FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FLUID MECHANIC LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE AND NAMA
BNP10303 FLUID MECHANIC
KOD DAN NAMA KURSUS
EXPERIMENT NO.
5
NO. UJIKAJI

REPORT TITLE
FLOW OVER WEIR APPARATUS WITH HYDRAULIC BENCH
TAJUK LAPORAN

DATE OF EXPERIMENT
23/10/2019
TARIKH UJIKAJI
NAME MATRIX NO.
NAMA NO. MATRIK

GROUP NO. 1. ABDUL AZIM B AB RAHMAN DN160095

NO. KUMPULAN
2. NUR FATIN IZZATY BT MUSTAFIN
DN160111
KAMAL

3. MOHD DIBAL B ZULKIFLI DN180008

2 4. AMEERA SYUHADA BINTI ZULKIFLI DN180034

5. DIVASHEENY A/P SARAVANAN DN180059

1. PUAN NUR AINI BINTI MOHD ARISH @ ARSHAD

LECTURER / INSTRUCTOR
PENSYARAH / INSTRUKTOR
2. PUAN NOOR MAIZZATY BIN ABDULLAH

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

ASSESSMENT)
JUMLAH MARKAH (DARI
RUBRIK PENILAIAN)
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BNP10303

Experiment Code MMB – 02

Experiment Title FLOW OVER WEIR APPARATUS WITH

HYDRAULIC BENCH

Section 1 2 3
 STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to
not accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is
true.

1) Group Leader (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :

2) Group Member 1 (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :

3) Group Member 2 (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :

4) Group Member 3 (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :

5) Group Member 4 (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :
1.0 OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the channel discharge by using different type
of weir (V-notch weir, Rectangular Weir) and to compare the discharge flow rate
(experimental) with actual flow rate.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, student should be able to apply the knowledge and skills they have
learned to:
 Understand the characteristics of different weir.
 Understand the concept of flow over weir.
 Understand the factors which influence the flow over weir.

3.0 INTRODUCTION
A weir is a dam in overflow structure built across open channels to measure the
volumetric rate of water flow and the discharge coefficient. The crest of a measurement weir
is usually perpendicular to the direction of flow. Some popular general terms related to weirs
are notch which the opening where water flows through and crest which is the edge which
water flows over. There are a few types of weirs such as sharp-crested weir. It is a weir with a
sharp upstream edge such as rectangular, trapezoidal and V-notch weirs. Next is broad-
crested weir, a weir that has a horizontal or nearly horizontal crest sufficiently long in the
direction of flow so that the nappe will be supported and hydrostatic pressure will be fully
developed for at least a short distance. The advantages of weirs are its capability to measure
accurately a wide range of flows. It also tends to provide more accurate discharge ratings
than orifices. It is easy to construct and can be used in combination with turnout and divisions
structures. It can be both portable and adjustable. Most of the floating debris tends to pass
over the structure. The disadvantages of the weirs are large head required relatively,
particularly for free flow conditions. This prevents the practical used of weirs for flow
measurement in flat areas. The upstream pool must be maintained clean of sediment and kept
free of weeds and trash, otherwise the calibration will shift and the measurement accuracy
will be obtained.
 The flow of a weir can be determined by a single measurement, the upstream
submergence or weir head. The weirs used on the hydraulics bench for this experiment are
known as sharp edge notches. They are made with sharp edges to reduce the amount of
viscous friction in the fluid. However, in practice, the edge is actually manufactured with a
small flat edge because the water would eventually erode the edge and have an adverse effect
on weir performance.

Figure 3.1 : Rectangular notch and V-notch

4.0 THEORY
4.1 Flows over Weirs
The objectives of these experiments are to study the relation between the discharge
coefficient and the parameters influencing the flow. Two types of weirs are used in in the
experiments, rectangular shape opening and (V) notch. Stilling baffle is used to ensure
minimum turbulence. It will act as a reservoir to collect water volume and slowly disperse in
the water from the opening at the bottom of the stilling baffle.
4.2 Rectangular Weir
This type of weir is used in practised to measure a small free flow. A rectangular
notch is a thin square edged weir plate installed in a weir channel as shown in figure below.
The rectangular weir is able to measure higher flows than the v-notch weir and over a wider
operating range.

Figure 4.1 Rectangular Notch

δh
Consider the flow in an element of height at a depth h below the surface. Assuming that

the flow is everywhere normal to the plane of the weir and that the free surface remains
horizontal up to the plane of the weir, then velocity through element
∴ Theoretical discharge through element
dQ = v.dA = .b.dh
Integrating between h = 0 and h = H
Total theoretical discharge

Qth =∫ 2 gh.B.dh = 2∫ .dh

So,

Qth = B 2g H
Where, Cd = Coefficient discharge
B = Width of notch
H = Head above bottom of notch
Q = Flow rate
 In practice the flow through the notch will not be parallel and therefore will not be
normal to the plane of the weir. The free surface is not horizontal and viscosity and surface
tension will have an effect.
There will be a considerable change in the shape of the nappe as it passes through the notch
with curvature of the stream lines in both vertical and horizontal planes in particular the
width of the nappe is reduced by the contractions at each end.
Qact = CdQth =Cd B √2 gH

4.3 V-notch
The v-notch weir is a notch with a 3 shape opening. 3-notch weir typically used to measure
low flows within a narrow operating range. The angle of the v-notch in the figure above is
90 ° .

Qth = √2g tan ( ) H

Qact = CdQth = √2g tan ( ) H

5.0 EQUIPMENT
A) Weir apparatus with hydraulic bench
- V-Notch weir : 30° and 90° opening
- Rectangular weir plate with 1.5 mm thickness
B) Stopwatch

Figure 5.1 Weir apparatus with hydraulic bench

Figure 5.2 Rectangular Weir plate with 1.55 mm thickness

Figure 5.3 V-Notch plate 90° opening

Figure 5.4 V-Notch plate 30° opening

6.0 PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE ACTIVITY

Fill in the water into three sump

tank to ¾ height

Open all the valve before starts

the experiment

Switch on the mains switch on

control box

Switch on the pump, and now

regulate to the desire flow without
placing any weirs
.
Slowly place in the weir which
need to be last into the test section
and tighten it with the screws
provided

Allow the water passing through

the weir about 2 minutes, then
measure the height by using point
gauge
Repeat all the experiment with
other weirs
7.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS
Volume of water(fix): 30 ml convert to l

Flowrate : Volume Time (m3/s)

1L convert to m3

Volume Time Flowrate Point gauge distance(mm)

(liters) (sec) (m3/s) V-Notch V-Notch 90° Rectangular
30° opening weir
opening
0.03 67 sec 145 mm 121 mm 125 mm

m3/s

0.03 46 sec 146 mm 121 mm 132 mm

m3/s

0.03 94 sec 128 mm 108 mm 103 mm

m3/s

0.03 57sec 138 mm 116 mm 115 mm

m3/s

Average 4.862 x 10-4

Gravity, g = 9.81m2/s
Breath of the weir, B = 0.06m
Ce = 0.588 (Refer Table Ratios bc/B1)
Rectangular Weir Calculation:

Trial 1
0.00003
Q1 = , Q1 = m3/s, h1 = 0.125 m
67
From equation, √ )3
= )x x√ x( 2 0.125 )3
-3 3
= 4.604 x 10 m /s

Trial 2
0.00003
Q1 = , Q1 = m3/s, h1 = 0.132 m
46

From equation, √ )3
= )x x√ x( 2 0.132 )3
-3 3
= 4.996 x 10 m /s

Trial 3
0.00003
Q1 = , Q1 = m3/s, h1 = 0.103m
94

From equation, √ )3
= )x x√ x( 2 0.103 )3
-3 3
= 3.444 x 10 m /s

Trial 4
0.00003
Q1 = , Q1 = = m3/s, h1 = 0.115 m
57

From equation, √ )3
= )x x√ x( 2 0.115 )3
-3 3
= 4.063 x10 m /s

Average Qt = 4.277 x 10-3 m3/s

Gravity, g = 9.81m2/s
Breath of the weir, B = 0.06m
Ce =0.577 (Graph Coefficient of discharge Ce)
V-Notch 900 Calculation:

Trial 1
0.00003
Q1 = , Q1 = m3/s, h1 = 0.121 m
67
From equation, ( ) √ )5 x [ ]
8
= 0.577 x   × 2 9.81 ×( 
2

5
0.121 )× [ ]
 15 
= 6.942 x 10-3 m3/s

Trial 2
0.00003
Q1 = , Q1 = m3/s, h1 = 0.121 m
46
From equation, ( ) √ )5 x [ ]
8
= 0.577 x   × 2 9.81 ×( 
2
0.121  )[
5
]
 15 
= 6.942 x 10-3 m3/s

Trial 3
0.00003
Q1 = , Q1 = m3/s, h1 = 0.018 m
94
From equation, ( ) √ )5 x [ ]
8
= 0.577 x   × 2 9.81 ×( 
2
0.018  )[
5
]
 15 
= 5.925 x 10-5 m3/s

Trial 4
0.00003
Q1 = , Q1 = = m3/s, h1 = 0.116 m
57
From equation, ( ) √ )5 x [ ]
8
= 0.577 x   × 2 9.81 ×( 
2
0.116  )[
5
]
 15 
= 6.247 x 10-3 m3/s

Average Qt = 5.048 x 10-3 m3/s

8.0 QUESTIONS
1. The value is not constant for the rectangular notch. This is because the value for the
flow rates, Q and the head above bottom of notch, obtained for both rectangular
notch and V-notch are different in each experiment. However, the values of
rectangular notch is smaller compared to the values of V-notch. Based on the
calculations for values of V-notch, the values gain decreases as the flow rate
decreases. Besides, as the head above bottom notch increases , the values gain also
decreases. This shows that, the values is dependent on the value of flow rate, Q and
the value of the head above the notch.

2. Below, are the average result of the actual flow rate versus theoretical flow rate:
Rectangular Weir, Qact = 4.862 x 10-4, Qtheoritical = 4.277 x 10-3 m3/s, V-Notch 90
Wier, Qact = 4.862 x 10-4, Qtheoritical = 5.048 x 10-3 m3/s
So, by looking these results, it can be concluded that for rectangular weir, the actual
and theoretical are not so different. But for the V-Notch, there are a different figure
right there. There maybe some technical mistake that make the numbers are varies.
After all, theoretical and actual should not be too much different.

3. The discharge coefficient for both the rectangular notch and the V- notch become
more accurate to the theoretical value when the flow rate increases. This is due to the
fact that when the flow rate is larger the stream projects from the notch and it doesn't
cling to the notch. When the water clings to the notch the accuracy of the flow rate
decreases. Also the lower flow rates produce lower heights above the notch creating
larger changes from the theoretical equations.
9.0 CONCLUSION

The smooth flow to and over the weir is essential to the determination of accurate rates of
flow since the distribution of velocities on the approach flow has a definite influence on the
discharge over the weir. As the flow rate increases, the discharge coefficient becomes more
accurate to the theoretical value. When the flow rate is to low it clings to the notch and
flows down it. This changes the coefficient of discharge because now the water is not only
being affected by gravity it is having to resist viscosity and the friction of the surface of the
notch.
The limitations of the theory is it has to be level so the only force on the water is gravity,
there has to be a constant flow, and constant pressure. The theory behind this experiment
makes an assumption that there is a minimum height of water above the notch and any
heights below this start to deviate from theory at an increasing rate. The relationship
between the head of the weir and the discharge of the water over the weir is directly
proportional. The lower flow rates produce lower heights above the notch creating larger
changes from the theoretical equations.
There are several of recommendations to estimate discharge when using a weirs because it
is very important to ensure that all flow enters by travelling over the weir and not around the
weir or under the weir. It must be noted that the weir should be extended into the ground to
minimize groundwater to pass under the weir. To ensure critical flow over the crest of the
weir, itis important to maintain a ‘free outfall’. As long as the flow conditions downstream
of the weirdo not affect the flow over the weir, a free outfall is maintained.
Errors can never be ignored when it comes to laboratory work. The aim is to reduce the
error as much as possible to obtain accuracy in work. Ways to reduce the error are by
repeating the experiment for three times or more and then taking the average readings, by
being extra cautious during the experiment, by asking more than one person to record the
readings and carry out the experiment.
10.0 REFERENCES

1. Kundu, Pijush K.; Cohen, Ira M. (2008), Fluid Mechanics (4th revised ed.),
AcademicPress.
2. Hamilton Smith, 1886, Hydraulics, the Flow of Water Through Orifices, Over
Weirs,and Through Open Conduits and Pipes.
3. http://discoverarmfield.com/en/products/view/f1-13/flow-over-weirs
4. https://www.codecogs.com/library/engineering/fluid_mechanics/weirs/index.php
5. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/weirs-flow-rate-d_592.html
6. https://www.lmnoeng.com/Weirs/RectangularWeir.php
7. http://accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/applied-fluid-mechanics-for-engineers
11.0 APPENDIX