CHAPTER 2

REVIEW ON RELATED STUDIES

It discuss for related studies in different substations which help in the

preparation of substation design.

2.1 BOHOL SUBSTATION

The Bohol transmission system is one of five (5) sub-systems or

sub-grids in the interconnected Visayas Grid. The Bohol subsystem is

radially connected to the rest of the Visayas Grid through a 1x90 MW

138kV submarine cable from the town of Ubay in Bohol to Maasin in

Southern Leyte. This in turn is connected to a single-circuit 138kV line

from the town of Maasin to Ormoc City. An outage in any of these two

lines will isolate Bohol from its major power sources in Leyte and the

rest of the Visayas and Luzon Grids. A second line (138 kV 1- 795 MCM

ACSR, ST-DC2, 113.97 km) that will provide single outage or N-1

contingency for the Ormoc-Maasin line is expected to have been

completed in August 2016.

The whole island of Bohol was originally supplied through a 100

MVA 138/69kV transmission substation located at Ubay, which receives

power from Leyte through the LeyteBohol transmission interconnection.

From this Ubay substation emanates a looped 69kV subtransmission line

supplying all the substations of BOHECO I, BOHECO II, and BLCI as

illustrated in Figure 1-2.

Bohol Transmission System’s connection to the rest of the Visayas

Grid is one of the major constraints of the island when it comes to the

reliability and security of its supply. The single-circuit Leyte-Bohol

transmission system is not compliant with the Philippine Grid Code’s N-

1 reliability criterion. In the event of an outage of this line, the whole

Bohol Island becomes isolated from the rest of the Visayas Grid and

from its sources of power supply. Moreover, the total capacity of

generating plants inside Bohol is insufficient to supply the total demand.

This transmission constraint became evident when Supertyphoon

Yolanda heavily damaged transmission lines linking Bohol to Leyte.

Bohol suffered a month-long outage, which was much more than what

they experienced from the effects of the 7.2 magnitude earthquake that

hit the island just a month before. Thus, alternative transmission

interconnection of Bohol to other islands of the Visayas is required.

2.2 NEPAL SUBSTATION

The district of Nawalparasi, which contains the targeted area of

the Project, Kawasoti, is a newly industrialized area where new factories

are being constructed, infrastructure being developed, and the

inhabitants are working to eliminate economic disparity. The commerce

and industries in the area show steady growth, which is attracting

people to the area and increasing the population. The new arrivals, with

expectations of economic growth, then demand a reliable electricity

supply. The present power supply to the targeted area is provided in the

following way. The power of 132 kV is transmitted from Bardhaghat

Substation to Bharatpur Substation located 70 km to the east of

Bardhagat Substation via 132 kV transmission line. At Bharatpur

Substation, the power is transformed into 33 kV and then transmitted

to the existing Kawasoti Substation through 33 kV transmission line of

35 km length. The power is transformed from 33 kV into 11 kV at the

existing Kawasoti Substation and then distributed to each consumer.

The transmission capacity of the existing transmission system is too

small to accommodate the recent drastic growth in the number of

consumers. Due to the poor system, the voltage drop at the receiving

end of the 33 kV transmission line exceeds 5% while the national

regulations stipulate such voltage drop shall be less than 5%. Also the

transmission loss is remarkable. Regarding the reliability of the power

supply, the long 33 kV transmission line and 11 kV distribution line are

frequently interrupted by earth faults. This fact makes the electrical

supply to the consumers in this area totally unreliable. Hence, the

Project for the construction of the new Kawasoti Substation is necessary.

The new substation will receive power from the 132 kV transmission

line, having more capacity than the 33 kV transmission line. The new

substation will reinforce the transmission capacity of the existing 33 kV

transmission line. The new substation will have new transformers with

large capacity to reinforce the distribution capacity of the existing

substation. Under such circumstances, in June 2004 His Majesty's

Government of Nepal (hereinafter referred to as "HMG/N") requested a

grant aid from the Government of Japan for construction of the new

Kawasoti Substation. The contents of this request were revised during

the site visit in November 2005. The details of this revision are described

in Clause 2.2.2 - (1).

Contents of the Project 2.1 Basic Concept of the Project (1) Overall

Target and Project Objectives HMG/N has an overall target of eliminating

poverty from rural areas and this goal is stated in the Tenth of Five Years

Development Plan. Terai, where the project target area is located, is a

wide and fertile agricultural area that produces many kinds of

agricultural products. Especially the economical growth of the Kawasoti

area in recent years is conspicuous because the area is close to India

where there are many opportunities for business and trading. Residents

in the mountains are moving in to the area to look for jobs and the

standard of living is increasing. The people in the whole area seem to

be starting to enjoy economic growth. The whole area is built on the

momentum of raising their standard of living. Meanwhile, the capacity

of the electrical supply system is still small and is still hampering the

economic growth of the area. The poor capacity of the electrical facilities

hinders the growth in living standards. The purpose of the project to

improve the electrical supply system is to enhance and continue the

improvement of living standards of the residents of the Kawasoti area

and to reduce poverty and minimize the difference in living standards

between cities and rural areas, which are being hindered by the poor

electrical system. (2) Outline of the Project The exponential growth of

power demand in the Kawasoti area has risen as a result of the industrial

and commercial development caused by the diverse influx of settlers

over a period of 5 years up to 2004. Existing power supply to the

Kawasoti area is by 33 kV sub-transmission line from Bharatpur

Substation and by 11 kV distribution lines, which extend as one (1)

circuit from each existing 33/11 kV Kawasoti Substation and substations

at the both ends of the Kawasoti area, the Bharatpur substation and

Bardhaghat Substation. But the installed capacities of the existing 33 kV

and 11 kV facilities are not sufficient for the actual power demand. The
33 kV sub-transmission line in this area has an excessive voltage drop

beyond the value of 5% specified in the regulations for the country.

There are frequently accidental blackouts on the 33 kV sub-transmission

lines and the 11 kV distribution lines and the power supply has therefore

become unstable. The transformer capacities of the existing substations

will soon be below the required capacity. Under the Project, a new

132/33/11 kV Kawasoti substation will be constructed with a

transformer of 132/33 kV, 30 MVA. The new substation will receive

power from a higher capacity 132 kV transmission line with greater

reliability than the existing 33 kV sub-transmission line. The 132 kV

transmission line will be connected to the 33 kV transmission line system

through the transformer to reinforce the 33 kV transmission line. As the

result, there will be a drastic reduction in the voltage drops, power

outages, and transmission line loss.

2.3 ANECO SUBSTATION

It was incorporated on February 12, 1977 and was organized to

distribute electricity to serve the households, business establishments

and industries in the entire province of Agusan del Norte.

With the support from the NEA, the cooperative has been in continuous

service for more than four (4) decades. Since then, the cooperative has

been guided by its short and long-range plan for system development

guidelines in its efforts to fulfill its goal of being a technically variable

electric service. These were religiously implemented and followed with

substantial evaluation effort to ensure that ANECO’s distribution system

is safe, stable, reliable and efficient.

The distribution substations that supplying the whole Aneco

service area are all tapped to the NPC 69-kV transmission lines.

2.4 USA SUBSTATION

In the United States, the electric power grid consists of over

200,000 miles of high-voltage transmission lines interspersed with

hundreds of large electric power transformers. High voltage (HV)

transformer units make up less than 3% of transformers in U.S. power

substations, but they carry 60%-70% of the nation’s electricity. Because

they serve as vital nodes and carry bulk volumes of electricity, HV

transformers are critical elements of the nation’s electric power grid. HV

transformers are also the most vulnerable to intentional damage from

malicious acts. Recent security exercises, together with a 2013 physical

attack on transformers in Metcalf, CA, have focused congressional

interest on the physical security of HV transformers. They have also

prompted new grid security initiatives by utilities and federal regulators.

Legislative proposals, notably the Grid Reliability and Infrastructure

Defense Act (H.R. 4298 and S. 2158), would expand these efforts by

strengthening federal authority to secure the U.S. grid.

For more than 10 years, the electric utility industry and

government agencies have engaged in a number of initiatives to secure

HV transformers from physical attack and to improve recovery in the

event of a successful attack. These initiatives include coordination and

information sharing, spare equipment programs, security standards,

grid security exercises, and other measures. There has been some level

of physical security investment and an increasing refinement of

voluntary grid security practices across the electric power sector for at

least the last 15 years. Several major transmission owners have recently
announced significant new initiatives specifically to improve the physical

security of critical transformer substations in light of the Metcalf attack.

On March 7, 2014, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

(FERC) ordered the North American Electric Reliability Corporation

(NERC) to submit to the Commission new reliability standards requiring

certain transmission owners “to take steps or demonstrate that they

have taken steps to address physical security risks and vulnerabilities

related to the reliable operation” of the power grid. In its order, FERC

states that physical security standards are necessary because “the

current Reliability Standards do not specifically require entities to take

steps to reasonably protect against physical security attacks.” According

to FERC’s order, the new reliability standards will require grid owners to

perform risk assessments to identify their critical facilities, evaluate

potential threats and vulnerabilities, and implement security plans to

protect against attacks.

There is widespread agreement among state and federal

government officials, utilities, and manufacturers that HV transformers

in the United States are vulnerable to terrorist attack, and that such an

attack potentially could have catastrophic consequences. But the most

serious, multitransformer attacks would require acquiring operational

information and a certain level of sophistication on the part of potential

attackers. Consequently, despite the technical arguments, without more

specific information about potential targets and attacker capabilities, the

true vulnerability of the grid to a multi-HV transformer attack remains

an open question. Incomplete or ambiguous threat information may lead

to inconsistency in physical security among HV transformer owners,

inefficient spending of limited security resources at facilities that may

not really be under threat, or deployment of security measures against

the wrong threat.

As the electric power industry and federal agencies continue their

efforts to improve the physical security of critical HV transformer

substations, Congress may consider several key issues as part of its

oversight of the sector: identifying critical transformers, confidentiality

of critical transformer information, adequacy of HV transformer

protection, quality of federal threat information, and recovery from HV

transformer attacks.

2.5 VECO SUBSTATION (CEBU)

The second largest electric utility in the country serving eight cities

and municipalities in Metro Cebu has upgraded its northern town

substation to meet the growing demand for electricity in the northern

part of its franchise area.In a statement, Visayan Electric Co., Inc.

(VECO) Reputation Enhancement Department manager, Quennie

Sanchez-Bronce, said its Consolacion substation that was inaugurated

last May 10, is expected to meet the demand for electricity brought

about by growing residential developments and the vigorous economy

in the northern corridors of the metro.The Consolacion substation was

built in 1995 with an original 33 mega-volts ampere (MVA) capacity.

Assistant vice president for engineering operations of VECO, engineer

Noel Modesto, said the largest utility firm in the Visayas sees “the need

to improve, rehabilitate and upgrade the substation to a capacity of 66

MVA to improve reliability and flexibility to better serve its customers in

the municipalities of Consolacion and Lilo-an.”Consolacion Mayor Teresa

Alegado, in her speech during the inauguration, thanked VECO for

keeping up with the demands of the municipality’s growing economy.

“We in Consolacion consider VECO as a partner in growth and

development and we are very thankful that VECO readily answers the

call of the times,” Alegado said.

“In fact, VECO is several steps ahead. Seeing that Consolacion is

growing rapidly, you are also preparing your facilities to meet the

demands,” she said, noting that the townsfolk “look forward to working

with you more and we assure you that we will always be hand in hand

in the development of Consolacion.”A substation is a set of equipment,

which transforms voltage from high to low so it would become suitable

for supply to the consumers, the statement read, adding that VECO has

19 substations. The company started the rehabilitation works at the

Consolacion substation in October 2017 and upgraded its capacity in

August 2018.

The upgrading of the Consolacion substation is also in preparation for

the upcoming rehabilitation of the nearby Paknaan (Mandaue)

substation, in June with commissioning targeted by 2020. Rehabilitation

and upgrading works for the Calamba substation in this city into 66 MVA

is ongoing and is expected to be completed this year. VECO, owned and

managed by the publicly-listed Aboitiz Power Corp. and Vivant Corp.,

serves the cities of Cebu, Mandaue, Talisay, and Naga, and four

municipalities of the greater part of Metro Cebu --Liloan, Consolacion,

Minglanilla, and San Fernando. (PNA)

We choose the design preference of Aneco Substation which is

even more accurate to our design than the others since our designed

distribution substation requires 69 kV from the transmission line same

as the substations supplying the whole area covered by Aneco.