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ANIMAL CIRCULATION

Heart – the heart is the main blood pump of the body, thereby, maintaining the flow of blood through the entire circulatory
system.

1. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs.


2. The adult heart has the shape of a blunt cone and is slightly larger than a closed fist.

 Apex – blunt, rounded point of the cone.


 Base – larger, flat portion at the opposite end of the cone.

Anatomy of the heart

Pericardium

Double layered closed sac that surrounds the heart and anchors it.

Myocardium

Composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the ability of the heart to contract.

Endocardium

Smooth inner surface of the heart chambers.

Heart chambers

1. Atria (collecting chambers)


Located at the base of the heart. It function primarily as reservoirs, where blood returning from veins collects before
it enters the ventricles.
 Right atrium – receives deoxygenated blood from superior vena cava (drains upper portion of the body)
and inferior vena cava (drains lower portion of the body).
 Left atrium – receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins (from the lungs).
 The two atria are separated from each other by the interatrial septum.
2. Ventricles (pumping chambers)
Extend from the base of the heart toward the apex. It eject blood into the arteries and force it to flow through the
circulatory system.
 Right ventricle – has a thinner wall and generates lesser pressure. Opens into the pulmonary trunk, which
is composed of pulmonary arteries that carry blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
 Left ventricle – has a thicker wall and generates greater pressure. Opens into the aorta that carries blood
to all parts of the body.
 The two ventricles are separated from each other by the interventricular septum.
3. A coronary sulcus extends around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles.

Heart valves

1. Atrioventricular valves
Allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles but prevent it from flowing back into the atria.
 Tricuspid valve – AV between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
 Bicuspid valve – AV between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
2. Pulmonary semilunar valve
Closes the pulmonary trunk and keeps blood from flowing back into the right ventricle.
3. Aortic semilunar valve
Closes the aorta and keeps blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

Vessels of the heart

1. Cardiac arteries – supplies oxygenated blood to the heart.


2. Cardiac veins – drains deoxygenated blood from the heart.
Coronary Circulation

It supplies blood to and provides drainage from the tissues of the heart.

Pulmonary Circulation

Formation of a closed circuit between the lungs and the heart.

Systemic Circulation

Circuit of vessels supplying oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and returning deoxygenated blood from the said
tissues to the heart.

Renal Circulation

Nourishes the kidneys and discharges water, salts, and nitrogenous cell materials.

Portal Circulation

Involves an extensive system of veins that lead from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, and colon. Blood
flowing from the digestive organs transports digested food and water.

Blood Vessels

1. Arteries – blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
2. Veins – blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.
3. Capillaries – nutrient and waste product exchange is its principal function.

Blood pressure
Measure of the force blood exerts against the blood vessel walls.
1. Systolic pressure – ventricles contract, blood is forced into the arteries, pressure reaches a maximum.
2. Diastolic pressure – ventricles relax, blood pressure in the arteries falls to a minimum value.

Red blood cells or Erythrocytes

RBC are disk shaped cells containing hemoglobin, which transports oxygen. RBC also contain carbonic anhydrase, which
is involved in carbon dioxide transport.

White blood cells or Leukocytes

Spherical cells that are whitish in color because they lack hemoglobin.

Larger than RBC and each has a nucleus.

Can leave the blood and move by amoeboid movement through the tissues.

They protect the body against invading microorganisms. They also remove dead cells and debris from the tissues by
phagocytosis.

Platelets or Thrombocytes

Minute fragments of cells, each consisting of a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane.

Play an important role in preventing blood loss by forming clots and plugs.

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