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Outlines
Introduction
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1. Introduction
Important design features present in CANDU reactors
The subcooled heavy water moderator surrounding all horizontal fuel
channels
The pressure tube in the fuel channel is normally separated from the
surrounding calandria tube by a CO2-filled gap
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During normal operating
CO2 circulates in the annulus gap between PT and CT, and
thermally isolates PT from CT
During some postulated accidents (e.g. large break LOCA)
PT may strain radially and contact to CT; the moderator acts
as a heat sink
Fuel channel integrity
CANDU industry had widely accepted that fuel channel
integrity could be ensured if the moderator available
subcooling at the onset of a large LOCA is greater than the
subcooling requirements
The premise of this approach is based on a series of contact
boiling experiments
They derived the subcooling requirements to preclude a sustained
calandria tube dryout by the minimum available moderator subcooling and
the pressure tube/calandria tube contact temperature
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Contact boiling experiment
Heated and Pressurized PT section deformed through a CO2
gas gap into contact with its CT in an open tank of heated
stirred water
∂T
Energy equation: ρ C p + u ⋅∇T = ∇ ⋅ ( k ∇T ) + Q
∂t
σ = E (ε − α∆T )
γ −1
=p ρ=
RT ρ C pT
γ 9
Work plan
Present work for 1st workshop
COMSOL simulation setup for 2D problem
Benchmark test for radiation heat transfer
PT deformation simulation using the basic thermal stress model of COMSOL
Double-blind calculation
COMSOL simulation setup for 3D problem
Investigation of mechanical properties of Zircaloy
Sensitivity study on the mechanical properties of Zircaloy
Implementation of the CATHENA PT deformation model to COMSOL, if necessary
Define the CT dryout conditions and modeling of heat transfer from CT to surrounding
water
Define the PT/CT failure criteria and modeling
Blind calculation
Identification of the modeling limit of COMSOL and production of a
compromizing model
Simulation test using real initial/boundary conditions
Open calculation
Comparison of the blind calculation results with test data
Identification of the model effect on the improvement of code prediction
New simulation for better prediction
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3. Preliminary calculation results
Definition of problem
The main geometrical conditions are identified from the ICSP information
document
The dominant mode of heat transfer is thermal radiation
The conduction heat transfer occurs in the solid wall and CO2 medium.
However the gap conduction heat transfer is ignored in the preliminary
simulation for modeling simplicity
Initial conditions
Solid temperature: 20℃
Rapid heat up from zero heater power
CT
PT
Heated length: 900 mm CT ID: 129 mm
PT ID: 103.6 mm
Graphite heater (Diameter: 38 mm)
PT thickness: 4.4 mm
CT thickness: 1.42 mm
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Computational domain
Concentric configuration is assumed for of heater, PT, and CT
2-D View
Pressure: 3.5 MPa
Heat Power: 150 kW
Calandria
Tube: Zircaloy
CO2 gas
~ 1 atm
Pressure
Tube: Zircaloy
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Boundary condition
Surface-to-Surface
ε = 0.8
Radiation Pressure: 0.1 MPa
nˆ ⋅ ( k ∇T = (
) ε G −σT 4 )
(1 − ε ) G =J 0 − εσ T 4 Pressure: 3.5 MPa
Prescribed
σ
ur= α (T − T0 ) + r0
E 13
Physical properties for Zircaloy
Zircaloy thermodynamic Table 1 Zircaloy thermodynamic properties
properties
Temperature Thermal Conductivity Thermal Capacity
In CANDU-6 reactor PT and CT consist of (K) k (W/m-K) Cp (J/kg-K)
Zr-2.5 Nb and Zircaloy-2, respectively.
300 12.68 281
However, the material properties of
400 14.04 302
Zircaloy are assumed to be the same both
for PT and CT 640 16.96 331
1090 23.00 375
Reference:
1093 23.05 502
1113 23.38 590
T.G. Beuthe, and B.N. Hanna (editors),
“CATHENA MOD-3.5c/Rev 0 Theoretical 1133 23.73 615
Manual”, CANDU Owners Group Report, COG- 1153 24.09 719
99-007, 1999. 1173 24.45 816
MATPRO-Version 11 (Revision 1) a handbook 1193 24.83 770
of material properties for use in the analysis of
light water reactor fuel rod behavior, 1980, 1213 25.22 619
NUREG/CR-0497, TREE-1280. 1233 25.61 469
1248 25.92 356
1300 27.03 356
1500 32.12 356
1700 38.82 356
1900 47.48 356
2100 58.49 356
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Zircaloy thermodynamic properties - cont’d
Cp(J/kgK)
k(W/mK)
T(K) T(K)
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Mechanical properties of Zircaloy
6595 − 0.1477T [1/ K ], T < 1, 083K
ρ[kg / m3 ] =
1.52 ×10 − 8.79 ×10 T [1/ K ], 1, 083K ≤ T ≤ 1,800 K
11 7
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Thermal Exp_xy(/K) E(Pa)
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Benchmark test results for radiation heat transfer
No strain calculation
Normal concentric configuration
2π r1 (T14 − T24 )
Analytic solution: Q12 =
1 1 − ε 2 r1
+
nˆ ⋅ ( k ∇T = (
) ε G −σT 4 ) ε1 ε 2 r2
(1 − ε ) G =J 0 − εσ T 4
A1 r1
=
A2 r2
1
F12 = 1
1
2
2
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Benchmark test results for radiation heat transfer – cont’d
Comparison of a simulation result with an analytic solution
ε1 = 0.8
ε 2 = 0.3 5.67e − 8 W / ( m 2 ⋅ K 4 )
σ=
r1 = 0.3 m Q0 = 150 kW (Volumetric heat source)
r2 = 0.5 m
40 s 80 s
160 s
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PT deformation simulation results – cont’d
Temperature
Time variation
40 s 80 s 160 s
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PT deformation simulation results – cont’d
Transient temperature variation
Heater
PT
CT
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Enhancement of Thermal Expansion in the 2D Problem
3D shape is integrated to 2D
The mean expansion should be enhanced to describe real bending
effect of PT in 3D
Thermal expansion coefficient ~ 20 times enhanced on the 2D plane
~ 5×10-6 [K-1] (nearly constant region < 1083 K) →100×10-6 [K-1]
The outer surface of PT is expanded to contact with the inner
surface of CT
Time variation
Using reference
property data α
After enhancement of α 23
4. Summary and Conclusion
COMSOL Multiphysics code is used to simulate the
PT/CT radiation heat transfer and deformation
Thermal stress model by COMSOL is compatible to simulate the multiple
heat transfers and stress strain in the ICSP experiment
2D problem for ICSP test conditions is set up
Mechanical property data for Zircaloy has discontinuity in a certain
temperature range and more investigation is needed for the solid
properties used in the experiment
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5. Suggestions on the ICSP activities
Assessment of the CATHEA PT deformation model
Circular PT deformation model by Shewfelt and Godin
The model assumes that the tube remains circular and that only membrane stresses
need be considered. The local transverse creep (strain) rate is given by
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