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Abstract In this paper, the design of a frequency reconfigurable antenna for Wi-Fi,
Wi-MAX, and C-band applications is presented. Dual and triple frequency recon-
figurable antennas are designed and their parameters were plotted. A rectangular
patch (18 mm × 14.5 mm) with microstrip line feed is taken as radiating element.
FR4 dielectric substrate with ϵr = 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm is taken. Two RF-pin
diodes are used to achieve frequency reconfiguration. Antenna is designed and
simulated using HFSS v.15 software.
1 Introduction
Microstrip antennas have gained much popularity in recent years, and continuously
finding applications in microwave field. Patch antennas are one type of microstrip
antennas which are small, low profile antennas consisting radiating patch on one
side of dielectric substrate and ground plane on other side of dielectric substrate [1].
They can be designed in various shapes in which rectangle and circle are most
common [2, 3]. In order to excite the antenna several types of feeding techniques
exist. Most common are microstrip line feeding, co-axial feeding, proximity cou-
pled feeding, and aperture coupled feeding [4, 5]. Microstrip line feeding is widely
used because of its ease of fabrication.
With rapid growth in communication, the demand for antennas which can be
used at different frequencies has increased. And in recent years, reconfigurable
Fig. 1 Geometry of a dual band antenna, b dual and c triple frequency reconfigurable antenna
3 Simulation Results
Return loss gives the loss of power in signal reflected by any discontinuity in a
transmission line. The patch antenna without slots and diodes is first designed
494 V.R. Tumati and J. Cheruku
Fig. 3 Simulated return loss characteristics of patch antenna without slots and diodes
(Fig. 1a) and simulated. The return loss is plotted with respect to frequency and
shown in Fig. 3. For an efficient antenna, the return loss should be −10 dB. This
threshold is set by considering that 90% of signal gets transmitted and only 10%
gets reflected. We can adjust the threshold value by assuming maximum amount of
signal is transmitted and only a small fraction gets reflected. The antenna resonates
at 3.1 and 5.6 GHz with a return loss of −24.8335 dB and −37.8751 dB covering
both Wi-MAX and WLAN bands.
A slot is made on patch and pin diode is placed as shown in Fig. 1b. Dual
frequency reconfigurable antenna is simulated and return loss versus frequency is
plotted for both diodes ON and OFF cases. These two cases were shown in Fig. 4.
Case 1: When diode D is forward biased (ON), then the antenna resonates at
2.5 GHz frequency covering the Wi-Fi band with a return loss, S11 = −29.3547 dB
is obtained.
Case 2: When diode D is reverse biased (OFF), then the antenna resonates at
3.34 GHz and 5.6 GHz frequency covering both Wi-MAX and WLAN bands with
S11 value of −17.5141 dB and −12.3121 dB, respectively.
Two slots were made on the patch and two diodes were placed as shown in
Fig. 1c. This triple frequency reconfigurable antenna is simulated and return loss
versus frequency is plotted for three cases and shown in Fig. 4.
Case 1: When diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased (ON), then the antenna
resonates at 2.35 GHz frequency covering the Wi-Fi band with a return loss,
S11 = −37.4465 dB.
Design and Study of Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna … 495
Fig. 4 Simulated return loss characteristics of dual frequency (figure on the left) reconfigurable
and triple frequency (figure on the right) reconfigurable antenna
Fig. 5 Simulated VSWR characteristics of dual frequency (figure on the left) reconfigurable and
triple frequency (figure on the right) reconfigurable antenna
Case 2: When diode D1 is forward biased (ON) and D2 is reverse biased (OFF),
then the antenna resonates at 3 and 4.6 GHz covering a part of C-band with a return
loss, S11 = −23.2694 dB and −12.3084 dB, respectively.
Case 3: When diode D1 and D2 are reverse biased (OFF), then the antenna covers
total 3.16–5.58 GHz band resonating at 3.61–4.51 GHz with a return loss,
S11 = −18.228 dB and −21.5238 dB.
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) gives the numerical measure of matching. If
antenna is perfectly matched to transmission line the there will be no reflections and
VSWR equals to 1. But in practical it is impossible to attain unit value. So
VSWR < 2 is set as threshold by considering that matching between antenna and
transmission line is good enough to avoid any kind of reflections. VSWR versus
frequency plots for both dual frequency and triple frequency reconfigurable antenna
are shown in Fig. 5.
496 V.R. Tumati and J. Cheruku
Radiation Patterns for dual frequency and triple frequency reconfigurable antenna
are shown in Fig. 7a, Fig. 7b, respectively.
3D polar plots for triple frequency reconfigurable antenna in three cases are
shown in Fig. 8. It shows that the antenna exhibits nearly omnidirectional pattern
and while both diodes are ON the far-field radiation gets oriented in a specific
direction (phi = 65°, theta = 105°) with a peak gain of 7.45. The gain values
obtained in three cases are given in Table 3.
Fig. 6 Simulated current distributions in D1, D2-ON (figure on the left), D1-ON, D2-OFF (figure
on the center) and D1, D2-OFF (figure on the right) conditions for triple frequency reconfigurable
antenna
Design and Study of Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna … 497
Fig. 7 Simulated radiation patterns of a dual frequency reconfigurable antenna and b triple
frequency reconfigurable antenna plotted at corresponding resonant frequencies in XZ-plane (left),
YZ-plane (right)
498 V.R. Tumati and J. Cheruku
4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements Authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Research Centre
of Dept. of ECE and management of Sir C. R. Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru for providing
the licensed 3D EM simulation software ANSYS HFSS 15.0 and their esteemed guidance and
support to the work.
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