Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Individual work

Amanda Sandoval Paredes

203058_14

1052409302

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 16-04
 Introduction

In the following document we study a little more about the behavior of the transmission lines,
the electrical parameters of the transmission lines, formulas for inductance, captaincy,
resistance, among others were studied. by the guide
 Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.
R: Transmission lines are the means we use to change data that can be wired or
wireless. Each of these means has its own characteristics with its advantages
and disadvantages.
The wireless medium does not use physical means for data transmission, but it
propagates by electromagnetic waves through free space. To make equipment
such as antennas and radios are used.

For wired media, there are several transmission lines such as:
• Ribbon cable: it is a conductive medium with two parallel cables, which is
normally used for TV.
• Twisted lines: A twisted line consists of wires formed by copper wires coated
with silver and surrounded by an insulator. This line is known as UTP
(unshielded twisted pair) and is the most common type of line used in computer
networks. For greater interference rejection (in particular common mode
rejection and cross-line conversation), the pairs are surrounded by a metal
screen, this line is known as STP (armored twisted pair). Both UTP and STP use
electronic instrumentation devices, airplanes and other critical data transmission
applications.
• Coaxial or concentric transmission lines: the basic coaxial cable consists of a
central conductor closed by a concentric external conductor (uniform central
distance). At relatively high operating frequencies, the external coaxial driver
provides excellent protection against external interference. In addition, the
external conductor of a coaxial cable is also grounded, which limits its use to
unbalanced applications.
• Fiber optic: it is known as the superconductor, it carries light and non-electric
energy, it uses very little space and has little weight and volume compared to
the other transmission lines, in addition to having a considerable bandwidth.
• Due to its minimal signal losses and its optimal bandwidth properties, the
optical fiber can be used over longer distances compared to the copper cable.
Their reduced weight and size makes them ideal in many environments where
the copper wire would be impracticable. Using multiplexers, a single fiber can
replace hundreds of copper wires.
2. What is a bounded transmission line?
3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
R: It is called the characteristic impedance of a transmission line to the
relationship between the difference in potential applied and the current
absorbed by the line in the hypothetical case that it has an infinite length,
or when still being finite there are no reflections.
In the case of real lines, it is fulfilled that their impedance remains
unchanged when they are loaded with elements, generators or receivers,
whose impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance.
For a line without losses, this will be independent of the frequency of the
applied voltage, so it is as a resistive load and reflections will not occur
due to impedance mismatch, when a generator with impedance equal to
its characteristic impedance is connected to it.
The characteristic impedance of a transmission line depends on the so-
called primary parameters of it, which are: resistance, capacitance,
inductance and conductance (inverse of the insulation resistance between
the conductors that form the line).

The formula that relates the previous parameters and determines the
characteristic impedance of the line is:

Z0, is the characteristic impedance in ohms,

R, is the resistance of the line in ohms per unit length,
C, is the capacitance of the line in farads per unit length,
L, is the inductance of the line in henries per unit length,
G, is the conductance of the dielectric in siemens per unit length,
ω, is the angular frequency = 2πf, where f is the frequency in hertz,
j, is an imaginary factor
b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.
 R: VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, which refers specifically
to the behavior of the voltage (minimum and maximum) in a standing
wave phenomenon between a transmission line and its load at the end. It
is called in Spanish ROE Stationary Wave Ratio, and it is implied that it is
the relationship (geometric ratio) between the maximum voltage and the
existing minimum voltage.

This parameter is used in low frequency power transmission lines and is

very common in radiofrequency. The term Return Loss is used in many
other cases to mean the same phenomenon, even if it is quantitatively
different.
The concept of direct wave and reflected wave brings as a consequence
the practical meaning of the Stationary Wave Ratio as direct power
(emitted by a transmitter) and reflected power (that rejected by a load):

Assuming Direct Power = 100%

ROE = 1.0 -> Reflected power = 0.00%

ROE = 1.1 -> Reflected power = 4.80%
ROE = 1.2 -> Reflected power = 9.10%
ROE = 1.3 -> Reflected power = 13.00%
ROE = 1.5 -> Reflected power = 20.00%
ROE = 2.0 -> Reflected power = 33.33%
ROE = 3.0 -> Reflected power = 50.00%
In practical terms, these ROE values are the most used. A very high ROE
produces losses and can damage the power amplifiers of a transmitter,
which is why there are ROE protection circuits with variable actuation
thresholds. A value of ROE = 1.5 could be an extreme limit for modern
transmitters; Valve transmitters could accept a somewhat larger ROE
without danger to the transmitter. Keep in mind that ROE is not linear.
c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.
4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?
R: Smith's letter is a graphical tool used to relate a complex reflection
coefficient to a complex impedance. It can be used for a variety of uses,
including impedance determination, impedance adaptation, noise optimization,
 stability and others. Smith's letter is an ingenious graphic technique that
virtually avoids all operations with complex numbers. For example, you can
determine the input impedance to a transmission line by giving its electrical
length and its load impedance.

The important result is the fact that the voltage reflection coefficient and the
input impedance to the normalized line at the same point on the line, are
related by Smith's letter. On the outside of the letter there are several scales.
On the outside of the chart is a scale called "angle of reflection coefficient in
degrees", from this you can directly obtain the value of the argument of the
reflection coefficient.

Application exercises:

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.35𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 30𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (𝐺𝐺 + 10)𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 5.8𝑥107 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.25 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐾𝐻𝑧.

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

a=0.35mm
b=30mm
t=(gg+10)=14+10=24
t=24 𝝁𝒎
(conductivity) 𝝈𝒄 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝑺𝒎/𝒎
𝝈𝒅 = 𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟔 𝑺𝒎/𝒎
𝝐𝒓 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝝁𝒓 = 𝟏
𝒇 = 𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝑲𝑯𝒛

R:Resistance
1 𝜋𝑓𝜇𝑐 1 1
𝑅= √ ∗( )+( )
2𝜋 𝜎𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
we replace on the formula
1 𝜋(302 ∗ 103 𝐻𝑧)(4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝐻/𝑚) 1 1
𝑅= √ ∗ ( ) + ( )
2𝜋 5,8 ∗ 107 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 0,35 ∗ 10−3 𝑚 30 ∗ 1030 𝑚
𝑅 = 0,159155 ∗ 0,000143 ∗ 2890.48
𝑹 = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟗𝟓Ω/𝒎
Iductance

𝜇 𝑏
𝐿= 𝐿𝑛 ( )
2𝜋 𝑎
we replace on the formula
4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝐻𝑚 30 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
𝐿= 𝐿𝑛 ( )
2𝜋 0,35 ∗ 10−3 𝑚

4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝐻𝑚
𝐿= 𝐿𝑛(85,7143)
2𝜋

𝑳 = 𝟖, 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑯/𝒎

Conductance
2πσ
G=
b
Ln ( )
a
we replace on the formula
2π ∗ 1 ∗ 10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
G=
30 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
Ln ( )
0,35 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
2π ∗ 1 ∗ 10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
G=
Ln(85,7143𝑚)
𝐆 = 𝟏, 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟔 𝑺/𝒎
Training
 2πε 2π ∗ 𝜀𝑟 𝜀0
C= =
b b
Ln ( ) Ln ( )
a a
2π ∗ 2,25 ∗ (8,854 ∗ 10−12 𝐹/𝑚
C=
30 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
Ln ( )
0,35 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
2π ∗ 2,25 ∗ (8,854 ∗ 10−12 𝐹/𝑚
C=
Ln(85,7143)

𝐂 = 𝟑, 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑭/𝒎

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .
Using the formula of the propagation constant:
𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝒇

𝒚 = ∓√(𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳)(𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪) = 𝜶 + 𝒋𝜷

(𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟗𝟓Ω/𝒎 + 𝒋(𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟑 𝑯𝒛) ∗ 𝟖, 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑯/𝒎) ∗

𝒚 = ∓√
(𝟏, 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟔 𝑺/𝒎 + 𝒋(𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑯𝒛) ∗ 𝟑, 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑭/𝒎)
With the values of the R, L, G and C, solve:
𝜸 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟗𝐣
Then we find the values of alpha (Attenuation constant) and beta (Phase constant):
 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕 𝑵𝒑/𝒎
𝜷 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟗 𝑹𝒂𝒅/𝒎
And the formula of the Characteristic impedance:
𝒅𝑽 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳
𝒁𝟎 = =√
𝒅𝑰 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪

𝒅𝑽 (𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟗𝟓Ω/𝒎 + (𝒋(𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟑𝟎𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑯𝒛) ∗ 𝟖, 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟖, 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑯/𝒎)
𝒁𝟎 = =√
𝒅𝑰 (𝟏, 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟔 𝑺/𝒎 + (𝒋(𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟑𝟎𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑯𝒛) ∗ 𝟑, 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑭/𝒎)

𝒁𝒐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟔 − 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟕 𝐣 𝑶𝒉𝒎

Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
With the formula of the propagation velocity 𝑽𝒑 , solve:

𝟐∗𝝅∗𝒇
𝑽𝒑 =
𝜷
𝑽𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
The wavelength 𝝀:
𝟐𝝅
𝝀=
𝜷
𝟐𝝅
𝝀= = 𝟐𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒎
𝜷
The attenuation 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 :

𝜶𝒅𝑩/𝒎 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒 𝒅𝑩/𝒎

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 50Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 12 𝑚 long and

the wavelength is 302 𝑚𝑚. Find and probe with the smith chart:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
c. VSWR.

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

RTA:

The initial data is:

𝑍𝑜 = 50Ω
𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗75Ω
𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠: 𝐋 = 𝟏𝟐𝐦
𝐰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐡𝐭: 𝝀 = 𝟑𝟎𝟐𝐦𝐦 = 𝟎, 𝟑𝟎𝟐𝐦
Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝓁)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝓁)

Values are replaced

(45 − 𝑗75Ω) + 𝑗(50Ω)𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋(0,302))

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50Ω
50Ω + 𝑗(45 − 𝑗75Ω)𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋(0,302))
It's simplified:
45 − 38,1908𝑖
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50Ω
105,213 + 33,128𝑖
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50(0,2851 − 0,4527𝑖 )
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟖 − 𝟐𝟐, 𝟓𝟒𝟎𝒊 𝛀

𝒁𝒊𝒏 (𝟎, 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝝀) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 − 𝟐𝟐, 𝟓𝟒𝟎𝒊 𝛀 = 𝟐𝟔, 𝟕𝟓𝟑𝛀∠ − 𝟓𝟑, 𝟒𝟗°

a. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
Γ=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0
Values are replaced

(45 − 𝑗75Ω) − 50
Γ=
(45 − 𝑗75Ω) + 50Ω

−5 − 75𝑖 Ω
Γ=
95 − 75𝑖 Ω

𝚪 = 𝟎, 𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟓 − 𝟎, 𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝒊 = 𝟎, 𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟏∠ − 𝟓𝟓, 𝟓𝟐𝟑°

𝝉 = 𝟏 + 𝚪 = 𝟏, 𝟒𝟒𝟓∠ − 𝟐𝟎, 𝟕𝟒𝟔°

b. VSWR
𝟏 + |𝚪|
𝑽𝑾𝑺𝑹 =
𝟏 − |𝚪|
 1 + |0,62101|
𝑉𝑊𝑆𝑅 =
1 − |0,62101|

1,62101
𝑉𝑊𝑆𝑅 =
0,37899

𝑽𝑾𝑺𝑹 = 𝟒, 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟏

Conclusions

In this activity, topics were carried out with transmission lines, how they are classified
and their characteristics.
The analysis and development of the exercises proposed in the guide was also carried
out.
Bibliography

Thematics: Transmission lines, propagation in bounded transmission lines.

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic
Press. (pp. 525-537). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebsc
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ost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525
Thematics: Parameters in transmission lines.
Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave Transmission Line
Circuits. Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-45). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=
nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23