Title:Problem encountered by Grade12 Smaw students S.

Y 2019-2020
Introduction:
Welding is a process of joining of two or more metal with the use of heat to
melt.However,there are different issues that can arise from welding.Without proper technique
there are different problems that can occur.
Out of welding method,stick welding or Shielded Metal Arc Welding is the most one
adaptable which is also versatile.A beginner can also easily handle stick welder if practiced
properly within a short period of time.Just like any other welding technique,the Shielded Metal
Arc Welding also has it's own trouble.
Most defects encountered in welding are due to an improper welding procedure.Once the
causesare determined,the operator can easily correct the preblem.
Welding is an importanr part of metal fabrication process.However,there are diffirent issues that
can arise from welding,Without proper technique,there are different problem that can occur.
Welding is a process of joining metal using a large variety of application.Welding occurs in
several locations, from outdoor setting on rural farms and construction sites to inside
location,such as factories and job shops.
Review of Related Literature
Shielded Metal Arc Welding(SMAW) also known as stick welding,has long been commonly
use process in many job site for numerous reasons.It is relatively trouble free process that is
tolerant of surface and environmental challenges associated with other welding processes,and
relatively low cost equipment can meana smaller investment
NO.1;Choosing the right Machine
Having the right machine for the application is the starting point for success.Key factors to
consider when choosing a welding power source include the necessary duty cycle and the
amperage draw required for the job.
NO.2;Selecting your Electrode
When choosing an electrode,first chec if the material you are welding has rust,oil or other
surface contamination as some electrodee are better able to handle it that other.Also consider the
position of the weld.
 6010-This deep penetrating electrode is capable of dealing with surface contamination such
as rust, oil ,through it potentially requires heavy postweld grinding.
 7014-This easy-welding electrode offers a smooth ,stable arc and works on a clean surface.
 7018-This low hydrogen electrode is popular for code work in industrial applications.It
required carefull handling and storage to prevent moisture pickup.

NO.3: Setting your machine

Once you select electrode,make sure to choose the correct polarity.choosing the correct polarity
is a common mistake in a machine set up.
The right polarity is typically listed on the electrode packaging or on the material data sheet.Most
electrode come with a material data sheet that is specify the proper polarity,angles and current
range setting the current range too high will result in a lot a spotter and a volatile arc.Setting the
current too low means you’ll have a hard time initiating and maintaining an arc.
NO.4:Striking an Arc
To properly strike the arc in stick welding,brush or scrape the end of the electrode against the
base metal.Some electrode types,such as 7018,form a hard slag shell over the end of the
electrode after welding.You must break off this shell to expose bare electrode for electrical
contact before you can restart the arc.To do this,remove the electrode from the holder and top the
slag covered end against the base material or against the concrete floor.take care to avoid
breaking off too much material,which can over exposed the electrode and make it prone to
sticking the base material.
 An arc length that is too long causes a wide,erratic arc,resulting in increased spotter levels
that take more time to clean and grind after welding.It also prevent proper penetration and
weld fusion.
 Traveling to fast during the weld may mean you are not watching the toes of the weld to see
the finished sides.keep in mind that the right travel speed for your application depend on
weld size.
 Changing the travel angle during welding can cause a lack of fusion or penetratin within the
weld.make sure to maintain the same travel angle and work angle through the entir weld
pass.
TROUBLESHOOTING WELD DEFFECTS
Poor fusion-Proper fusion means the weld phisycally bonds strongly to boot walls of the joint
and forms a solid bead across the joint.Lack of fusion is often visible and must be eliminated for
a sound weld.
Wet Electrode-If polarity and current within the electrode manufactures recommendations but
the arc action is rough and erratic,the electrode may contain excessive moisture.
Porosity-Most porosity is invisible.However,since sever porosity can weaken the weld,you
should know when it tends to occur and how to combat it begin by removing
scale,rust,paint,moisture,and dirt from the joint.Be sure to keep the puddle molten for a longer
time to allow gases to boil out before it freeze.
Cracking-Is a complex subject beacuse there are many different types of crack that occur in
different locations throughout a weld.All cracks are potentialy serious,as they can lead to
complete failure of the weld.
Spatter-Althougt it doesn’t affect weld strength,spattered does create poor appearance and
increase cleaning caused.
Shallow Penetration-Penetration refers to the depth the weld enters into the base metal,usually
is not visible.To achieve strong weld,full penetration to bottom of the joint is key to overcome.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study is limited inly to Grade12 SMAW studenta in Pinoma National High
School.Determining the factors affecting to the welding performance of SMAW12 students was
the focus of this research.The information needed will be gathered using the check listvstyle
research made by QUESTIONNAIRE.All information and conclusions drawn from this study
were obtained onlybto this particukar group of students.

Definition of terms

Welding-is a process of joining of two or more metal by the use of high temperature of heat to
melt the parts together.

Spatter-occurs when droplets of molten material are produced near welding arc.

Porosity-is caused by absorption of nitrogen,oxygen in the molten weld pool which is then
released on solidification to become trapped in the weld metal.

Under cut-an under cut can occur when the arc voltage is too high or the arc is too long.

Cracks-are an issue with welding as they become larger over time.

Slug Inclusion-occurs when small particles of flux become trapped inside the weld metal
preventing complete penetration of the weld.

Research hypothesis

The following are null hypothesis of this research.

There is no significant relationship between welding skills performance and students related
factors.

There is no significant relationship between students performance.

SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

This study will focused to the SMAW12 students of Pinoma National High School as a
beneficiaries.From these study we are hoping that this study will help to the SMAW12 students
to improve or how to prevent those different discontinuities.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 The major concept of this study is focused to the problem encountered by Grade12 SMAW
students during their welding process.From this study we want to show on how to prevent those
discontinuities that affect to their performance.

Input Process Output

I I

Students Related factors Survey An analysis of welding

skills as affected by
Interest Udj
Data gathering Students related
Study habit factors,School related
Skills Data analysis factors and Teacher related
Attitude factors.
Data interpretation
School Related Factors
Observation
Materials :
Steel plate
Steel pipe
Welding
rod{E6011,E6013,E7018}
Grinding stone/disc.

Teachers Related Factors

Personally traits
Teaching skills
Instructional material
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design,research procedure,the subject of the study
determination of sample,research instruments and statistical treatment data.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study determined the factors affecting the performance of SMAW12 in Pinoma
National High School,duing their welding process.