mosley studied the characteristic X-ray spectrum of a number of k

heavy elements and concluded that the spectra of different elements k
are very similar and with increasing atomic number, the spectral lines
merely shift towards higher frequencies.
He also gave the following relation   a (Z  b) Z
where  = Frequency of emitted line, Z = Atomic number of target, a = Proportionality constant,

b = Screening constant.
Note :  a and b doesn't depend on the nature of target. Different values of b are as follows
b=1 for K-series
b = 7.4 for L-series
b = 19.2 for M-series
 (Z – b) is called effective atomic number.

More about Mosley's law

(i) It supported Bohr's theory
(ii) It experimentally determined the atomic number (Z) of elements.
(iii) This law established the importance of ordering of elements in periodic table by atomic number and not by
atomic weight.
(iv) Gaps in Moseley's data for A = 43, 61, 72, 75 suggested existence of new elements which were later
discovered.
(v) The atomic numbers of Cu, Ag and Pt were established to be 29, 47 and 78 respectively.
(vi) When a vacancy occurs in the K-shell, there is still one electron remaining in the K-shell. An electron in the L-
shell will feel an effective charge of (Z – 1)e due to + Ze from the nucleus and – e from the remaining K-shell
electron, because L-shell orbit is well outside the K-shell orbit.
1  1 1 
(vii) Wave length of characteristic spectrum  R(Z  b)2  2  2  and energy of X-ray radiations.
  n1 n 2 
hc  1 1 
E  h   Rhc(Z  b) 2  2  2 
  n1 n 2 
(viii) If transition takes place from n2 = 2 to n1 = 1 (K - line)
3RC
(a) a   2.47  1015 Hz
4
 1  3RC
(b)  K  RC(Z  1)2 1  2   (Z  1) 2  2.47 1015 (Z  1) 2 Hz
 2  4
1  1 
(c) In general the wavelength of all the K-lines are given by  R(Z  1) 2 1  2  where n = 2, 3, 4, ….
K  n 
1216
While for K line  K  Å
(Z  1)
(d) EK  10.2(Z  1)2 eV
Uses of X-rays
(i) In study of crystal structure: Structure of DNA was also determined using X-ray diffraction.
(ii) In medical science. (iii) In radiograph (iv) In radio therapy
(v) In engineering (vi) In laboratories (vii) In detective department
(viii) In art the change occurring in old oil paintings can be examined by X-rays.
Example: 22 The work function of a substance is 4.0 eV. The longest wavelength of light that can cause
photoelectron emission from this substance is approximately
(a) 540 nm (b) 400 nm (c) 310 nm (d) 220 nm
12375 12375
Solution : (c) By using  0   0  = 3093.7 Å – 310nm
W0 (eV) 4
Example: 23 Photo-energy 6 eV are incident on a surface of work function 2.1 eV. What are the stopping potential
(a) – 5V (b) – 1.9 V (c) – 3.9 V (d) – 8.1 V
Solution : (c) By using Einstein's equation E = W0 + Kmax  6  2.1  K max  K max  3.9eV

K max
Also V0     3.9 V.

Example: 24 When radiation of wavelength  is incident on a metallic surface the stopping potential is 4.8 volts.
If the same surface is illuminated with radiation of double the wavelength, then the stopping
potential becomes 1.6 volts. Then the threshold wavelength for the surface is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
hc  1 1 
Solution : (b) By using V0    
e   0 
hc  1 1  hc  1 1
4.8     …… (i) and 1.6     …… (ii)
e   0  e  2  0 
From equation (i) and (ii)  0  4.
Example: 25 When radiation is incident on a photoelectron emitter, the stopping potential is found to be 9 volts.
If e/m for the electron is 1.8 1011 Ckg1 the maximum velocity of the ejected electrons is
(a) 6 105 ms1 (b) 8 105 ms1 (c) 1.8  106 ms 1 (d) 1.8  105 ms 1
1 e
Solution : (c) m v 2max  eV0  v max  2   .V0  2  1.8  1011  9  1.8  106 m / s .
2 m
Example: 26 The lowest frequency of light that will cause the emission of photoelectrons from the surface of a
metal (for which work function is 1.65 eV) will be
(a) 4  1010 Hz (b) 4 1011 Hz (c) 4  1014 Hz (d) 4 1010 Hz
12375 12375
Solution : (c) Threshold wavelength 0    7500Å.
W0 (eV) 1.65
c 3  108
 so minimum frequency  0   10
 4  1014 Hz.
 0 7500  10
Example: 27 Light of two different frequencies whose photons have energies 1 eV and 2.5 eV respectively,
successively illuminates a metal of work function 0.5 eV. The ratio of maximum kinetic energy of the
emitted electron will be
(a) 1 : 5 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 1
(K max )1 1  0.5 0.5 1
Solution : (b) By using K max  E  W0     .
(K max )2 2.5  0.5 2 4
Example: 28 Photoelectric emission is observed from a metallic surface for frequencies 1 and  2 of the incident
light rays (1   2 ) . If the maximum values of kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted in the
two cases are in the ratio of 1 : k, then the threshold frequency of the metallic surface is
1   2 k1   2 k 2  1  2  1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
Solution : (b) By using h  h 0  k max  h(1   0 )  k1 and h(1   0 )  k 2
1   0 k1 1 k   2
Hence    0  1
2  0 k 2 k k 1

Example: 29 Light of frequency 8 1015 Hz is incident on a substance of photoelectric work function 6.125 eV.
The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons is
(a) 17 eV (b) 22 eV (c) 27 eV (d) 37 eV
Solution : (c) Energy of incident photon E  h  6.6 1034  8 1015  5.28 1018 J  33eV.
From E  W0  K max  K max  E  W0  33  6.125  26.87eV  27eV.
Example: 30 A photo cell is receiving light from a source placed at a distance of 1 m. If the same source is to be
placed at a distance of 2 m, then the ejected electron
(a) Moves with one-fourth energy as that of the initial energy
(b) Moves with one fourth of momentum as that of the initial momentum
(c) Will be half in number (d) Will be one-fourth in number
1
Solution : (d) Number of photons  Intensity 
(distance)2
2 2
N1  d 2  N 2 N1
    1    N2  .
N 2  d1  N2  1  4
Example: 31 When yellow light incident on a surface no electrons are emitted while green light can emit. If red
light is incident on the surface then
(a) No electrons are emitted (b) Photons are emitted
(c) Electrons of higher energy are emitted
(d) Electrons of lower energy are emitted
Solution : (a)  Green   Yellow   Red
According to the question  Green is the maximum wavelength for which photoelectric emission takes
place. Hence no emission takes place with red light.
Example: 32 When a metal surface is illuminated by light of wavelengths 400 nm and 250 nm the maximum
velocities of the photoelectrons ejected are v and 2v respectively. The work function of the metal is
(h = Planck's constant, c = velocity of light in air)
(a) 2hc 106 J (b) 1.5hc 106 J (c) hc 106 J (d) 0.5hc 106 J
hc 1
Solution : (a) By using E  W0  K max   W0  mv 2
 2
hc 1 hc 1
9
 W0  mv 2 ……(i) and 9
 W0  m(2v) 2 ……(ii)
400  10 2 250  10 2
From equation (i) and (ii) W0  2hc 106 J.
Example: 33 The work functions of metals A and B are in the ratio 1 : 2. If light of frequencies f and 2f are
incident on the surfaces of A and B respectively, the ratio of the maximum kinetic energies of
photoelectrons emitted is (f is greater than threshold frequency of A, 2f is greater than threshold
frequency of B)
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 1 : 4
Solution : (b) By using E  W0  K max  E A  hf  WA  K A and E B  h (2f )  WB  K B

1 WA  K A WA 1
So,  ……(i) also it is given that  ……..(ii)
2 WB  K B WB 2
KA 1
From equation (i) and (ii) we get  .
KB 2
Example: 34 When a point source of monochromatic light is at a distance of 0.2m from a photoelectric cell, the
cut-off voltage and the saturation current are 0.6 volt and 18 mA respectively. If the same source is
placed 0.6 m away from the photoelectric cell, then
(a) The stopping potential will be 0.2 V (b) The stopping potential will be 0.6 V
(c) The saturation current will be 6 mA (d) The saturation current will be 18 mA
1
Solution : (b) Photoelectric current (i)  Intensity  . If distance becomes 0.6 m (i.e. three times) so
(distance)2
1
current becomes times i.e. 2mA.
9
Also stopping potential is independent of intensity i.e. it remains 0.6 V.
Example: 35 In a photoemissive cell with exciting wavelength  , the fastest electron has speed v. If the exciting
wavelength is changed to 3 / 4 , the speed of the fastest emitted electron will be
(a) v(3 / 4)1/2 (b) v(4 / 3)1/2
(c) Less then v(4 / 3)1/2 (d) Greater then v(4 / 3)1/2
1 2E 2W0 hc
Solution : (d) From E  W0  mv max
2
 vmax   (where E  )
2 m m 
3
If wavelength of incident light charges from  to (decreases)
4
Let energy of incident light charges from E to E ' and speed of fastest electron changes from v to v 
then
2E 2W0 2E ' 2W0
v  …..(i) and v'   …….(ii)
m m m m
4 
2 E  1/2
1 4  3   2W0  4 2E 2W0
As E   E '  E hence v '  v'    
 3 m m 3 m 4
1/2
m 
3
1/2 1/ 2
4 2E 2W0 4
 v'    X   v so v '    v.
3 3
1/ 2
m 4
m 
3
Example: 36 The minimum wavelength of X-rays produced in a Coolidge tube operated at potential difference of
40 kV is
(a) 0.31Å (b) 3.1Å (c) 31Å (d) 311Å
12375
Solution : (a)  min   0.309Å  0.31Å
40  103

Example: 37 The X-ray wavelength of L  line of platinum (Z = 78) is 1.30Å. The X –ray wavelength of L a line
of Molybdenum (Z = 42) is
(a) 5.41Å (b) 4.20Å (c) 2.70Å (d) 1.35 Å
1  1 1 1
Solution : (a) The wave length of L  line is given by  R(z  7.4) 2  2  2    
  2 3  (z  7.4) 2
1 (z 2  7.4) 2 1.30 (42  7.4) 2
      2  5.41Å .
 2 (z1  7.4) 2 2 (78  7.4) 2
Example: 38 The cut off wavelength of continuous X-ray from two Coolidge tubes operating at 30 kV but
using different target materials (molybdenum Z= 42 and tungsten Z = 74) are
(a) 1Å, 3Å (b) 0.3 Å, 0.2 Å
(c) 0.414 Å, 0.8 Å (d) 0.414 Å, 0.414 Å
Solution : (d) Cut off wavelength of continuous X-rays depends solely on the voltage applied and does not depend
on the material of the target. Hence the two tubes will have the same cut off wavelength.
hc hc 6.627  1034  3  108
Ve  h  or    m  414  1010 m  0.414Å.
 Ve 30 103 1.6  1019
Example: 39 Two photons, each of energy 2.5eV are simultaneously incident on the metal surface. If the work
function of the metal is 4.5 eV, then from the surface of metal
(a) Two electrons will be emitted
(b) Not even a single electron will be emitted
(c) One electron will be emitted
(d) More than two electrons will be emitted
Solution : (b) Photoelectric effect is the phenomenon of one to one elastic collision between incident photon and
an electron. Here in this question one electron absorbs one photon and gets energy 2.5 eV which is
lesser than 4.5 eV. Hence no photoelectron emission takes place
Example: 40 In X-ray tube when the accelerating voltage V is halved, the difference between the wavelength of
K line and minimum wavelength of continuous X-ray spectrum
(a) Remains constant (b) Becomes more than two times
(c) Becomes half (d) Becomes less than two times
Solution : (c)    K   min when V is halved  min becomes two times but  K a remains the same.
  '   K  2 min  2()   Ka
  '  2()
Example: 41 Molybdenum emits K-photons of energy 18.5 keV and iron emits K photons of energy 34.7 keV.
The times taken by a molybdenum K photon and an iron K photon to travel 300 m are
(a) (3 s, 15 s) (b) (15 s, 3s)
(c) (1 s, 1 s) (d) (1 s, 5s)
Solution : (c) Photon have the same speed whatever be their energy, frequency, wavelength, and origin.
300
 time of travel of either photon   106 s  1 s
3  10 8

THEORY BASED QUESTIONS

PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT
1. The rest mass of a photon is
1) zero 2) 1.6 1019 kg 3) 3.11030 kg 4) 9.11031 kg
2. The mass of a photon in motion is (given its frequency = x )
hx hx 3
1) 2 2) hx 3
3) 2 4) zero
c c
3. Photoelectric effect supports the quantum nature of light because
1) There is minimum frequency of light above which no photo electrons are emitted
2) The maximum kinetic energy of photo electrons depends on both frequency and intensity of
light
3) Even when a metal surface is faintly illuminated, the photoelectrons do not leave the surface
immediately
4) The maximum K.E. of photo electrons depends only on the frequency of light and not on
intensity
4. Which of the following statement is wrong?
1) Einstein explained photo electric effect with the help of quantum theory
2) Millikan determined the value of planck’s constant depending upon the property of photo
electric effect
3) The maximum K.E. of the photo electrons depends upon the intensity of incident radiation
4) As the frequency of incident photon increases the corresponding stopping potential also
increases
5. In photoelectric emission, the energy of the emitted electron is
1) Larger than that of the incident photons
2) Smaller than that of the incident photons
3) Same at that of the incident photons
4) Proportional to the intensity of the incident light
6. A laser beam of output power ‘P’ consists only of wavelength  . If Planck’s constant is h and
the speed of light is c, then the number of photons emitted per second is
1) P  /hc 2) P  /h 3) hc/P  4) hc/P
7. In photoelectric effect, which of the following property of incident light will not affect the
stopping potential
1) Frequency 2) Wavelength 3) Energy 4) Intensity
8. The best suitable metal for photo electric effect is
1) Iron 2) Steel 3) Aluminium 4) Cesium

9. Photo electric effect can be explained only by assuming that light

1) is a form of transverse waves 2) is a form of longitudinal waves
3) can be polarized 4) consists of quanta
10. When green light is incident on a metal, photo electrons are emitted by it but no photo
electrons are obtained by yellow light. If red light is incident on that metal then
1) No electron will be emitted 2) Less electrons will be emitted
3) More electrons will be emitted 4) we cannot predict
11. If the energy and momentum of a photon are E and P respectively, then the velocity of
photon will be
1) E/P 2) (E/P)2 3) EP 4) 3x107 m/s
12. The photo electric effect proves that light consists of
1) Photons 2) Electrons 3) Electromagnetic waves 4) Mechanical waves
13. Intensity of light incident on a photo sensitive surface is doubled. Then
1) the number of emitted electrons is tripled
2) the number of emitted electrons is doubled
3) the K.E of emitted electrons is doubled
4) the momentum of emitted electrons is doubled
14. A point source of light is used in a photoelectric effect. If the source is moved farther from
the emitting metal, the stopping potential
1) will increase 2) will decrease
3) will remain constant 4) will either increase or decrease
15. If the frequency of light in a photoelectric experiment is doubled, the stopping potential
will
1) be doubled 2) be halved
3) become more than double 4) become less than double
16. With the decrease in the wave length of the incident radiation the velocity of the
photoelectrons emitted from a given metal
1) remains same 2) increases
3) decreases 4) increases first and then decreases
17. Sodium surface is illuminated with ultraviolet light and visible radiation successively and
the stopping potentials are determined. Then the potential
1) is equal in both the cases 2) greater for ultraviolet light
3) more for visible light 4) varies randomly
18. In photo electric effect, the slope of the straight line graph between stopping potential and
frequency of the incident light gives the ratio of Planck’s constant to
1) charge of electron 2) work function 3) photo electric current 4) K.E. of electron

19. From the graph shown, the value of Work function if the stopping
potential (V), and frequency of the incident light, v , are on y and x-
axes respectively is
1) 1eV 2) 2eV 3) 4eV 4) 3eV
20. A graph is drawn between frequency of the incident radiation (on X-
axis) and stopping potential (on Y-axis). Then the slope of the
straight line indicates
1) h.e 2) h/e 3) e/h 4) (e-h)
21. In an experiment of photo electric emission for incident light of 4000 A 0, the stopping
potential is 2V. If the wavelength of incident light is made 3000 A0 , then the stopping
potential will be
1) Less than 2 volt 2) More than 2 volt 3) 2 volt 4) Zero
22. Light of wavelength λ falls on a metal having work function hc / λ o Photoelectric effect will
take place only if
1) λ  λ 0 2) λ  2λ 0 3) λ  λ 0 4) λ  λ 0 / 2
23. Emission of electrons in photoelectric effect is possible, if
1) metal surface is highly polished
2) the incident light is of sufficiently high intensity
3) the light is incident at right angles to the surface
4) the incident light is of sufficiently low wavelength
24. The work function of a metal
1) is different for different metals 2) is the same for all the metals
3) depends on the frequency of the light 4) depends on the intensity of the incident light
25. The process of photo electric emission depends on
1) Temperature of incident light 2) Nature of surface
3) Speed of emitted photo electrons 4) Speed of the incident light
26. The threshold wavelength of lithium is 8000 A0. When light of wavelength 9000 A0 is made
to be incident on it, then the photo electrons
1) Will not be emitted 2) Will be emitted
3) Will sometimes be emitted and sometimes not 4) Data insufficient
27. The correct curve between the stopping potential (Vo ) and intensity of incident light (I) is

28. The photo electrons emitted from the surface of sodium metal are
1) Of speeds from 0 to a certain maximum 2) Of same de Broglie wavelength
3) Of same kinetic energy 4) Of same frequency
29. The necessary condition for photo electric emission is
1) h  h0 2) h  h0 3) Ek  h0 4) Ek  h0
30. At stopping potential, the photo electric current becomes
1) Minimum 2)Maximum 3) Zero 4) Infinity
31. Stopping potential depends on
1) Frequency of incident light 2) Intensity of incident light
3) Number of emitted electrons 4) Number of incident photons
32. Work function is the energy required
1) to excite an atom 2) to produce X-rays
3) to eject an electron just out of the surface 4) to explode the atom
33. Threshold wavelength depends on
1) frequency of incident radiation 2) work function of the substance
3) velocity of electrons 4) energy of electrons
34. If the work function of a metal is , then its threshold wavelength will be
c0 h0 hc
1) hc0 2) 3) 4)
h c 0
35. The work function of a metal is X eV When light of energy 2X eV is made to be incident on it
then the maximum kinetic energy of emitted photo electron will be
1) 2 eV 2) 2X eV 3) X eV 4) 3X eV
36. If the distance of 100W lamp is increased from a photocell, the saturation current i in the
photo cell varies with distance d as
1 1
1) i  d 2 2) i  d 3) i  4) i 
d d2
37. A source of light is placed at a distance 4m from a photocell and the stopping potential is
then 7.7 volt. If the distance is halved, the stopping potential now will be
1) 7.7 volt 2) 15.4 volt 3) 3.85 volt 4) 1.925 volt
38. A mille ammeter in the circuit of a photocell measures
1) number of electrons released per second 2) energy of photon
3) velocity of photoelectrons 4) momentum of the photo electrons
39. The Einstein’s photoelectric equation is based upon the conservation of
1) Mass 2)momentum 3) angular momentum 4) energy
40. The stopping potential of the photocell is independent of
1) wavelength of incident light 2) nature of the metal of photo cathode
3) time for which light is incident 4) frequency of incident light

41. The maximum energy of emitted photo electrons is measured by

1) the current they produce 2) the potential difference they produce
3) the largest potential difference they can transverse 4) the speed with which they emerge
42. Three metals have work functions in the ratio 2:3:4. Graphs are drawn for all between the
stopping potential and the incident frequency. The graphs have slopes in the ratio
1) 2: 3: 4 2) 4: 3: 2 3)6: 4: 3 4)1: 1: 1
43. The curve between current (I) and potential difference (v) for a photo cell will be
44. Which conservation law is obeyed in Einstein’s photo electric equation?

1) Charge 2) Energy 3) Momentum 4) Mass
45. In photo electric effect, the photo electric current
1) increases when the frequency of incident photon increases
2) decreases when the frequency of incident photon decreases
3) does not depend upon the photon frequency but depends on the intensity of incident beam
4) depends both on the intensity and frequency of the incident beam.
46. The photoelectric current can be increased by
1) increasing frequency 2) increasing intensity
3) decreasing intensity 4)decreasing wavelength
47. The threshold wavelength for sodium is 5 x 10–7 m. Photoemission occurs for light of
1) Wavelength of 6 x 10-7 m and above 2) Wavelength of 5 x 10–7 m and below
3) Any wavelength 4) All frequencies below 5 x 1014 Hz
48. If Planck’s constant is denoted by h and electronic charge by e, then photoelectric effect
allows determination of:
1) Only h 2) Only e 3) Both h and e 4) Only h/e
49. The electron behaves as waves because they can
1) be diffracted by a crystal 2) ionise a gas
3) be deflected by magnetic fields 4) be deflected by electric fields
50. A non-monochromic light is used in an experiment on photoelectric effect. The stopping
potential
1) is related to the mean wavelength 2) is related to the longest wavelength
3) is related to the shortest wavelength 4) is not related to the wavelength
51. The incident photon involved in the photo electric effect experiment
1) completely disappears 2) comes out with increased frequency
3) comes out with a decreased frequency 4) comes out without change in frequency

52. In a photoelectric experiment, the maximum velocity of photoelectrons emitted

1) depends on intensity of incident radiation 2) does not depend on cathode material
3) depends on frequency of incident radiation
4) does not depend on wavelength of incident radiation
53. The number of electrons emitted by a surface exposed to light is directly proportional to
1) Frequency of light 2) Work function 3) Threshold wavelength 4) Intensity of light
54. Emission of electrons in photo electric effect is possible, if
1) metal surface is highly polished
2) the incident light is of sufficiently high intensity
3) the light is incident at right angles to the surface
4) the incident light is of sufficiently low wavelength
55. When orange light falls on a photo sensitive surface the photocurrent begins to flow. The
velocity of emitted electrons will be more when surface is hit by
1) red light 2) violet light 3) thermal radiations 4) radio waves
56. When the amplitude of the light wave incident on a photo metal sheet is increased then
1) the photoelectric current increases 2) the photoelectric current remains unchanged
3) the stopping potential increases 4) the stopping potential decreases
57. Which of the following is dependent on the intensity of incident radiation in a photoelectric
experiment
1) work function of the surface 2) amount of photoelectric current
3) stopping potential 4) maximum kinetic energy
58. Maximum kinetic energy (Ek) of a photoelectron varies with the frequency () of the incident
radiation as
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
59. Which one of the following is true in photoelectric emission
1) photoelectric current is directly proportional to the amplitude of light of given frequency
2) photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of light of given frequency at
moderate intensities
3) above the threshold frequency the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is inversely
proportional to the frequency of incident light
4) the threshold frequency depends on the intensity of incident light

60. If the work function of the metal is W and the frequency of the incident light is, then there is
no emission of photoelectrons if
1) v < W/h 2) v > W/h 3) v  W/h 4) v  W/h
61. Kinetic energy with which the electrons are emitted from a metal surface due to
photoelectric effect is
1) Dependent of the intensity of illumination
2) Dependent on the frequency of light
3) Inversely proportional to the intensity of illumination
4) Directly proportional to the intensity of illumination
62. When ultraviolet radiation is incident on a surface, no photoelectrons are emitted. If a
second beam causes emission of photoelectrons, it may consist of :
1) radio waves 2) infrared rays 3) visible light rays 4) X-rays
63. The maximum kinetic energy (Ek) of emitted photoelectrons
against frequency of incident radiation is plotted as shown in fig.
The slope of the graph is equal to
1) charge on electron 2) work function of emitter
3) Planck’s constant 4) ratio of Planck’s constant and charge on electron
64. Einstein’s photoelectric equation states that Ek = h v - W, In this equation Ek refers to :
1) kinetic energy of all ejected electrons 2) mean kinetic energy of emitted electrons
3) minimum kinetic energy of emitted electrons
4) maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons
65. The function of photo electric cell is
1) to convert electrical energy into light energy.
2) to convert light energy into electrical energy
3) to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
4) to convert DC into AC.
66. Photoelectric effect can be explained only by assuming that light:
1) is a form of transverse waves 2) is a form of longitudinal waves
3) can be polarized 4) consists of quanta
67. When light falls on a photosensitive surface, electrons are emitted from the surface .The
kinetic energy of these electrons does not depend on the:
1) Wave length of light 2) thickness of the surface layer
3) type of material used for the layer 4) intensity of light.
68. Photoelectric effect is described as the ejection of electrons form the surface of a metal
when:
1) it is heated to a high temperature 2) light of a suitable wave length is incident on it
3) electrons of a suitable velocity impinge on it 4) it is placed in a strong electric field
69. Though quantum theory of light can explain a number of phenomena observed with light, it
is necessary to retain the wave-nature of light to explain the phenomena of:
1) photoelectric effect 2) diffraction 3) Compton effect 4) black body radiation
70. In the following diagram if V2  V1 then
1) 1  2 2) 1  2
3) 1  2 4) 1  2
71. When an X-ray photon collides with an electron and bounces
off, its new frequency
1) is lower than its original frequency
2) is same as its original frequency
3) is higher than its original frequency
4) depends upon the electron’s frequency
72. A point source of light is used in a photoelectric effect. If the source is removed farther from
the emitting metal, the stopping potential
1) will increase 2) will decrease
3) will remain constant 4) will either increase or decrease
73. De-Broglie wavelength depends on
1) mass of the particle 2) size of the particle
3) material of the particle 4) shape of the particle
74. The deBroglie wavelength associated with a particle of mass m, moving with a velocity v
and energy E is given by
1) h / mv 2 2) mv / h 2 3) h / 2mE 4) 2mE / h
75. Choose the correct statement
1) Any charged particle in rest is accompanied by matter waves
2) Any uncharged particle in rest is accompanied by matter waves
3) The matter waves are waves of zero amplitude
4) The matter waves are waves of probability amplitude
76. An electron of charge e and mass m is accelerated from rest by a potential difference V. The
de Broglie wavelength is
1) Directly proportional to the square root of potential difference.
2) Inversely proportional to the square root of potential difference
3) Directly proportional to the square root of electron mass
4) Inversely proportional to the cube root of electron mass
77. Which of the following particles - neutron, proton, electron and deuteron has the lowest
energy if all have the same de Broglie wavelength
1) neutron 2) proton 3)electron 4) deuteron

78. The momentum of a proton is p. The corresponding wavelength is

1) h/p 2) h p 3) p/h 4) hp
79. A wave is associated with matter when it is
1) stationary 2) in motion with a velocity
3) in motion with speed of light 4) in motion with speed greater than that of light
80. An electron of mass 9.1 x 10 kg and charge 1.6 x 10-19 C is accelerated through a potential
-31
difference of V volt. The de Broglie wavelength () associated with the electron is

12.27 0 12.27 0 1
1) A 2) A 3) 12.27 V A0 4) A0
V V 12.27 V
81. The de Broglie wavelength of a molecule of thermal energy KT (K is Boltzmann constant
and T is absolute temperature) is given by
h h 1
1) 2) 3) h 2mKT 4)
2mKT 2mKT h 2mKT
82. The wavelengths of a proton and a photon are same. Then
1) Their velocities are same 2) Their momenta are equal
3) Their energies are same 4) Their speeds are same
83. If the value of Planck’s constant is more than its present value, then the de Broglie
wavelength associated with a material particle will be
1) More 2) Less 3) Same
4) More for lighter particles and less for heavy particles
84. The wavelength of matter waves does not depend on
1) Momentum 2) Velocity 3) Mass 4) Charge
85. The wave nature of matter is not observed in daily life because their wave length is
1) Less 2) More
3) In infrared region 4) In ultraviolet region
86. The ratio of the wavelengths of a photon and that of an electron of same energy E will be [m
is mass of electron]
2m E 2m EC
1) 2) 3) C 4)
E 2m E 2m
87. One of the following figures respesents the variation of particle momentum with associated
de Broglie wavelength
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
88. A point source causes photoelectric effect from a small metal plate.
Which of the following curves may represent the saturation
photocurrent as a function of the distance between the source and
the metal?
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
89. Matter waves are:
1) electromagnetic waves 2) mechanical waves
3) either mechanical or electromagnetic waves
4) neither mechanical nor electromagnetic waves
90. The incorrect statement is
1) Material wave (de-Broglie wave) can travel in vacuum
2) Electromagnetic wave can travel through vacuum
3) The velocity of photon is the same as light passes through any medium
4) Wavelength of de-Broglie wave depends upon velocity
91. The magnitude of the de-Broglie wavelength    of an electron (e),proton(p),neutron (n)
and   particle   all having the same energy of MeV, in the increasing order will follow
the sequence:
1) e , p , n ,  2)  , n ,  p , e 3) e , n , p ,  4) p , e ,  , n
92. Moving with the same velocity ,one of the following has the longest deBroglie wavelength
1)   particle 2)   particle 3) proton 4) neutron
93. Debroglie wavelength of a particle at rest position is
1) zero 2) finite 3) infinity 4) cannot be calculated
94. Debroglie wavelength of protons accelerated by an electric field at a potential difference v
is
0.108 0.202 0.286 0.101
1) 2) 3) 4)
V V V V
95. Debroglie wavelength of uncharged particles depends on
1) mass of particle 2) kinetic energy of particle
3) nature of particle 4) All above
96. Debroglie wavelength of a moving gas molecule is
1) proportional to temperature 2) inversely proportional to temperature
3) independent of temperature 4) inversely proportional to square root of temperature
97. The particles that can be accelerated by an electric field is
1) proton 2) electron 3) alpha particle 4) all above

98. If a proton and an electron are confined to the same region, then uncertainty in momentum
1) for proton is more, as compared to the electron
2) for electron is more, as compared to the proton
3) same for both the particles
4) directly proportional to their masses
99. Which phenomenon best supports the theory that matter has a wave nature ?
1) electron momentum 2) electron diffraction
3) photon momentum 4) photon diffraction
100. The wavelength of de-Broglie wave associated with a thermal neutron of mass at absolute
temperature T is given by (Here, k is the Boltzmann constant)
h h h h
1) 2) 3) 4)
2mkT mkT 3mkT 2 mkT
KEY
1) 1 2) 1 3) 4 4) 3 5) 2 6) 1 7) 4
8) 4 9) 4 10) 1 11) 1 12) 1 13) 2 14) 3
15) 3 16) 2 17) 2 18) 1 19) 4 20) 2 21) 2
22) 3 23) 4 24) 1 25) 2 26) 1 27) 2 28) 1
29) 2 30) 3 31) 1 32) 3 33) 2 34) 4 35) 3
36) 4 37) 1 38) 1 39) 4 40) 3 41) 3 42) 4
43) 4 44) 2 45) 3 46) 2 47) 2 48) 4 49) 1
50) 3 51) 1 52) 3 53) 4 54) 4 55) 2 56) 1
57) 2 58) 4 59) 2 60) 1 61) 2 62) 4 63) 3
64) 4 65) 2 66) 4 67) 4 68) 2 69) 2 70) 4
71) 1 72) 3 73) 1 74) 3 75) 4 76) 2 77) 4
78) 1 79) 2 80) 1 81) 1 82) 2 83) 1 84) 4
85) 1 86) 3 87) 4 88) 4 89) 4 90) 3 91) 2
92) 1 93) 3 94) 3 95) 4 96) 4 97) 4 98) 3
99) 2 100) 3 101) 1 102) 4 103) 2 104) 3 105)1
106) 2 107) 3 108) 1

ASSIGNMENT-1
1. The frequency of a photon associated with an energy of 3.31 eV is (given h = 6.62 x 10-34Js)
1) 0.8 x 1015 Hz 2) 1.6 x 1015 Hz 3) 3.2 x 1015 Hz 4) 8.0 x 1015 Hz
2. A radiation of wave length 2500 A0 is incident on a metal plate whose work function is 3.5 eV.
Then the potential required to stop the fastest photo electrons emitted by the surface is (h =
6.63×10-34Js& c= 3×108 m/s)
1) 1.86V 2) 3.00 V 3) 1.46V 4) 2.15 V
3. The work function of a metal is 2.5 eV. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted
if a radiation of wavelength 3000 A0 falls on it is
(h = 6.63×10-34Js and c= 3 ×108 m/s)
1) 1.12 ×10-19J 2) 4.8 ×10-19J 3) 3.2 ×10-19J 4) 2.61×10-19J
4. The work function of a substance is 4.0 eV. The longest wavelength of light that can cause
photoelectric emission from this substance is approximately
1) 220 nm 2) 310 nm 3) 540 nm 4) 400 nm
5. A laser used to weld detached retains emits light with a wavelength 652 nm in pulses that are of
20ms duration. The average power during each pulse is 0.6W. The energy in each pulse and in a
single photon are
1) 7.5 1015 eV , 2.7eV 2) 6.5 1016 eV , 2.9eV 3) 6.5 1016 eV , 2.7eV 4) 7.5 1016 eV ,1.9eV
6. Electrons ejected from the surface of a metal, when light of certain frequency is incident on it, are
stopped fully by a retarding potential of 3 volts. Photo electric effect in this metallic surface
begins at a frequency 6 x 1014s-1. The frequency of the incident light in s-1 is [h=6 x 10-34J-
sec;charge on the electron=1.6x10-19C]
1) 7.5 x 1013 2)13.5 x 1013 3) 14 x 1014 4) 7.5 x 1015
7. The threshold wavelength for emission of photoelectrons from a metal surface is 6×10 -
7
m. The work function of the material of the metal surface is .
1) 3.3×10-19J 2) 6.67×10-19J 3) 1.23×10-19J 4) 2.37 ×10-19J
8. The maximum velocity of an electron emitted by light of wavelength λ incident on the surface of a
metal of workfunction φ is where h = Planck’s constant, m = mass of electron and c=speed of
light
 2(hc  λφ)  2(hc  λφ)  2(hc   )   2(hcλ  φ) 
1/2 1/2 1/2
1)   2) 3)   4)  
 mλ m  m  m
9. The work function of nickle is 5eV. When light of wavelength 2000A0 falls on it, emits
photoelectrons in the circuit. Then the potential difference necessary to stop the fastest electrons
emitted is (given h=6.67×10-34Js)
1) 1.0V 2) 1.75V 3) 1.2V 4) 0.75V

10. The threshold wavelength for a surface having a threshold frequency of

0.6 x 10 Hz is (given c = 3 x 10 m/s)
15 8
1) 4000 Ao 2) 6000 Ao 3) 5000Ao 4) 3500Ao

11. Two photons of energies twice and thrice the work function of a metal are incident on the metal
surface. Then the ratio of maximum velocities of the photoelectrons emitted in the two cases
respectively, is
1) 2 :1 2) 3 :1 3) 3: 2 4) 1: 2
12. The photo electric work function for a metal surface is 4.125 eV. The cut-off wavelength for this
surface
1) 4125 Ao 2) 2062.5 Ao 3) 3006.06 Ao 4) 6000Ao
13 The energy of emitted photoelectrons from a metal is 0.9 eV. The work function of the metal is 2.2
eV. Then the energy of the incident photon is
1) 0.9 eV 2) 2. 2 eV 3) 4. 4 eV 4) 3.1 eV
14 A photoelectron is moving with a maximum velocity of 106 m/s. Given e=1.6x10-19 c, and m = 9.1x
10-31 kg, the stopping potential is
1) 2.5 V 2) 2.8 V 3) 2.0 V 4) 1.4 V
15 A metal of work function 4eV is exposed to a radiation of wavelength 140×10-9m.Then the stopping
potential developed by it (h = 6.63×10-34Js and c= 3×108 m/s)
1) 6.42 V 2) 2.94 V 3) 4.86V 4) 3.2 V
16 Threshold wavelength for a metal having work function wo is  .Then the threshold wavelength
for the metal having work function 2 wo is
1) λ 4 2) λ 2 3) λ /2 4) λ /4
17 The work function of metals A and B are in the ratio 1:2. If light of frequencies f and 2f are
incident on metal surfaces A and B respectively, the ratio of the maximum kinetic energies of the
photo electrons emitted is
1) 1:1 2) 1:2 3) 1:3 4) 1:4
18. The threshold wave length for photo electric emission from a material is 5,200A0, photo electrons
will be emitted when this material is illuminated with monochromatic radiation from a
1) 50 watt infrared lamp 2) 1 watt infrared lamp
3) 1 watt ultraviolet lamp 4) 50 watt sodium vapor lamp
MATTER WAVES
19. If an electron and a proton have the same KE, the ratio of the de Broglie wavelengths of proton
and electron would approximately be
1) 1 : 1837 2) 43 : 1 3) 1837 : 1 4) 1 : 43
20. If electron is having a wavelength of 100 Ao, then momentum is (gm cm s-1) units
1) 6.6 x 10-32 2) 6.6 x 10-29 3) 6.6x 10-25 4) 6.6 x 10-21

21 The de-broglie wavelength of an electron and the wavelength of a photon are same. The ratio
between the energy of the photon and the momentum of the electron is
1) h 2) c 3) 1/h 4) 1/c
22 A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential difference. The ratio
of wavelengths associated with proton and alpha particle respectively is
1) 1: 2 2 2) 2:1 3) 2 2 :1 4) 4:1
23. Ratio of debroglie wavelengths of uncharged particle of mass m at 270 C to 1270 C is nearly
1) 1.16 2) 0.16 3) 1.33 4)0.8
24. A particle is projeted horizontally with a velocity 10m/s. What will be the ratio of de-Broglie
wvelengths of the particle, when the velocity vector makes an angle 300 and 600 with the horizontal
1) 3 :1 2) 1: 3 2) 2 : 3 4) 3:2
25. A positron and a proton are accelerated by the same accelerating potential. Then the ratio of the
associated wavelengths of the positron and the proton will be [ M  mass of proton, m  mass of
positron]
M M m m
1) 2) 3) 4)
m m M M
26. A particle having a de Broglie wavelength of 1.0 Ao is associated with a momentum of (given h =
6.6 x 10-34Js)
1) 6.6 x 10-26 kg m/s 2) 6.6 x 10-25 kg m/s 3) 6.6 x 10-24 kg m/s 4) 6.6 x 10-22 kg m/s
27. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron having 80 eV of energy is nearly (1 eV  1.6x1019 J, Mass
of electron = 9 10 31
kg, Planck’s constant 6.6 10 34
Js) (nearly)
1) 140 Ao 2) 0.14 Ao 3) 14 Ao 4) 1.4 Ao
28. Electrons are accelerated through a p.d. of 150V. Given m = 9.1x10-31kg,e =1.6x10-19 c,
h = 6.62x10-34Js, the de Broglie wavelength associated with it is
1) 1.5 Ao 2) 1.0 Ao 3) 3.0 Ao 4) 0.5 Ao
29 If accelerating potential of an alpha particle is doubled than its new debrolgie wavelength becomes
1 1
1) times of initial 2) 2 times of initial 3) times of initial 4) 2 times of initial
2 2
30 The ratio of the deBroglie wave lengths of proton, deuteron and alpha particle accelerated
through the same potential difference 100V is
1) 2: 2:1 2) 1: 2 : 2 2 3) 1: 2 : 2 2 4) 2 2 : 2 :1
KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 3 4 2 4 3 1 3 3 3 4 3 4 2 3

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
3 2 3 4 4 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 2 1 4
ASSIGNMENT-2
1. A photo metal is illuminated by lights of wavelengths 1 and 2 respectively. The maximum kinetic
energies of electrons emitted in the two cases are E1 and E2 respectively. The work function of
metal is.
E   E12 E   E2 2 E   E2 2 E   E11
1) 2 1 2) 1 1 3) 1 1 4) 2 2
1 1  2 1  2 1  2
2. Light of wavelengths λ strikes a photo sensitive surface and electrons are ejected with kinetic
energy E. If the kinetic energy is to be increased to 2E, the wavelength must be changed to
λ where
 λ
1)    2) λ  2λ 3)  λ  λ 4) λ  λ
2 2
3. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 300 nm and intensity 1.0 W/m2 falls on the surface of a
photoelectric material. If one percent of the incident photons produce photoelectrons, then the
number of photoelectrons emitted from an area of 1.0 cm2 of the surface is nearly (in per second)
1) 9.61 x 1014 2) 4.12 x 1013 3) 1.51 x 1012 4) 2.13 x 1011
4. Light rays of wavelengths 6000 A0 and of photon intensity 39.6 watts/m2 is incident on a metal
surface. If only one percent of photons incident on the surface emit photo electrons, then the
number of electrons emitted per second per unit area from the surface will be
[ Planck constant = 6.64 x 10-34 J - S; Velocity of light = 3 x 108ms-1]
1) 12 x 1018 2) 10 x 1018 3) 12 x 1017 4) 12 x 1015
5. Light of wavelength 4000 Ao is incident on a metal surface of work function 2.5 eV. Given h=6.62 x
10-34Js, c = 3 x 108 m/s, the maximum KE of photoelectrons emitted and the corresponding
stopping potential are respectively
1) 0. 6 eV, 0.6 V 2) 2.5 eV, 2.5 V 3) 3.1 eV, 3.1 V 4) 0.6 eV, 0.3 V
6. The K.E of the electron is E when the incident wavelength is  . To increase the K.E of the electron
to 2E, the incident wavelength must be
 hc 2hc
1) 2 2) 3) 4)
2 E   hc E   hc
7. A photon of energy 15 eV collides with H-atom. Due to this collision, H-atom gets ionized .The
maximum kinetic energy of emitted electron is :
1)1.4 eV 2) 5 eV 3)15eV 4) 13.6eV

8. The anode voltage of a photocell is kept fixed. The wavelength  of the light falling on the
cathode in gradually changed. The plate current I of the photocell varies as follows :3
9. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the graph between the kinetic energy of
photoelectrons ejected and the frequency of incident radiation is :4
10. The graph shown in figure show the variation of photoelectric current
(i) and the applied voltage (V) for two different materials and for two
different intensities of the incident radiation.
Identify the pairs of curves that correspond to (a) different material (b)
same intensity of incident radiations.
1) Curve 1 and 3, Curve 2 and 4 2) Curve 1 and 2, Curve 3 and 4
3) Curve 1 and 4, Curve 2 and 3 4) Curve 1 only, Curve 2 and 4
11. When a metal surface is illuminated by a monochromatic light λ of wave - length , then the
potential difference required to stop the ejection of electrons is 3V. When the same surface is
illuminated by the light of wavelength 2 λ , then the potential difference required to stop the
ejection of electrons is V. Then for photoelectric effect, the threshold wavelength for the metal
surface will be
1) 6λ 2) 4λ / 3 3) 4λ 4) 8λ
12. If U.V. Light of wavelengths 800 Ao and 700 Ao can liberate electrons with kinetic energies of
1.8eV and 4 eV respectively from hydrogen atom in ground state, then the value of planck’s
constant is
1) 6.57 x 10-34Js 2) 6.63 x 10-34Js 3) 6.66 x 10-34Js 4) 6.77 x10-34Js
13. In a photoelectric effect experiment, photons of energy 5 eV are incident on a metal surface. They
liberate photoelectrons which are just stopped by an electrode at a potential of -3.5 V with respect
to the metal. The work function of the metal is
1) 1.5 eV 2) 3.5 eV 3) 5. 0 eV 4) 8.5 eV

14. The number of photons emitted per second by a 62W source of monochromatic light of
wavelength 4800 Ao is
1) 1.5 x 1019 2) 1.5 x 1020 3) 2. 5x 1020 4) 4 x 1020
15. Photons of frequencies 2.2 x 1015 Hz and 4.6 x 1015 Hz are incident on a metal surface. The
corresponding stopping potentials were found to be 6.6 V and 16.5 V respectively.
Given e = 1.6 x 10-19 c, the value of universal planck’s constant is
1) 6.6 x 10-34Js 2) 6.7 x 10-34Js 3) 6.5 x 10-34Js 4) 6.8 x 10-34Js
16. If stopping potentials corresponding to wavelengths 4000A0 and 4500A0 are 1.3V and 0.9V
respectively, then the work function of the metal is
1) 0.3eV 2) 1.3eV 3) 1.8eV 4) 5eV
17. In a photoelectric experiment anode potential is plotted against plate
current
1) A and B will have same intensities while B and C will have different
frequencies
2) B and C will have different intensities while A and B will have
different frequencies.
3) A and B will have different intensities while B and C will have equal
frequencies.
4) B and C will have equal intensities while A and B will have same frequencies.
MATTER WAVES
18. A proton when accelerated through a p.d. of V volt has a wavelength λ associated with it. An α 
particle in order to have the same wavelength λ must be accelerated through a p.d. of
1) V/8 volt 2) V/4 volt 3) V volt 4) 2V volt
19. An electron of mass m and charge e initially at rest gets accelerated by a constant electric field E .
The rate of change of de-Broglie wavelength of this electron at time t ignoring relativistic effects is
h eEt mh h
1) 2) 3) 4)
eEt 2 E eEt 2 e.E
20. If the velocity of a particle is increased three times, then the percentage decrease in its de Broglie
wavelength will be
1) 33.3% 2) 66.6% 3) 99.9% 4) 22.2%
21 If the momentum of an electron is changed by p m , then the de Broglie wavelength associated with
it changes by 0.5%. The initial momentum of electron will be
1) pm/200 2) pm/100 3) 200pm 4) 100pm
22. When the mass of an electron becomes equal to thrice its rest mass, its speed is
2 2 2 1 1
1) c 2) c 3) c 4) c
3 3 3 4

23. Which of the following figures represents the variation of particle momentum with the associated
de Broglie wave-length ?4
24 The de Broglie wave present in fifth Bohr orbit is :4
3
25. An electron moves with a speed of c. Then its mass becomes....times its rest mass.
2
1) 2 2) 3 3) 3/2 4) 4
26. Photons of energy 2.0 eV fall on a metal plate and release photoelectrons with a maximum velocity
V. By decreasing  by 25% the maximum velocity of photoelectrons is doubled. The work
function of the metal of the material plate in eV is nearly
1) 2.22 2) 1.985 3) 2.35 4) 1.80
27. A proton when accelerated through a p.d of V volt has wavelength  associated with it .An
electron to have the same  must be accelerated through a p.d of
V
1) volt 2) 4V volt 3) 2V volt 4) 1838V volt
8
28. The momentum aphoton of electromagnetic radiation is 3.3x10–29 kgms–1. The frequency of these
waves is:
1) 3.0 103 Hz 2) 6.0 103 Hz 3) 7.5 1012 Hz 4) 1.5  1013 Hz
29. If the energy of a particle is reduced to one fourth, then the percentage increase in its de Broglie
wavelength will be
1) 41% 2) 141% 3) 100% 4) 71%
30 The de Broglie wavelength associated with an electron of velocity 0.3 c and rest mass 9.1 x 10 -31kg
is
1) 7.68 x 10-10 m 2) 7.68 x 10-12 m 3) 5.7 x 10-12 m 4) 9.1 x 10-12 m
31. The two lines A and B shown in figure are the graphs of the
1
de Broglie wavelength  as a function of
V
( V is the accelerating potential) for two particles having the
same charge.

Which of the two represents the particle of heavier mass ?

1) A 2) B 3) Both A and B 4) Data insufficient
HEISEN-BERG UNCERTAINITY PRINCIPLE AND DAVISSON-GERMER
EXPERIMENT
32. The correctness of velocity of an electron moving with velocity 50 ms-1 is 0.005%. The accuracy
with which its position can be measured will be
1) 4634 103 m 2) 4634 105 m 3) 4634 106 m 4) 4634 108 m
33. If the uncertainity in the position of an electron is 10-10 m, then the value of uncertainity in its
momentum (in kg-ms-1) will be
1) 3.33 x 10-24 2) 1.03 x 10-24 3) 6.6 x 10-24 4) 6.6 x 10-20
34 a) Name the experiment for which the adjacent graph, showing the variation of intensity of
scattered electrons with the angle of scattering   was obtained.
b) Also name the important hypothesis that was confirmed by this experiment.
1) A) Davission and Germer experiment B) de Broglie hypothesis

2) A) Photo electric effect B) de Broglie hypothesis
3) A) Thermionic emission B) de Broglie hypothesis
4) A) Photocell B) de Broglie hypothesis
35. The uncertainity in the position of a particle is equal to the de-Broglie wavelength. The
uncertainity in its momentum will be
h 2h  3
1) 2) 3) 4)
 3 h 2h
36. If the uncertainity in the position of proton is 6 108 m , then the minimum uncertainity in its speed
will be
1) 1 cms 1 2) 1 ms 1 3) 1 mms 1 4) 100 ms 1
37 From Davisson-Germer experiment an  particle and a proton are accelerated through the same
pd V. Find the ratio of the de Broglie wavelengths associated with them
1) 1: 2 2 2) 2 2 :1 3) 1: 2 4) 2 :1

38. The electric field associated with a light wave is given by E  E0  sin 1.57 107 m 1   x  ct   .Find
the stopping potential when this light is used in an experiment on photoelectric effect with the
similar having work function 1.9 eV
1) 1.2 V 2) 1.1 V 3) 2 V 4) 2.1 V
39. Electrons with de-Broglie wavelength  fall on the target in an X-ray tube. The cut-off
wavelength 0 of the emitted X-rays is
2mc 2 2h 2m 2 c 2  2
1) 0  2) 0  3) 0  4) 0  
h mc h2
40. A photocell is illumuniated by small bright source placed 1m away. When the same source of light
is placed 1/2m away, the number of electrons emitted by photocathode would
1) increase by a factor of 2 2) decrease by a factor of 2
3) increase by a factor of 4 4) decrease by a factor of 4
KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
4 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 4 1 3 1 1 2 1
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
3 4 1 1 2 3 1 4 4 1 4 4 4 3 2
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 3

HINTS : ASSIGNMENT - 1
 12400 
1. E = hv 2. V0 e    0  eV
  in A
0

 12400  12400
3. K .E.    0  eV 4.  in A0  in eV
  in A
0
 E
hc
5. E  pt ; E  in each photon  

6. K.E. = V0e and V0e = h[  0 ] where V0 is the stopping potential and 0 is the Threshold frequency
hc 1
7. 0  8. E    mv 2
0 2
E  0 c
9. V0  10.  
e v
V1 E1  0 12400
11  12.  in A0  in eV
V2 E2  0 E
1 2
13 E  K .E  0 14. mv  eV0
2
 12400 
  in A0  0 
V0    hc
15 16. w0 
e 0
KE1 E1  W1 hv  w1 hf  w 1 NE hc
17.   1   18. P  ,E 
KE2 E2  W2 hv2  w2 2hf  2 w 2 t 
h h
19.  20. P 
2mE 
hc
E ph E ph  ph p q m
21 e   ph ;   C 22.   
meV h h  q p mp
  e
 e 
1 h
23  24.   , P  m  v Take v component
T P
h h h
25  ,  26. P 
p 2Vmq 
h 150
27.  28.  
2mE V
1 h P2
29  30.   , V q
V P 2m

HINTS : ASSIGNMENT - 2
hc hc hc hc 2hc hc
1.  W  E1 ;  W  E2 2. use  and 
1 2 1   1
 n   hc   12400 
3&4. P     5. K .E    0 
 t      in A
0

1   E
6. 
   2E
7. Energy of photon ionization energy  K .Emax  5eV  13.6eV  1.4eV
8 CONCEPTUAL 9. CONCEPTUAL
10. (a) Curves 1 and 3 (different materials due to different stopping potentials)
(b) Curves 2 and 4 (same intensity due to same current)
hc hc 1 1 hc
11.   eV0 or hc     eV0 12.  w  eV0
 0  0  
 n   hc 
13. E  w  eV0 14. P     
 t   
15. hv  w  eV0 16. h  w  K .E  h  w  V0e
h h
17. CONCEPTUAL 18.    (   constant); v1q1m1  v2 q2 m2
p 2mvq
eE eE h h h
19. Here u  0, a  ' v  ?.t  t v  u  at  0, t de-Brogliewavelength,    
m m mv m  eEt / m  eEt
d h  1  h
Rate of change of de-Broglie wavelength   
dt eE  t 2  eEt
2
1  P
20.  21. 
V  P
m0
22. m 23. CONCEPTUAL
v2
1 2
c
m0
24 CONCEPTUAL 25. m 
v2
1
c2
1 hc
26 mv 2max  h  w and h  27. V1  q1  m1  V2  q2  m2
2 
pc 1
28.  29.  
h E

v2
h 1
30  c2 31. Slope 
1
m0V m
0.005  50 h 1.034 1034
32. Here, v   0.0025ms 1 x   31
 4634 105 m
100 mv 9.110  0.0025
h 1.034 1034
33 p    1.034 1024 kg  ms 1
x 1010
34 A) Davission and Germer experiment B) de Broglie hypothesis
h h h h 1.034 1034
35. p  36. p  mv  or v    1 ms 1
x  x mx 1.67 1027  6 108
h h
37.  
p 2mqV
1.57 107  3 108 6.62 1034  0.75 1015
38.   0.75 1015 Hz E eV  3.1eV
2 1.6 1019
eV0  E  w ; V0  1.2V
h h h2 hc h2 2mc 2
39.   = Ek  Also  Ek  (or)  
p 2mEk 2m 2 0 2m 2
0
h
1
40. I
r 2 //

Duel Nature of Matter

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Duel Nature of Matter

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DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

Electric Discharge through Gases

10 mm of Hg Below 4 mm of Hg F.D.S. 1.65 mm of Hg

Negative glow Positive column Cathode glow Negative glow

Cathode glow C.D.S. F.D.S. C.D.S. F.D.S. Striations Greenish light

(1) At normal pressure no discharge takes place.

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(2) J.J. Thomson's method to determine specific charge of electron

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(1) Origin of positive rays

(1) de-Broglie wavelength

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(i) de-Broglie wavelength associated with the charged particles.

Note :  A photon is not a material particle. It is a quanta of energy.

three dimensional diffraction grating and it diffracts the of electrons

The diffracted beam of electrons is received by the

Intensity is maximum at 54 V potential difference and 50o diffraction angle.

angle for incident beam = Bragg's angle. D

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(5) Intensity of light (I)

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Example: 2 The speed of an electron having a wavelength of 1010 m is

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(c) 1.0 (d) m1 / m1

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(i) Some energy (say W) is used in shifting the

(iii) Rest energy will appear as kinetic energy (K) of W

the emitted photoelectrons. e –

the circuit because of some electrons of high kinetic energy are V

reaching to plate Q, but this current has no practical utility mA

(b) Intensity of incident light (I)

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Photo-emissive cell Photo-conductive cell Photo-voltaic cell

In this, a thin layer of some semiconductor (as

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containing cathode and target. The cathode chamber Anode

coated with oxides of barium or strontium to T

have an emission of electrons even at low F

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molybdenum cylinder kept at negative

(xiii) Lead is the best absorber of X-rays.

results in deceleration of the electron. The loss in energy of the +

electron during deceleration is emitted in the form of X-rays.

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max logemax logemax

Intensity wavelength graph

created vacancies, we know that when an electron jumps from a

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gives K, K, K lines of the K-series of the spectrum.

rays is very large as marked K, K …. As shown in figure. These X- K

where  = Frequency of emitted line, Z = Atomic number of target, a = Proportionality constant,

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More about Mosley's law

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THEORY BASED QUESTIONS