A PROJECT

ON

HYDRAULIC DISK BRAKES

Hydraulic Disk Brakes

The disc brake or disk brake is a device for slowing or stopping the
rotation of a wheel. A brake disc usually made of cast iron or ceramic
composites is connected to the wheel and the axle. To stop the wheel,
friction material in the form of brake pads is forced mechanically,
hydraulically, pneumatically or electromagnetically against both sides of
the disc. Friction causes the disc and attached wheel to slow or stop. But
in our project hydraulic energy is used as the source of power, due to
high applied force and torque
Here we are using the wheel disc with the inner arrangement of master
cylinder and brake pad as well as return spring arrangement. The air
from the compressor is used to operate the master cylinder at the certain
pressure, here the solenoid valve is used to operate the master cylinder
and it is controlled by the control unit. when ever the brake apply the
control unit will activate the solenoid valve to supply the sir from the
compressor and it passed through the master cylinder then it will extern
the piston rod which is inside of the master cylinder after releasing the
control unit activate the solenoid valve to stop the supply from the
compressor, then the master cylinder will released the piston rod to the
original position by the above process we re doing the hydraulic disc
braking system

HYDRAULICS
Hydraulics​ is a topic in ​applied science​ and ​engineering​ dealing with
the mechanical properties of ​liquids​. At a very basic level hydraulics is
the liquid version of ​pneumatics​. ​Fluid mechanics​ provides the
theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering
uses of fluid properties. In ​fluid power​, hydraulics is used for the
generation, control, and transmission of power by the use of ​pressurized
liquids. Hydraulic topics range through some part of science and most of
engineering modules, and cover concepts such as pipe ​flow​, ​dam​ design,
fluidics​ and fluid control circuitry, ​pumps​, ​turbines​, ​hydropower​,
computational fluid dynamics​, flow measurement, ​river channel
behavior and erosion.

The question "What is hydraulics ?" can be answered in the following

way.

Hydraulics is the transmission and control of forces and motions

through the medium of fluids.

Hydraulic systems and equipment have wide-spread application

throughout industry.
For example:
- machine tool manufacturing
- press manufacturing
- plant construction
- vehicle manufacturing
- aircraft manufacturing
- shipbuilding
- injection molding machines

Prerequisites that hydraulics requires of the user and serviceman:

- knowledge of the basic physical laws of hydrostatics and
hydrodynamics
- knowledge of the symbols of hydraulic control elements
- knowledge of hydraulic circuit diagrams
- knowledge of the maintenance of a hydraulic system

Hydraulic to Electrical Analogy

Hydraulics and electrics are analogous, because they both deal with
flow, pressure and load. The components in each type of circuit perform
similar functions and therefore can be related.
Various forms of energy are converted to accomplish mechanical
movement in the injection molding machine. Electrical energy is
converted to mechanical energy, which in turn is converted to hydraulic
energy to operate and control the moving components of the machine.
The hydraulic energy is converted to mechanical energy to achieve the
final desired result, which may be "mold clamping pressure" or "material
injection". The figure above summarizes the energy conversions for an
injection molding machine. Click on the thumbnail for a larger view.
Pascal's Law
Pascal's Law states that a pressure acting on a confined fluid is
transmitted equally and undiminished in all directions. In the figure
below, a 10 pound force acting on a 1 square inch area generates a
pressure of 10 pounds per square inch (psi) throughout the container
acting equally on all surfaces.

This principle is important to remember, that the pressure in any portion

of an hydraulic system is equal throughout that system. This statement is
valid with the omission of the force of gravity, which would have to be
added, according to the fluid level. Due to the pressures that hydraulic
systems operate at, this smaller
amount need not be considered e.g. a 32 foot head of water
approximately equals 14.5 psi. (a 10 meter head of water approximately
equals 1 bar.)

Area and Force

As the clamp piston is moved forward during the clamp close function,
the pressure developed acts upon the clamping piston which has a
certain size or area.
A basic formula in hydraulics states that pressure multiplied by area to
which that pressure is applied equals force. i.e. pressure x area = force
pxA=F
The formula can be manipulated to calculate any one of the three
variables p, A or F, if any of the other two variables are known.
As follows:
pxA=F
F/p=A
F/A=p

Pressure
Hydraulic pressure is generated when a flowing fluid meets resistance
which is generally related to the load that is being moved.

A force is applied via the lever to produce system pressure (p = F/A or F

= p x A).
If more force is applied, the system pressure rises until the load moves,
if the load remains constant the pressure will increase no further. The
load can therefore be moved if the necessary pressure is generated. The
speed at which the load moves will be dependent upon the volume of
fluid which is fed to the load cylinder. For example, as the mold is
opening or closing, the pressure generated in the system represents the
resistance of the toggle lever to movement. Adding to that resistance
would be the weight (i.e. mass) of the mold and toggle lever and also the
friction between the toggle lever bushings and the tiebars. When the two
mold halves touch and the toggle begins to straighten out, the increasing
pressure
represents that which is required to stretch the tiebars in the generation
of a particular clamp force. Similarly when injecting material into the
mold the pressure generated in the injection system represents the
resistance of the injection ram to movement. Adding to that resistance
would be the mass of the injection ram and screw, the friction between
all moving components and the resistance of the plastic melt as it is
forced quickly into the mold cavity.

Uses
Electric motors are used in many, if not most, modern machines.
Obvious uses would be in rotating machines such as fans, turbines,
drills, the wheels on electric cars, locomotives and conveyor belts. Also,
in many vibrating or oscillating machines, an electric motor spins an
irregular figure with more area on one side of the axle than the other,
causing it to appear to be moving up and down.
Electric motors are also popular in robotics. They are used to turn the
wheels of vehicular robots, and servo motors are used to turn arms and
legs in humanoid robots. In flying robots, along with helicopters, a
motor causes a propeller or wide, flat blades to spin and create lift force,
allowing vertical motion.
Electric motors are replacing ​hydraulic cylinders​ in airplanes and
military equipment.
In industrial and manufacturing businesses, electric motors are used to
turn saws and blades in cutting and slicing processes, and to spin gears
and mixers (the latter very common in food manufacturing). Linear
motors are often used to push products into containers horizontally.
Many kitchen appliances also use electric motors to accomplish various
jobs. Food processors and grinders spin blades to chop and break up
foods. Blenders use electric motors to mix liquids, and microwave ovens
use motors to turn the tray food sits on. Toaster ovens also use electric
motors to turn a conveyor to move food over heating elements.

CONCLUSION

You can modulate hydraulics better and it takes more skill to keep
mechanicals from locking up.
They have the same terminal stopping power.
Mechanicals are easier to adjust, maintain and repair but properly set
up hydraulics almost never need adjustment, maintenance or repair.
Hydraulics tend to give you more braking power and have a smoother
feel to them but most riders- I don't care who they are unless they are
competing- don't need hydraulics.