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Design and Study of Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless


Applications

Chapter · January 2018


DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4280-5_51

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Tumati Venkateswara Rao Jaya Cheruku


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Design and Study of Frequency
Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless
Applications

Venkateswara Rao Tumati and Jaya Cheruku

Abstract In this paper, the design of a frequency reconfigurable antenna for Wi-Fi,
Wi-MAX, and C-band applications is presented. Dual and triple frequency recon-
figurable antennas are designed and their parameters were plotted. A rectangular
patch (18 mm × 14.5 mm) with microstrip line feed is taken as radiating element.
FR4 dielectric substrate with ϵr = 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm is taken. Two RF-pin
diodes are used to achieve frequency reconfiguration. Antenna is designed and
simulated using HFSS v.15 software.

Keywords Microstrip patch antenna ⋅ Microstrip line feed ⋅ VSWR ⋅ Return


loss ⋅Reconfiguration ⋅
HFSS

1 Introduction

Microstrip antennas have gained much popularity in recent years, and continuously
finding applications in microwave field. Patch antennas are one type of microstrip
antennas which are small, low profile antennas consisting radiating patch on one
side of dielectric substrate and ground plane on other side of dielectric substrate [1].
They can be designed in various shapes in which rectangle and circle are most
common [2, 3]. In order to excite the antenna several types of feeding techniques
exist. Most common are microstrip line feeding, co-axial feeding, proximity cou-
pled feeding, and aperture coupled feeding [4, 5]. Microstrip line feeding is widely
used because of its ease of fabrication.
With rapid growth in communication, the demand for antennas which can be
used at different frequencies has increased. And in recent years, reconfigurable

V.R. Tumati (✉) ⋅ J. Cheruku


Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Sir C. R. Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru, India
e-mail: tumati01@gmail.com
J. Cheruku
e-mail: jaya.chinni25@gmail.com

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 491


S.C. Satapathy et al. (eds.), Proceedings of 2nd International Conference
on Micro-Electronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications,
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 434, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4280-5_51
492 V.R. Tumati and J. Cheruku

antennas have gained more attention. Reconfiguration means capable of modifying


the characteristics and these antennas replaces the use of multiple antennas for
multiple frequencies. Reconfiguration can be done in either frequency [6–10], or
radiation pattern [11, 12] or polarization [13, 14].
In this paper, a triple frequency reconfigurable antenna is designed for Wi-Fi,
Wi-MAX, and C-band applications. Patch and ground plane are separated by FR4
epoxy dielectric substrate (40 mm × 30 mm) with dielectric constant 4.4 and
thickness 1.6 mm. Two RF-pin diodes BAR6402 are used for switching. The
antenna modeling is discussed in Sect. 2. In Sect. 3, the proposed antenna per-
formance is explained with the simulation results in terms of several antenna
parameters and concluded in Sect. 4.

2 Geometrical Modeling of Patch Antenna

Patch antenna consists of a radiating patch of specified length L and width W, a


dielectric substrate of length Ls and width Ws, Ground plane of dimensions (Lg
Wg) and a feed line (Lf × Wf) which is used to excite the antenna. In this paper, a
rectangular patch antenna with microstrip line feed is used. By using
transmission-line model dimensions of patch, ground, and feed can be calculated.
The transmission-line model equations for patch antenna analysis are given in [2].
The optimized values for single frequency antenna are shown in Table 1.
Frequency reconfiguration can be achieved by using switches, variable reactive
loading, structural or mechanical changes, material changes. In this paper, RF-PIN
diode switches are used to achieve switching mechanism. In order to achieve dual
frequency reconfiguration (Fig. 1b), a stair case slot is made at the center of patch
and its position is optimized to get the required frequency of operation.
BAR6402 PIN diode (D) is used in the slot at the optimized position. PIN diode
modeling is shown in Fig. 2, when it is forward biased, will acts as (closed switch)
a small resistance (Rs) in series with a small inductance (L) and when reverse biased
it acts as (open switch) a large resistance (Rp) in parallel with a small capacitance
(Cp) and in series with a small inductance (L) and the values are shown in Table 2.
In order to obtain triple frequency reconfiguration (Fig. 1c), two stair case slots
were made which are mirror images of each other and the slot positions are varied
to get the required frequencies. Two PIN diodes D1, D2 were placed in two slots at
the optimized positions.

Table 1 Dimensions of Component Length (mm) Width (mm)


patch antenna
Substrate Ls = 40 Ws = 30
Patch L = 18 W = 14.5
Ground plane Lg = 10 Wg = 30
Feed line Lf = 13.699 Wf = 3.3
Design and Study of Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna … 493

Fig. 1 Geometry of a dual band antenna, b dual and c triple frequency reconfigurable antenna

Fig. 2 PIN diode


representation with lumped
RLC boundary in HFSS

Table 2 BAR6402 PIN Component Values


diode equivalent circuit
parameters L 0.6 nH
Rs 2.1 Ω
Rp 3000 Ω
Cp 0.17 pF

3 Simulation Results

Antenna is designed and simulated in HFSS (High-Frequency Structural Simulator)


V.15 software which is a 3D electromagnetic simulator. The performance of
antenna is observed by plotting the return loss, VSWR plots, and by generating
radiation patterns in both azimuthal and elevation planes. The surface current
distributions were observed to check the functioning of pin diodes.

3.1 Return Loss (S11)

Return loss gives the loss of power in signal reflected by any discontinuity in a
transmission line. The patch antenna without slots and diodes is first designed
494 V.R. Tumati and J. Cheruku

Fig. 3 Simulated return loss characteristics of patch antenna without slots and diodes

(Fig. 1a) and simulated. The return loss is plotted with respect to frequency and
shown in Fig. 3. For an efficient antenna, the return loss should be −10 dB. This
threshold is set by considering that 90% of signal gets transmitted and only 10%
gets reflected. We can adjust the threshold value by assuming maximum amount of
signal is transmitted and only a small fraction gets reflected. The antenna resonates
at 3.1 and 5.6 GHz with a return loss of −24.8335 dB and −37.8751 dB covering
both Wi-MAX and WLAN bands.
A slot is made on patch and pin diode is placed as shown in Fig. 1b. Dual
frequency reconfigurable antenna is simulated and return loss versus frequency is
plotted for both diodes ON and OFF cases. These two cases were shown in Fig. 4.
Case 1: When diode D is forward biased (ON), then the antenna resonates at
2.5 GHz frequency covering the Wi-Fi band with a return loss, S11 = −29.3547 dB
is obtained.
Case 2: When diode D is reverse biased (OFF), then the antenna resonates at
3.34 GHz and 5.6 GHz frequency covering both Wi-MAX and WLAN bands with
S11 value of −17.5141 dB and −12.3121 dB, respectively.

Two slots were made on the patch and two diodes were placed as shown in
Fig. 1c. This triple frequency reconfigurable antenna is simulated and return loss
versus frequency is plotted for three cases and shown in Fig. 4.
Case 1: When diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased (ON), then the antenna
resonates at 2.35 GHz frequency covering the Wi-Fi band with a return loss,
S11 = −37.4465 dB.
Design and Study of Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna … 495

Fig. 4 Simulated return loss characteristics of dual frequency (figure on the left) reconfigurable
and triple frequency (figure on the right) reconfigurable antenna

Fig. 5 Simulated VSWR characteristics of dual frequency (figure on the left) reconfigurable and
triple frequency (figure on the right) reconfigurable antenna

Case 2: When diode D1 is forward biased (ON) and D2 is reverse biased (OFF),
then the antenna resonates at 3 and 4.6 GHz covering a part of C-band with a return
loss, S11 = −23.2694 dB and −12.3084 dB, respectively.
Case 3: When diode D1 and D2 are reverse biased (OFF), then the antenna covers
total 3.16–5.58 GHz band resonating at 3.61–4.51 GHz with a return loss,
S11 = −18.228 dB and −21.5238 dB.

3.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) gives the numerical measure of matching. If
antenna is perfectly matched to transmission line the there will be no reflections and
VSWR equals to 1. But in practical it is impossible to attain unit value. So
VSWR < 2 is set as threshold by considering that matching between antenna and
transmission line is good enough to avoid any kind of reflections. VSWR versus
frequency plots for both dual frequency and triple frequency reconfigurable antenna
are shown in Fig. 5.
496 V.R. Tumati and J. Cheruku

3.3 Surface Current Distributions on Radiating Patch


of the Proposed Antenna

Surface current distributions for triple frequency reconfigurable antenna in three


cases are shown in Fig. 6. It can be observed that the conducting mode of the
switching diodes which is embedded in the slots establish a current path through it
whereas in its non-conducting case these will not establish any current path. The
length of the effective current path results the antenna to be resonant at different
frequencies.

3.4 Radiation Patterns

Radiation Patterns for dual frequency and triple frequency reconfigurable antenna
are shown in Fig. 7a, Fig. 7b, respectively.
3D polar plots for triple frequency reconfigurable antenna in three cases are
shown in Fig. 8. It shows that the antenna exhibits nearly omnidirectional pattern
and while both diodes are ON the far-field radiation gets oriented in a specific
direction (phi = 65°, theta = 105°) with a peak gain of 7.45. The gain values
obtained in three cases are given in Table 3.

Fig. 6 Simulated current distributions in D1, D2-ON (figure on the left), D1-ON, D2-OFF (figure
on the center) and D1, D2-OFF (figure on the right) conditions for triple frequency reconfigurable
antenna
Design and Study of Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna … 497

Fig. 7 Simulated radiation patterns of a dual frequency reconfigurable antenna and b triple
frequency reconfigurable antenna plotted at corresponding resonant frequencies in XZ-plane (left),
YZ-plane (right)
498 V.R. Tumati and J. Cheruku

Fig. 8 Simulated Three-dimensional far-field radiation of frequency reconfigurable antenna in


D1-ON, D2-ON (left) D1-ON, D2-OFF (center) D1-OFF, D2-OFF (right) cases

Table 3 Gain obtained for D1 D2 Resonating frequency Gain (dB)


triple frequency (GHz)
reconfigurable antenna
ON ON 2.35 7.45
ON OFF 4.6 1.38
OFF OFF 3.61 and 4.51 2.87 and
2.12

4 Conclusions

The proposed Triple Frequency reconfigurable antenna (40 mm × 30 mm × 1.6


mm) resonates at 2.35 GHz, 3.61 GHz and 4.51 GHz in [D1, D2-ON], [D1-ON,
D2-OFF], and [D1, D2-OFF] conditions, respectively. The return loss and VSWR
values obtained are more than the threshold, making the antenna works for Wi-Fi,
Wi-MAX, and C-band applications. Antenna is designed using FR4 substrate which
is readily available and cost-effective.

Acknowledgements Authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Research Centre
of Dept. of ECE and management of Sir C. R. Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru for providing
the licensed 3D EM simulation software ANSYS HFSS 15.0 and their esteemed guidance and
support to the work.

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