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The document discusses several theories and concepts related to the self in psychology. It begins by defining psychology and outlining William James' theory that the self is made up of the 'Me' and the 'I'. It then discusses other perspectives on the self, including Murray Bowen's concepts of the differentiated self, Carl Rogers' real and ideal self-concepts, and Albert Bandura's view of human agency and the self as proactive. The document also covers concepts such as multiple selves theory, self-discrepancy theory, and D.W. Winnicott's ideas of true and false selves.
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UNDERSTANDING THE SELF: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY
The document discusses several theories and concepts related to the self in psychology. It begins by defining psychology and outlining William James' theory that the self is made up of the 'Me' and the 'I'. It then discusses other perspectives on the self, including Murray Bowen's concepts of the differentiated self, Carl Rogers' real and ideal self-concepts, and Albert Bandura's view of human agency and the self as proactive. The document also covers concepts such as multiple selves theory, self-discrepancy theory, and D.W. Winnicott's ideas of true and false selves.
The document discusses several theories and concepts related to the self in psychology. It begins by defining psychology and outlining William James' theory that the self is made up of the 'Me' and the 'I'. It then discusses other perspectives on the self, including Murray Bowen's concepts of the differentiated self, Carl Rogers' real and ideal self-concepts, and Albert Bandura's view of human agency and the self as proactive. The document also covers concepts such as multiple selves theory, self-discrepancy theory, and D.W. Winnicott's ideas of true and false selves.
FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY It includes aspects such as the individual’s personality,
values, and morals (usually stable and constant).
PSYCHOLOGY Always engaging in the process of introspection (self From the Greek word, Psyche (soul) and logos observation). ( knowledge/study). The field of social sciences that deals with the THE ‘I’ SELF description, explanation, prediction and control of The self that knows and recognizes who they are and behavior. what they have done. James called this self the Pure Ego, which is similar to WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910) the person’s soul or mind and comprises the totality of An American philosopher and psychologist. the person’s identity. Professor of Psychology at Harvard University One of the great pragmatists OTHER SELVES IN PSYCHOLOGY He is also known for his Theory of the Self. Wrote the book “The Principles of Psychology” GLOBAL AND DIFFERENTIATED SELF MODELS
HE BELIEVED THAT THE SELF IS MADE UP OF TWO PARTS… GLOBAL SELF
Represents the overall value that a person places upon THE ‘ME’ AND THE ‘I’ himself. His studies of human thoughts concluded that thoughts The groups of people that he interacts with every day of have FIVE characteristics: his life strongly influence him. 1. All human thoughts are owned by some personal self. The global self is the product of all experiences that a 2. All thoughts are constantly changing or are never static person had in the society which accounts for the kind of 3. There is a continuity of thoughts as its focus shifts from person he presently is. one object to another. 4. Thoughts deal with objects that are different from and MURRAY BOWEN (1913-1990) independent of consciousness itself. American Psychiatrist and Professor of Psychiatry 5. Consciousness can focus on particular objects and not He was among those who developed the Family Therapy others. and Systemic Therapy. In observing families (particularly his own), he came up THE ‘ME’ SELF with the concept of a differentiated self. Considered as a separated object or individual that the In his theory, observed that there are two factors person refers to when discussing or describing their affecting the person; togetherness and individuality. personal experiences. Which balance should be maintained. James called it as the empirical ME. It is divided into three components namely: material, DIFFERENTIATED SELF social and spiritual self. Though affected by the presence of others, it has the Examples: ability to separate feelings and thoughts. The gifts were sent to ME. Being able to free himself from the influence of others The person is smiling at ME. allows him to define himself. Enables the person to develop and sustain his unique THE MATERIAL SELF identity, make his own choices, and accept Consists of objects that belong to the person or entities responsibility for his behavior and still be able to stay that a person belongs to. emotionally connected with his family and friends. The body is the core of the material self and everything associated to it identifies the person. REAL AND IDEAL SELF-CONCEPTS Examples are the person’s body, family, clothes, books and even money. CARL ROGERS (1902-1987) American Psychologist who proposed the personality THE SOCIAL SELF theory known as the Person-Centered Theory. This refers to who the person is in a particular social He stated that the term self-concept is used to refer to situation. how a person thinks about or perceives himself. Changes in behavior usually result from the different There are two types of self-concept: the real social situations the person finds himself in. self-concept and ideal self-concept. Example: the person changes how he presents himself when he is at home, in school or with friends REAL SELF-CONCEPT Refers to all information and perception the person has THE SPIRITUAL SELF about himself. The self that is more concrete or permanent when Answers the question “Who am I?’ compared to the material and social selves. This self is the most subjective and intimate part of the self. IDEAL SELF-CONCEPT THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC This is the model version the person has of himself. This idealized view is born out of his experiences, ALBERT BANDURA (1925 – present) standards and demands of society and the heroes and He is the proponent of the personality theory known as models which he chooses to imitate. the Social Cognitive Theory. IDEAL SELF = WHAT THE PERSON AIMS FOR HIMSELF TO In his theory, the person is seen as proactive and BE. agentic which means that he has the capacity to Answers the question of “Who do I want to be?’’ exercise control over his life. The human agency is the essence of being human. ROGERS STATED THAT THERE SHOULD BE CONGRUENCE BETWEEN THE REAL SELF AND IDEAL SELF FOR THE PERSON FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY TO BE HAPPY AND SATISFIED. 1. INTENTIONALITY THE SELF DISCREPANCY THEORY Refers to the actions performed by the person By Edward Tory Higgins (1987) intentionally or with full awareness of his behavior. People use self-guides, these are internalized standards Example: Kenneth went online to apply for a passport to which they compare themselves. It provides because he wants to travel outside his country. directions for how the person should present himself. When the self is found to be deviating from these 2. FORETHOUGHT guides, the result is self-discrepancy which may cause Refers to the person’s anticipation of likely outcomes of emotional discomfort to the individual and can be his behavior. manifested as guilt or worst indifference. Example: Kenneth chose an interview date for his passport application where most likely he will be MULTIPLE AND UNIFIED SELVES on-leave. 3. SELF-REACTIVENESS MULTIPLE SELVES THEORY Refers to the person looking inward and evaluating his Suggests that there exists in the individual different motivations, values, life goals, and other people’s effect aspects of the self. on him. The self is a whole made up of its parts. An important aspect of his is self-efficacy which is the A psychologically healthy individual is able to make person’s belief that he is capable of behavior that will sense of sometimes confusing and conflicting aspects of produce the desired positive results. themselves and integrate them into a single, unified self. 4. SELF-REFLECTIVENESS A unified being is essentially connected to Refers to the person looking inward and evaluating his consciousness, awareness and agency. motivations, values, life goals, and other people’s effect on him. TRUE AND FALSE SELVES An important aspect of his is self-efficacy which is the person’s belief that he is capable of behavior that will D.W. WINNICOT (1896-1971) produce the desired positive results. An English pediatrician and psychoanalyst who studied Example: Kenneth believes that he has to enjoy and child development. experience life a little while still able and capable. It is through play where he observed children/people as having true and false selves. 5. SELF-REGULATION A person engages in self-regulated behavior when he THE TRUE SELF THE FALSE SELF reactively attempts to minimize the discrepancies Creative Lacks spontaneity between what he has already accomplished and what Spontaneously Dead and empty he still wants to achieve. experiencing each day The mask that hides the Self-regulation allows the person to set goals that are of their lives true person for fear of better and higher than the former, challenging his Appreciate being alive pain of rejection and capabilities and making him a wiser and self-actualized High level of awareness failure individual. in the person of who At times, enable the he is person to form Recognizes his superficial but strengths productive social Accepts his limitations relationships Enjoys winning and success Learns from mistakes