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The Four Stages of the Shipping Cycle

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By: Helen Akers


Updated September 26, 2017

The shipping cycle is an economic concept that explains how shipping companies and
freight charges respond to supply and demand. It examines how and why ships build
up in sea trading ports. The cycle also seeks to explain what affects the selling price of
ship fleets and what types of ships sell during slow business periods. The four stages
of the shipping cycle, all based on customer demand, are trough, recovery, peak and
collapse.

Trough
The first stage of the shipping cycle is called a trough. An excess in capacity
characterizes a trough. Ships begin to accumulate at trading ports, while others slow
down shipments by delaying their arrivals at full ports. Ships still carrying goods also
slow down to save on fuel costs. In a trough, freight costs tend to start falling. Freight
costs will typically decrease to the equivalent of vessel operating costs. Shipping
companies start to experience a negative cash flow, which prompts the selling of
inefficient fleet. Selling prices for ships tend to be lower, with some fleet exchanged at
salvage rates.

Recovery
Recovery is the second stage of the shipping cycle. In this stage, supply and demand
move toward equilibrium, meaning both supply and demand levels match each other
closely. Freight charges begin to increase, eventually surpassing operating costs.
Shipping containers begin to move out of the trading ports, as demand stimulates new
orders. During this stage, optimism about the market remains shaky. The opinion
pendulum swings back and forth between optimism and pessimism, resulting in
volatility for trade volume. Cash flow tends to improve steadily during the recovery
stage.

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Peak
The shipping cycle's third stage is a peak or plateau. At this point, the shipping freight
rates become quite high — often double or triple the amount of fleet operating costs.
The levels of supply and demand are almost completely equal. Quite a bit of market
pressure occurs between supply and demand levels, which could cause the peak to
fall at any time. Most of the shipping fleet is in operation, with only the most inefficient
ships left to idle in trading ports. Cash flow for shipping companies is quite high.

Collapse
The fourth stage of the shipping cycle, collapse, occurs when supply levels begin to
exceed demand. Freight rates begin to decline during a collapse. Shipping containers
and fleet begin to accumulate in trading ports once again. Although the cash flow of
shipping companies may remain at high levels, ships begin to slow down their
operations. They may take longer to deliver goods, and inefficient fleets may not ship
goods for some time.

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How to Buy & Sell Crude Oil

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How to Buy & Sell Crude Oil


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By: Michael Wolfe


Updated September 26, 2017

Every day, millions of gallons of crude oil are sold and purchased on the open market.
Most of this oil will be refined into more usable fuels, such as gasoline, kerosene and
jet fuel, which is burned to power engines and to produce light and heat. This oil can
be purchased in a number of ways, including at the point of production or in the form of
a derivative. In all cases, the trader must secure both a buyer and seller who will agree
on when and where the oil is to be delivered.

The Spot Market


Identify where you want to purchase the oil. Oil is produced by many countries and can
be purchased from and through hundreds of different locations. First, decide on the
one or more locations where you want to take delivery of the oil.

Find a seller. Once you have identified a location where you want to produce oil, find
local companies that are selling, Some oil companies are bound into long-term
contracts in which the oil they produce is pre-sold. Others, however, will be willing to
sell oil on the open market near the point of production, called the "spot" market.

Find a buyer. If you are looking to sell oil, call around to local trading houses and find
who has purchased oil. Sometimes, those trading in oil will secure a buyer and then
look for someone who is selling, hopefully at a profitable price.

Find transportation. To deliver the oil between the buyer and seller, you must secure
transportation. This can include shipping the oil by rail, pipeline or tanker. Make sure
that the cost of purchasing the oil and shipping it does not exceed the price at which
you are selling it.

Commodity Exchange
Decide when and where you want the oil. On commodity exchanges, oil is purchased
in the form of a derivative, which is a promise to deliver a certain amount of oil on a
certain date for a certain price. In many places, such as the Chicago Mercantile
Exchange, oil derivatives are traded on a physical floor, like stocks.

Contact a broker. Only brokers have access to the trading floor in which commodities
are sold, so orders must be placed through them. Brokers can be contacted by
telephone or through the use of an Internet trading service.

Take delivery or resell the oil. After purchasing a derivative, the buyer has two choices:
resell the derivative (hopefully for a profit) or take delivery of the oil according to the
terms of the contract.

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How to Buy & Sell Crude Oil


Advantages & Disadvantages of Liner
Shipping

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By: Heather Skyler


Reviewed by: Elisa Shoenberger, M.B.A.
Updated October 20, 2018

The way goods are transported hasn't changed much over the last century. Ocean
shipping – not planes or drones – comprise 90 percent of the world's trade. Over
50,000 merchant ships are chugging around the world's oceans right now, transporting
every type of cargo you can imagine.

What Is Liner Shipping?


Liner shipping is the transport of goods by huge ocean ships that traverse regular
routes on fixed schedules. Liner vessels include container ships, bulk carriers, tankers,
specialist ships, ferries and cruise ships. Container ships carry most of the world's
goods. Bulk carriers transport raw materials like coal or iron ore. Tankers transport oil,
petroleum and other chemicals. Specialist ships include vessels such as research
ships and ice breakers. Ferries and cruise ships are primarily for passengers rather
than goods.
Liner ships are efficient because they can carry a lot of cargo, up to several
warehouses-worth of goods. This makes one voyage extremely efficient and it's the
least expensive way to transport goods. Liner ships make a lot of trips during an
average year. One large container ship might travel the equivalent of three-quarters of
the distance to the moon, which means during the ship's lifetime, it travels the
equivalent distance to the moon and back nearly ten times. While shipping has been
around for a very long time, today's ships can carry more cargo and are more fuel
efficient.

Advantages of Liner Shipping


Capacity: Liner ships can carry a lot of goods. This is one of their key advantages
over air shipping. Also, the shape of what you need to transport doesn't matter. You
can pick the ship to match your cargo. Heavy machinery, cars, and plastic bottles for
recycling can all be carried on a liner ship.

Cost: Shipping is simply the cheapest way to transport goods, which is why its a
method used by many companies. If time isn't important, a ship is the way to go. Also,
if you don't have an entire shipload, you can share space and cost on a cargo ship with
other businesses.

Disadvantages of Liner Shipping


Speed: It's not the fastest way to get cargo from one place to another. That's the major
downside of liner shipping. An air shipment may take one or two days, while a liner
shipment could take a month or more.

Reliability: Ships are unreliable in terms of time of arrival. They run on a weekly
schedule and delays can be common. They are reliable in terms of maintaining the
quality of the goods they are shipping, but if customers are waiting on the other end, it
could hurt your business if you rely only on ships.

Ship technology continues to improve, and shipments made by ocean will likely be
faster one day. Today they remain a cheap source of transport for a huge amount of
cargo, but if you want something delivered quickly, ship it by air.

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