AI (Artificial Intelligence)
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the
simulation of human intelligence
processes by machines, especially
computer systems. These processes
include learning (the acquisition of
information and rules for using the
information), reasoning (using rules
to reach approximate or definite
conclusions) and self-correction.
Particular applications of AI include
expert systems, speech recognition
and machine vision.AI can be
categorized as either weak or strong.
Weak AI, also known as narrow AI,
is an AI system that is designed and
trained for a particular task. Virtual
personal assistants, such as Apple's
Siri, are a form of weak AI. Strong
AI, also known as artificial general
intelligence, is an AI system with
generalized human cognitive
abilities. When presented with an
unfamiliar task, a strong AI system
is able to find a solution without
human intervention.
Because hardware, software and
staffing costs for AI can be
expensive, many vendors are
including AI components in their
standard offerings, as well as access
to Artificial Intelligence as a Service
(AIaaS) platforms. AI as a Service
allows individuals and companies to
experiment with AI for various
business purposes and sample
multiple platforms before making a
commitment. Popular AI cloud
offerings include Amazon AI
services, IBM Watson Assistant,
Microsoft Cognitive Services and
Google AI services.
While AI tools present a range of
new functionality for businesses,the
use of artificial intelligence raises
ethical questions. This is because
deep learning algorithms, which
underpin many of the most advanced
AI tools, are only as smart as the
data they are given in training.
Because a human selects what data
should be used for training an AI
program, the potential for human
bias is inherent and must be
monitored closely.
Some industry experts believe that
the term artificial intelligence is too
closely linked to popular culture,
causing the general public to have
unrealistic fears about artificial
intelligence and improbable
expectations about how it will
change the workplace and life in
general. Researchers and marketers
hope the label augmented
intelligence, which has a more
neutral connotation, will help people
understand that AI will simply
improve products and services, not
replace the humans that use them.
 sets are labeled
so that patterns
can be detected
and used to label
new data sets
○ Unsupervised
learning: Data
sets aren't
labeled and are
Examples of AI technology sorted according
to similarities or
AI is incorporated into a variety of differences
different types of technology. Here ○ Reinforcement
are seven examples. learning: Data
sets aren't
● Automation: What makes labeled but, after
a system or process performing an
function automatically. action or several
For example, robotic actions, the AI
process automation (RPA) system is given
can be programmed to feedback
perform high-volume, ● Machine vision: The
repeatable tasks that science of allowing
humans normally computers to see. This
performed. RPA is technology captures and
different from IT analyzes visual
automation in that it can information using a
adapt to changing camera, analog-to-digital
circumstances. conversion and digital
● Machine learning: The signal processing. It is
science of getting a often compared to human
computer to act without eyesight, but machine
programming.Deep vision isn't bound by
learning is a subset of biology and can be
machine learning that, in programmed to see
very simple terms, can be through walls, for
thought of as the example. It is used in a
automation of predictive range of applications from
analytics. There are three signature identification to
types of machine learning medical image analysis.
algorithms: Computer vision, which is
○ Supervised focused on machine-based
learning: Data image processing, is often
 conflated with machine unexpected obstructions,
vision. such as pedestrians.
● Natural language
processing (NLP): The
processing of human --
and not computer --
language by a computer
program. One of the older
and best known examples
of NLP is spam detection,
which looks at the subject
line and the text of an
email and decides if it's
junk. Current approaches
to NLP are based on
machine learning. NLP
tasks include text
translation, sentiment
analysis and speech
recognition.
● Robotics: A field of
engineering focused on the Machine Learning: Signs of
design and manufacturing Cognition
of robots. Robots are often
used to perform tasks that Arthur Samuel coined the phrase
are difficult for humans to “Machine Learning”in 1959,
perform or perform defining it as “the ability to learn
consistently. They are used without being explicitly
in assembly lines for car programmed.” Machine Learning, at
production or by NASA to its most basic form, is the practice of
move large objects in using algorithms to parse data, learn
space. Researchers are also from it, and then make a
using machine learning to determination or prediction about
build robots that can something in the world. The most
interact in social settings. common example for beginners is
● Self-driving cars: These house prices. How does a site like
use a combination of Redfin or Zillow predict what the
computer vision, image price of a currently-owned house is?
recognition and deep
learning to build It’s not that complicated. Machine
automated skill at piloting Learning, at its core, is really just
a vehicle while staying in making a line of best fit, except in
a given lane and avoiding
many dimensions. A house price
prediction model looks at a ton of
data, with each data point having
several dimensions like size,
bedroom count, bathroom count,
yard space, etc. It creates a function
out of these input parameters, and
then just shifts the coefficients to
each of these parameters as it looks
at more and more data.
This method of Machine Learning is
called “Supervised Learning,” where
the data given to the model includes
the answer to the problem for each
input set. It’s basically giving the
input parameters, called features,
and the outputs for each set of
features, from which the model
adjusts its function to match data.
Then, when given any other input
data, the model can execute the
same function and come up with an
accurate output.
Other factions of Machine Learning
are Unsupervised Learning and
Reinforcement Learning. Concisely,
Unsupervised Learning just finds
similarities in data — in our house
example, the data wouldn’t include
house prices (the data would only be
input, it would have no output) and
the model would be able to say
“Hmm, well based on these
parameters, House 1 is most similar
to House 3” or something of the
sort, but wouldn’t be able to predict
the price of a given house.
Deep Learning: The Connection
to Humans
Deep learning was inspired by the
structure and function of the brain,
namely the interconnecting of many
neurons. Neural Networks are
algorithms that mimic the biological
structure of the brain.
Modeled loosely on the human
brain, a neural net consists of
thousands or even millions of simple
processing nodes that are densely
interconnected. Most of today’s
neural nets are organized into layers
of nodes, and they’re “feed-
forward,” meaning that data moves
through them in only one direction.
An individual node might be
connected to several nodes in the
layer beneath it, from which it
receives data, and several nodes in
the layer above it, to which it sends
data.
To each of its incoming connections,
a node will assign a number known
as a “weight.” When the network is
active, the node receives a different
data item — a different number —
 over each of its connections and
multiplies it by the associated
weight. It then adds the resulting
products together, yielding a single
number. If that number is below a
threshold value, the node passes no
data to the next layer.