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a) statute
Legislative Department b) grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction
1
Incidental Powers a) cite contempt
- necessary to b) issue suboenas/orders
discharge its judicial c) grant/deny motions
functions d) order arrest
2
a) actual case or controversy
(1) justiciable
(2) not moot and academic
except: (i) grave violation of the Constitution
(ii) transcendental importance
(iii) to guide the Bench and Bar
(iv) capable of repetition yet evading review
(3) ripe for judicial review
b) issue must be raised by proper party (locus standi)
facial challenge
(1) citizen
(2) voter
(3) taxpayer
(4) associational
Requisites of Judicial
(5) legislative
Review of a
(6) governmental
Constitutional Issue
(7) inter-generational
(8) epistolary jurisdiction
c) raised at the earliest opportunity
except:
(1) civil case – constitutional issue may be raised for the first time if the question is necessary to the
decision of the criminal case
(2) criminal case – constitutional issue may be raised at any stage within the sound discretion of the
court
(3) jurisdiction of court – may be raised anytime if it involves jurisdiction of lower courts
• except: estoppel
d) necessity of deciding the constitutional issue
lis mota of the controversy = clear and unequivocal breach of the Constitution