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92 100 Introduction to Psychology

Chapter 6 / EXERCISE

Part A – Multiple Choice Questions

1. Imagine a classical conditioning experiment in which you have participants

suck on a lemon (which causes puckering and salivating) immediately after you
touch the participant’s arm. After many trials, the participants make a puckered
face and salivate when you touch them on the arm. In this experiment, what is
the unconditioned stimulus?

a) the lemon
b) puckering and salivating
c) touching the arm
d) the participant

2. What is the “law of effect” in instrumental conditioning?

a) If a response is followed by a reward, that response will be

strengthened.
b) If two stimuli are presented at the same time, an association between the
two will be created.
c) If an individual (or animal) observes a behavior, that individual (or animal)
is likely to imitate the behavior.
d) There are biological constraints on which behaviors an individual (or
animal) can learn.
3. According to learning theorists, most learning depends on the mechanism of:

a) punishment.
b) insight.
c) association.
d) reasoning.
4. Which one of the following is not one of the major areas of learning?

a) Classical conditioning
b) Instrumental Conditioning
c) Latent Learning
d) Habituation

5. Which one of the following is not true for Instrumental Conditioning?

a) Associating an existing response with a new stimulus

b) The animal or person must produce some behavior to get a reward or
avoid a punishment.
c) If a particular voluntary response is followed by a reward, that response
will be strengthened
d) Changing of behavior
Part B – Match the Followings

92 100 Introduction to Psychology

Ebru İNANÇ
Instructor
07-08 Spring
 BILKENT UNIVERSITY
APPLIED SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

In the first column you will see some terms related with “Learning”. In the
second column, there are the descriptions of these terms. Please match them
accordingly

Terms about Learning Explanations

1. Habituation ( 6 ) According to him, behaviors followed

by favorable consequences become more
likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable
consequences become less likely

2. Tolman ( 1 ) Decline in response of organism’s

response to stimulus once that stimulus
becomes familiar

3. Learned helplessness ( 5 ) Organism comes to associate two

stimuli; a neutral one and one that already
causes a reflexive response

4. Unconditioned response ( 3 ) Control over environment lessens

stress/distress; sense of futility, or lack of
control, increases stress/distress

5. Classical Conditioning ( 2 ) He demonstrated “latent learning”

using an operant conditioning paradigm

6. Thorndike ( 4 ) Unlearned, naturally occurring

response to the unconditioned stimulus

Part C - Short Answer Questions

1. In Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment, what is “the role of

surprise”? Please discuss briefly.
92 100 Introduction to Psychology
Ebru İNANÇ
Instructor
07-08 Spring
 BILKENT UNIVERSITY
APPLIED SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

The animal no longer gets the food but still gets the bell sound which
used to signal food in the past.
This is surprising for the animal.
Surprise plays a key role in conditioning. Learning occurs only when
events are not in line with our expectations. Otherwise we don’t need to
learn anything new about the environment.

2. Please explain Thorndike’s Law of Effect.

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences

become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable
consequences become less likely.
In instrumental conditioning the animal or person must produce some
behavior to get a reward or avoid a punishment.
If a particular voluntary response is followed by a reward, that response
will be strengthened (the response comes from within).

92 100 Introduction to Psychology

Ebru İNANÇ
Instructor
07-08 Spring