Summary of knowledge about integrated circuits

Introduction of integrated circuits

An integrated circuit is a miniature electronic device or

component. Adopt a certain process to interconnect

transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors and other

components and wiring required in a circuit, make it on a

small or several small semiconductor wafers or dielectric

substrates, and then package them in a tube case , To

become a micro-structure with the required circuit

functions; where all components have been integrated into a

structure, making electronic components a big step towards

miniaturization, low power consumption, intelligence and

high reliability. It is represented in the circuit by the

letter "IC". The inventors of integrated circuits were Jack

Kilby (germanium (Ge) -based integrated circuits) and

Robert Neuss (silicon (Si) -based integrated circuits).

Most applications in the semiconductor industry today are

silicon-based integrated circuits.

Integrated circuit structure

The circuit is formed on a silicon substrate, and the

circuit has at least one output / input pad. The fixed

sealing ring is formed on the silicon substrate and

surrounds the circuit and the output / input pad. The

ground ring is formed between the silicon substrate and the

output / input pad, and is electrically connected to the

fixed sealing ring. The guard ring is disposed on the

silicon substrate and surrounds the output / input pads for

electrical connection with the fixed sealing ring.

Integrated Circuit Features

The integrated circuit has the advantages of small size,

light weight, fewer lead wires and solder joints, long

life, high reliability, good performance, etc. At the same

time, the low cost facilitates mass production. It is

widely used not only in industrial and civilian electronic

equipment such as radio cassette recorders, televisions,

computers, etc., but also in military, communications,

remote control, etc. The use of integrated circuits to

assemble electronic equipment can increase assembly density

by several tens to thousands of times over transistors, and

the stable working time of the equipment can be greatly

improved.

Type of integrated circuit

Classified by production process

Integrated circuits can be divided into semiconductor

integrated circuits and thin film integrated circuits

according to the manufacturing process.

Thin film integrated circuits are classified into thick

film integrated circuits and thin film integrated circuits.

Classified by use

Integrated circuits can be divided into TV integrated

circuits, audio integrated circuits, video player

integrated circuits, video recorder integrated circuits,

computer (microcomputer) integrated circuits, electronic

piano integrated circuits, communication integrated

circuits, and camera integrated circuits. Circuits, remote

control integrated circuits, language integrated circuits,

integrated circuits for alarms, and various application-

specific integrated circuits.

Classified by functional structure

Integrated circuits can be divided into three categories:

analog integrated circuits, digital integrated circuits,

and digital / analog hybrid integrated circuits according

to their functions and structures.

Analog integrated circuits, also known as linear circuits,

are used to generate, amplify, and process various analog

signals (referring to signals whose amplitude changes over

time. For example, audio signals from semiconductor radios,

tape signals from VCRs, etc.), and their input and output

signals. Proportional relationship. Digital integrated

circuits are used to generate, amplify, and process various

digital signals (referring to signals with discrete values

in time and amplitude. For example, audio signals and video

signals for VCD and DVD playback).

Divided by shape

Integrated circuits can be divided into circular (metal

case transistor package type, generally suitable for high

power), flat type (good stability, small size) and dual in-

line type according to the shape.

Classification by level of integration

Integrated circuits can be divided into small-scale

integrated circuits, medium-scale integrated circuits,

large-scale integrated circuits, ultra-large-scale

integrated circuits, ultra-large-scale integrated circuits

and huge-scale integrated circuits according to the level

of integration.

Different classification by conductivity type

Integrated circuits can be divided into bipolar integrated

circuits and unipolar integrated circuits according to the

conductive type. They are both digital integrated circuits.

The manufacturing process of the bipolar integrated circuit

is complicated, and the power consumption is large, such as

the TTL type. The unipolar integrated circuit has a simple

manufacturing process and low power consumption, and is

easy to be made into a large-scale integrated circuit.

There are CMOS, NMOS, and PMOS types.

By application area
Integrated circuits can be divided into standard universal

integrated circuits and application-specific integrated

circuits according to the application field.