Proving Identities

Double Negation

P ≡ ~~P

1. P SCP

2. ~P SCP

3. ~P v ~~P 2, Addition

4. ~~P 2, 3 D.S.

5. ~P ⊃ ~~P 2-4 SCP

6. ~~P v ~~P 5, MI

7. ~~P 6, Tautology

8. P ⊃ ~~P 1-7 SCP

9. ~~P SCP

10. P

11. p v p 10, Add.

12. p

13. p ⊃ p 10-12 SCP

14. ~P v P 13, MI

15. P 10, 14 D.S.

16. ~~P ⊃ P 9-15 SCP

17. Conjunction of 8 and 16

18. P ≡ ~~P

Tautology

P≡PvP

1. P SCP

2. P v P 1, Addiiton

3. P ⊃ (P v P) 2-3 SCP
4. P v P SCP

5.

Tautology

P.P≡ P

1. P . P

2. P 1, Simplification

3. (P . P) ⊃ P 1-3 SCP

4. P

5. ~P

6. ~P . P

7. ~P ⊃ (~P . P) 5-6 SCP

8. ~~P v (~P . P)

9. ~~P v (P . ~P)

10. (P v P) . (P v ~P) 9, DN and Dist.

11. P v ~P 10, comm., simp.

12. P ⊃ P 11, Comm., MI

13. P 12, 4 Modus Ponens

14 P . P 4, 13 conj.

15. P ⊃ (P . P) 4-14 SCP

Material Implication

P ⊃ Q ≡ ~P v Q

1. P ⊃ Q SCP

2. P . ~ Q SCP

3. P 2, Simplification

4. Q 1, 2 Modus Ponens

5. ~ Q 2, Commutation and Simplification

6. ~ P 1, 5 Modus Tollens

7. ~ P v ~ (P ⊃ Q) 6, Addition

8. ~ (P ⊃ Q) 3, 7 D.S.

9. (P . ~ Q) ⊃ ~ (P ⊃ Q) 2-8 SCP
10. ~(P . ~ Q) 9,1 Modus Tollens

11. ~P v Q 10, DeMorgan’s, Double Negation

12. (P ⊃ Q) ⊃ ~P v Q 1-12 SCP

13. ~P v Q SCP

14. P SCP

15. Q 13,14 D.S.

16. (P ⊃ Q) 14-16 SCP

17. (~P v Q) ⊃ (P ⊃ Q) 13-17 SCP

18. Conjunction of 12 and 17

19.
Transposition

P ⊃ Q ≡ ~Q ⊃ ~P

1. P ⊃ Q SCP

2. ~Q

3. ~P 1,2 Modus Tollens

4. ~Q ⊃ ~P

5. (P ⊃ Q) ⊃ (~Q ⊃ ~P) 1-5 SCP

6. ~Q ⊃ ~P SCP

7. P SCP

8. ~(~P)

9. ~~Q

10. Q

11. P ⊃ Q 7-11 SCP

12. (~Q ⊃ ~P) ⊃ (P ⊃ Q) 6-11 SCP

13. Conjunction of 5,12

14. P ⊃ Q ≡ ~Q ⊃ ~P

Exportation

(P . Q) ⊃ R ≡ P ⊃ (Q⊃R)

1. (P . Q) ⊃ R SCP

2. ~(P . Q) v R

3. (~P v ~Q) v R

4. ~P v (~Q v R)

5. P ⊃ (Q ⊃ R)

6. [(P . Q) ⊃ R] ⊃ [P ⊃ (Q ⊃ R)] 1-5 SCP

7. P ⊃ (Q⊃R) SCP

8. ~P v (~Q v R)

9. (~P v ~Q )v R

10. ~(P . Q )v R

11. (P . Q ) ⊃ R

12. [P ⊃ (Q⊃R)] ⊃ [(P . Q ) ⊃ R]

13. Conjunction of 6 and 12

14. (P . Q) ⊃ R ≡ P ⊃ (Q⊃R)

DeMorgan’s

~ (P v Q) ≡ ~ P . ~ Q

1. ~ (P v Q) SCP

2. P SCP

3. P v Q 2, Addition

4. (P v Q) v ~ P

5. ~ P 1, 4 D.S.

6. P ⊃ ~ P 2-5 SCP

7. ~ P v ~ P

8. ~ P

9. Q SCP

10. Q v P 10, Addition

11. P v Q 10, commutation

12. (P v Q) v ~ Q

13. ~ Q

14. Q ⊃ ~ Q 9-13 SCP

15. ~ Q v ~ Q
16. ~ Q

17. ~ P . ~ Q 8, 16 Conj.

18. ~ (P v Q) ⊃ ~ P . ~ Q 1-18 SCP

19. ~ P . ~ Q SCP

20. P v Q SCP

21. ~ P 19, simp.

22. Q

23. (P v Q) ⊃ Q 20-22 SCP

24. ~ (P v Q) v Q 23, MI

25. ~ Q 19, comm. And Simpl.

26. Q v ~ (P v Q) 24, comm.

27. ~ (P v Q) 26, 25 D.S.

28. (~ P . ~ Q) ⊃ ~ (P v Q) 19-27 SCP

29. Conjunction of 18 and 28

30. ~ (P v Q) ≡ ~ P . ~ Q

DeMorgan’s

~ (P . Q) ≡ ~ P v ~ Q

1. ~ P v ~ Q SCP

2. P . Q SCP

3. P

4. ~ Q

5. Q 2, Comm. and simpl.

6. Q v ~ (P . Q)

7. ~ (P . Q)

8. (P . Q) ⊃ ~ (P . Q) 2-8 SCP
 9. ~ (P . Q) v ~ (P . Q)

10. ~ (P . Q)

11. (~ P v ~ Q) ⊃ ~ (P . Q) 1-11 SCP

Association

P v (Q v R) ≡ (P v Q) v R

1. P v (Q v R)

2. ~ P . ~ Q

3. ~ P

4. Q v R 1,3 DS

5. ~ Q 2, comm., simp.

6. R 4,5 DS

7. (~ P . ~ Q) ⊃ R 2-6 SCP

8. ~ (~ P . ~ Q) v R

9. (P v Q) v R 8, DeMorgan’s, D.N.

10. [P v (Q v R)] ⊃ [(P v Q) v R] 1-9 SCP

11. (P v Q) v R SCP

12. ~ R SCP

13. P v Q

14. ~ P SCP

15. Q

16. ~ P ⊃ Q 14-15 SCP

17. ~ R ⊃ (~ P ⊃ Q) 12-16 SCP

18. (~ R . ~ P) ⊃ Q 17, Exp.
19. (~ P . ~ R) ⊃ Q
20. ~ P ⊃ (~ R ⊃ Q)
21. P v (R v Q) 20, MI, D.N.
22. P v (Q v R)

23. [(P v Q) v R] v [P v (Q v R)] 11-22 SCP

24. Conjunction of 10 and 23
25. P v (Q v R) ≡ (P v Q) v R
Distribution

P v (Q . R) ≡ (P v Q) . (P v R)

1. P v (Q . R) SCP

2. ~ P SCP

3. Q . R

4. Q

5. ~ P ⊃ Q 2-4 SCP

6. P v Q 5, MI, D.N.

7. ~ P SCP

8. R 3, comm., simp.

9. ~ P ⊃ R 7-8 SCP

10. P v R

11. (P v Q) . (P v R) 6,10 conj.

12. [P v (Q . R)] ⊃ [(P v Q) . (P v R)] 1-11 SCP

13. (P v Q) . (P v R) 13, SCP

14.