ART APPRECIATION LECTURE Part 1

Compiled by: Prof. Ayreenlee E. Resus

I. Literature (Lecture was given)

Literature
Prose
Types of Prose - Play, Legend, Anecdote, Novel, Short Story, Biography, Autobiography, Oration,
News,
Essay, Fable, Parable, Diary, Travelogue
Poetry
Types of Poetry - Narrative, Lyric, Dramatic
Types of Narrative - Epic, Romance, Ballad
Types of Lyric - Folk Songs, Awit, Corrido, Elegy, Sonnet, Psalm, Ode, Haiku
Types of Dramatic – Comedy, Melodrama, Tragedy, Farce, Social Poem

II. Music

Music is the art of arranging sounds in rhythmic succession and generally in combination. Melody
results from this sequence, and harmony from the combinations. Music is both a creative and a
performing art. The common forms are song, march, fugue, sonata, suite, fantasy, concerto, and
symphony.

Three Groups of Musical compositions

1. Vocal music is composed primarily to be sung. The voice or voices are generally accompanied
by one or more instruments.
2. Instrumental music is written for musical instruments.
3. Music combined with other arts:
a. Opera – is a drama set to music; mostly or entirely sung with orchestral accompaniment.
Usually staged with accomplished singers, elaborate scenery and costumes.
b. Operetta and Musical Comedy – a drama set to music but is light, popular, romantic, and
often humorous or comic. Operettas use spoken dialogue instead of recitative.
c. Oratorio and Cantata are sacred musical drama in concert form. These are made up of
recited parts (recitative), arias, and choruses, with orchestral accompaniment. No action,
sets, and
d. costumes are used. Oratories are usually based on Biblical themes.
4. Other forms of arts are the ballet music and background music for motion pictures.

The Four Properties of Musical Sound

1. Pitch. All musical sounds have pitch. It is the location of a tone in the musical scale in relation
to high or low. It refers to the highness or lowness of tone. All sounds are caused by vibration.
Pitch is determined by the rate of vibration which to a large extent depends on the length of
the vibrating body.
2. Duration. This property of sound depends on the length of time over which vibration is
maintained. Tones are not only high or low but also short and long.
3. Volume refers to force or percussive effects as a result of which the tone strikes us as being
loud or soft. Forte means loud, piano means soft.
4. Timbre of tone color – the individual quality of the sound produced by other instruments.

Range of an instrument has to do with the total number of tones it can produce from highest to lowest,
and is determined largely by the size of the instrument. Large objects vibrate more slowly than small
ones, and slower vibrations create lower tones. Small objects produce faster vibrations and hence
higher tones. Ex. The the range of a cello is lower than that of a trumpet.

The total pitch range is divided into four basic areas: soprano, alto, tenor, and bass which
corresponds to the names given to different types of human voices: high female (soprano), low female
(alto), high male (tenor), and low male (bass). Furthermore, each range is divided into three registers:
high, medium, and low. Thus, we speak of the high register of a bassoon, the middle register of a
violin, the low register of a trumpet, etc.

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The Two Mediums in Music

1. Vocal Medium. The oldest and the most popular of all instruments is the human voice. It is the
most personal and direct of all instruments as it comes from within the body. The song projected
by the human voice is the most natural form of music.

Vocal Register. Voices differ considerably in range and register. The Six classes of vocal register
are: a. Soprano (high-register female voice); b. mezzo-soprano (medium-register female voice);
c. alto or contralto (low-register female voice); d. tenor (high-register male voice), e. baritone
(medium-register male voice), and f. bass (low-register male voice). If each of the ranges is sung
by many singers, the group is a chorus or a choir. Choral music is either accompanied or
unaccompanied. A Chorus may be accompanied by any group of instruments or by a solo
keyboard instrument.

Vocal qualities. Voices are also classified according to their timbre or quality of sound.
1. The coloratura soprano is the highest and lightest of all voices. The music written for this
voice is full of runs, trills, and light ornaments.
2. The lyric soprano voice is less high and flute-like ad usually sings less ornamental music. The
voice is specially suited to sweet song-like melodies in which beauty of tone is the
predominant quality.
3. Dramatic soprano voice is heavier ad can convey intense emotions I dramatic situations.
4. The mezzo-soprano voice is between the soprano and contralto in quality and range.
5. The contralto voice is low and rich in quality.
6. The tenor is the highest type in men’s voices.
7. Lyric tenor like lyric soprano has a voice suited to sweet songlike melodies.
8. Dramatic tenor like dramatic soprano has a heavier voice and is capable of conveying intense
emotions in dramatic situations.
9. The baritone voice has a range between tenor and bass.
10. The bass voice has the lowest and deepest quality.

2. Instrumental medium. Medium of music using instruments.

Three main types of Musical instruments are the instruments which are bowed, blown, and struck.

Four groups of musical instruments:

1. Instruments which are bowed are strings.

2. Instruments which are blown fall into two groups: the brasses – usually made of brass;
3. and the woodwinds – originally made of wood (modern flute and piccolo are always made of
metal)
4. Instruments which are struck are called percussion instruments.

Smaller instruments producing faster vibrations and thus higher sounds, and larger instruments
producing slower vibrations and thus lower sounds.

String instruments or stringed instruments provide the basic orchestral sounds. They produced tones
by means of the vibration of a stretched string: There are two types of string instruments:
1. Bowed strings – instruments produce tone by means of a bow of horsehair drawn across the
strings.
These are the:
a. violin - the highest member of the string section of the orchestra. Preeminent in lyric
melody and it has a voice-like quality.
b. Viola – slightly larger than the violin. Its strings are longer thicker, and heavier; lower in
range. It is used more for harmony than for melody.
c. Violoncello (cello) is much longer than the viola; lower in range than the viola and the
strings are thicker and heavier than those of the viola. (Violin is the soprano of the string
section, the viola is the alto, and the cello is the tenor. Together with basses, the cellos
supply the foundation for the harmony of the string choir.)
d. Double bass known as the contrabass, is the largest member of the string family. It is the
lowest in range of the string group.
2. Plucked strings. Although instruments of the bowed string class can produce tone by plucking
the strings (pizzicato), the plucked string instruments produce tone solely by this means. The
player plucks the strings either with his fingers or with a plectrum held in his hand.

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 The guitar family is the most popular stringed instrument today. Others are the banjo, the
mandolin, and the ukulele.
3. Woodwind instruments. These consists of members of four different families:
a. Flute and piccolo
b. Oboe and English Horn
c. Clarinet and Bass clarinet
d. Bassoon and contrabassoon

Flute the first instrument of the woodwinds in the order of ceremonies.

Piccolo, smaller flute, produces the highest notes in the orchestra.
Oboe, made of wood, a double-reed woodwind instrument having a high penetrating tone with
17 keys and six rings.
English horn, a large oboe, with wider and longer and ends in a pear-shaped bell, which
accounts for its soft, somewhat mournful timber.
Clarinet has a single reed but produces three distinct colors in sounds.
Bassoon – one of the most flexible and useful of the bass instruments. It is a highly expansive
instrument.
Saxophone – wind instrument with a single reed that combines the reed of a clarinet with a
curved conical metal tube. It blends with either woodwind or brass.

4. The Brasses consist of the trumpet, horn, trombone, and tuba.

Trumpet possesses a firm and brilliant timbre that lends radiance to the orchestral mass. It has
military history, often associate with partial pomp and vigor or battle calls.
French Horn – normally has a smooth, mellow tone, but can be made to sound very brassy.
The horn has the ability to project sounds across great distances.
Trombone – in Italian means “Large instrument”. Its tone is rich and mellow. Two kinds: tenor
and bass. Bass trombone has a lower range.
The tuba is the bass of the brass choir. Like the string bass and contrabassoon, it furnishes
the foundation for the harmonic fabric.

The cornet is a brass-wind musical instrument of the trumpet family, consisting of a long
looped tube, 9 feet long. It is larger than the trumpet. It has a shorter body and possesses
greater agility.

5. The Percussion instruments are instruments that are made to sound by hitting them with
special sticks, or by striking or shaking their parts together. Some are made of metal or wood.

2 Categories: with definite pitch and with indefinite pitch. With the definite pitch are the
kettledrums or timpani which are used in sets of two or three.

Drums – vibration is set up by striking a stretched skin.

Glockenspiel (German for a set of bells) consists of a series of horizontal tuned plates of
various sizes, made of steel. The player strikes these with mallets, producing bright metallic
sounds.
Xylophone consists of tuned blocks of wood which produce a dry, crisp timbre when struck.
Marimba – xylophone of African and South American origin, is associated with dance music.

Percussion instruments with no definite pitch include the snare drum, bass drum, cymbals,
gong, triangle, and may others.
Snare drum is the small drum in the orchestra. It has a drumhead stretched across each end.

Chimes consist of a set tuned metal tubes of various lengths attached to a frame and struck
with a hammer.

Harp is the said to be one of the oldest musical instruments. Its earliest from appeared in the
Babylonian inscriptions several thousand years ago. This instrument is almost extinct today.

Keyboard instruments are normally included with the percussion group of instruments. They
are operated by means of a keyboard which consists of a series of black and white keys. The
piano, celesta, harpsichord, and organ are all keyboard instruments of definite pitch but each
has physical properties quit different from the others.

Piano is the most popular and most widespread of all instruments. It is an indispensable
instrument for accompaniment.

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 The organ is a principal keyboard instrument, but it has a physical property which makes it a
wind instrument. Nowadays, electronic organ is commonly used wherein the sound is
produced not by wind but electrical oscillators.

COMBINATION OF INSTRUMENTS
1. Ensemble media. When two or more performers are equally engaged in playing or singing a
piece of music, the medium is called an ensemble and the music is called ensemble music.
2. Instruments ensembles – infinite combinations of instruments:
a. Orchestra – most spectacular ensemble, composed of any sizable group of instrumental
performers usually under the direction of a conductor. In the orchestral ensemble, several
instruments of the same kind usually play a given part.
b. The Symphony Orchestra is a large ensemble which includes all the principal instrumental
types. The modern symphony orchestra has about 100 players composed of four sections
corresponding to the four instrumental groupings.
c. Concerto is a form written for orchestra and usually one solo instrument (piano, violin, and
the like) is given a prominent role in music.
d. Band – an instrumental ensemble, large like the orchestra but consisting mainly or
exclusively of wind and percussion instruments. Usually associated with outdoor events
like parades, funerals, football games, etc.
e. Rondalla – best known instrumental group in the Philippines. Band made up of mostly
stringed instruments: the banduria, which assumes the lead part and plays the melody.

Pangkat or Bandang Kawayan is a musical ensemble in the Philippines. It composes of

instruments made of bamboo. It began in PUP Manila under the baton of Mr. Sigredo
Calabig.

3. Mixed ensembles include instruments and voices such as opera, oratorio, cantata, Mass,
Requiem Mass, and even symphonies may employ vocal soloists, chorus and orchestra.
4. Chamber Orchestra, its term is applied to small instrumental ensembles in which there are
only a few performers for a part.
5. Chamber ensembles. Chamber music is a medium which calls for only a few performers (2 to
8 or 9 instruments) with one player to each part. The most common chamber music are as
follows:
a. Solo Sonatas. Music written for a solo instrument (violin, cello, flute, oboe, horn, and the
like) with an accompaniment by such instruments as the piano or harpsichord.
b. String Quartet, the most common medium of chamber music. It consists of 2 violins, a
viola, and a cello. When the piano replaces one of the four instruments, the ensemble is
called a piano quarter.
c. Duos, Trios, Quintets and other. Duos - 2 instruments of equal importance. ; Trios – 3
instruments. Quintet 5; Sextet 6; Septet 7; octet 8; nonet 9. These ensembles may consist
of any combinataion of instruments of different groups.
d. Special Ensembles, combinations of instruments, voices, dances, etc.

Others on Music:

The Harana and Kundiman are lyrical songs popular in the Philippine Islands dating back to the
Spanish period. Harana are traditional courtship songs in the Mexican-Spanish tradition based on the
habanera rhythm while the Kundiman, which has pre-colonial origins from the Tagalog region, uses
triple meter rhythm. Kundiman is also characterized by a minor key at the beginning and shifts to a
major key in the second half. Its lyrics depict a romantic theme, usually portraying love, passion, or
sadness.

In the 1920s Harana and Kundiman became more mainstream musical styles led by performers such
as Atang de la Rama, Jovita Fuentes, Conching Rosal, Sylvia La Torre and Ruben Tagalog.

The traditional harana has been kept alive by companies such as HARANA.PH, which is the only
professional serenade and surprise service in the Philippines.
Honorata de la Rama-Hernandez (January 11, 1902 – July 11, 1991), commonly known as Atang
de la Rama, was a singer and bodabil performer who became the first Filipina film actress.[1]
Atang de la Rama was born in Pandacan, Manila on January 11, 1902. By the age of 7, she was
already starring in Spanish zarzuelas such as Mascota, Sueño de un Vals, and Marina. At the age of
15, she starred in the sarsuela Dalagang Bukid, where she became known for singing the
song, Nabasag na Banga.[2]

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Ruben Tagalog (October 18, 1922 – March 5, 1989) was a Filipino actor and musician, famous for
his works in the Kundiman style. He was also one of the founders of the singing group Mabuhay
Singers. Today,he is now known as the 'Father of Kundiman'.

Ricardo "Ric" Manrique Jr. (23 May 1941[1] – 22 September 2017[2]) is a Filipino Kundiman singer.
He is known as one of the two Hari Ng Kundiman (Kings of Kundiman) in the Philippines,
alongside Ruben Tagalog.[3] He was a member of the Mabuhay Singers in the 1950s. He recorded his
first album in the early 1960s, and recorded most of his songs with Villar Records.

Sylvia La Torre (born June 4, 1933 in Manila, Philippines), known as "The Queen of Kundiman", is
a Filipina singer, actress, and radio star.

Eduardo Villavicencio Peregrina (November 11, 1944 – April 30, 1977), better known as Eddie
Peregrina, was a Philippine singer and leading matinee idol of the 1970s. Dubbed as "the Original
Jukebox King," he was most famous for hit songs such as "What Am I Living For", Together Again,
Two Lovely Flowers and Mardy, among others. He died at the aged of 32 after a freak car accident in
the EDSA road in Manila.

Pilar Garrido Corrales (Pilita Corrales) (born August 22, 1939)[1] is a Filipino pop singer, songwriter,
actress, comedian and television presenter. She is dubbed as "Asia's Queen of Songs" and is widely
known for her rendition of "Kapantay Ay Langit" which eventually became her signature song.[2]
Through the personal invitation of Sammy Davis Jr., Pilita became the first Filipino to sing in Caesars
Palace.

Ryan Cayabyab (born Raymundo Cipriano Pujante Cayabyab on May 4, 1954 in Manila,
Philippines), also known as Mr. C, is a Filipino musician, composer and conductor; he was Executive
and Artistic Director for several years of the defunct San Miguel Foundation for the Performing Arts.
He was named a National Artist of the Philippines in 2018.

Regina Encarnacion Ansong Velasquez (/rɪˈdʒɪn vəˈlæskɛz/; born April 22, 1970) is a Filipino
singer, actress and record producer. She gained recognition by winning both the 1984 Ang Bagong
Kampeon and the 1989 Asia-Pacific Song Contest, representing the Philippines in the latter.
Velasquez rose to fame with the release of "Kung Maibabalik Ko Lang" from her self-titled debut
album in 1987. Velasquez has sold more than 8.5 million records regionally. According to
the Philippine Association of the Record Industry (PARI) she is the best-selling artist of all time in the
Philippines, with seven million certified albums sold domestically and a further 1.5 million in Southeast
and East Asia.

Manila sound is a musical genre in the Philippines that began in the mid-1970s[1] in Manila, the genre
flourished and it peaked in the mid to late 1970s. It is often considered the "bright side" of the martial
law era and has influenced most of modern genres in the country by being the forerunner to OPM.
Original Pilipino music, now more commonly termed original Pinoy music or OPM, originally
referred only to Philippine pop songs, particularly ballads, such as those popular after the collapse of
its predecessor, the Manila sound of the late 1970s. Currently, OPM is used as a catch-all term for
popular music composed and performed by Filipino musicians and singers.

The country's first songwriting competition, Metro Manila Popular Music Festival, was first established
in 1977 and launched by the Popular Music Foundation of the Philippines. The event featured many
prominent singers and songwriters during its time. It was held annually for seven years until its
discontinuation in 1985. It was later revived in 1996 as the "Metropop Song Festival", running for
another seven years before being discontinued in 2003 due to the decline of its popularity.

Pinoy novelty songs became popular in the 1970s up to the early 1980s. Popular novelty singers
around this time were Reycard Duet, Fred Panopio and Yoyoy Villame. Novelty pop acts in the 1990s
and 2000s included Michael V., Bayani Agbayani, Masculados, Vhong Navarro, Sexbomb Girls, Joey
de Leon ("Itaktak Mo"), Viva Hot Babes and Willie Revillame. A novelty song is a comical or
nonsensical song, performed principally for its comical effect. Humorous songs, or those containing
humorous elements, are not necessarily novelty songs.

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Notable folk song composers include the National Artist for Music Lucio San Pedro, who composed
the famous "Sa Ugoy ng Duyan" that recalls about the loving touch of mother to her child. Another
great composer who's known as a patriotic composer is Antonio Buenaventura.

Luciano Pavarotti – hailed as the “King of the High C’s”, a world renowned Italian Tenor.

The conductor is the director of the orchestra. He has to know every detail of the music and be able to
give the most precise directions with his baton and hands.
World music (also called global music or international music)[1] is a musical category encompassing
many different styles of music from around the globe. It includes many forms of ethnic music, indigenous
music, folk music, neotraditional music, and music where more than one cultural tradition, such as non-
Western music and Western popular music, intermingle.
World music's inclusive nature and elasticity as a musical category may pose for some obstacles to a
universal definition, but its ethic of interest in the culturally exotic is encapsulated in fRoots magazine's
description of the genre as "local music from out there". [2]
The term was popularized in the 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music. [3][4] It has
grown to include subgenres such as ethnic fusion (Clannad, Ry Cooder, Enya, etc.)[5] and worldbeat.[6][7]