CH6601-Energy Engineering 2017-2018

CH6601-ENERGY ENGINEERING (VIII SEMESTER)

UNIT-I
ENERGY RESOURCES - A GLOBAL VIEW

COURSE OUTCOME
C310.1 At the end of this unit students are in a position to have knowledge on the global
energy scenario
PART-A
1. Discuss about energy and evolution of culture? (JUNE 2014)
Everything in the universe may be described in terms of energy. In the universe may be described
in terms of energy Galaxies, stars, molecules, and atoms may be regarded as organizations of energy.’
Living organisms may be looked upon as engines which operate by
means of energy derived directly or indirectly from the sun. The civilizations, or cultures of mankind,
also, may be regarded as a form or organization of energy. Culture is an organization
of phenomena- material objects, bodily acts, ideas, and sentiments-which consists of or is dependent upon
the use of symbols. Man, being the only animal capable of symbol-behavior, is the only creature to
possess culture.2 Culture is a kind of behavior. And behavior, whether of
man, mule, plant, comet or molecule, may be treated as a manifestation of energy. Thus, we see, on all
levels of reality that phenomena lend themselves to description and interpretation in terms of energy.

2. How to conserve energy resources?

Energy requirements and types of energy we use are determined by the environmental conditions
we live in. The ability to consume or conserve energy is influenced by these conditions – the type of
community we live in, the types of energy used in our homes and the products that we consume.
Conservation of energy resources does not mean to stop the use of resources. It needs the tapping of the
best technological requirements in order to increase the efficiency in their use rather than in sacrificing
our own needs.

3. What are the different units of energy? (April/May 2017)

Because energy is defined via work, the SI unit for energy is the same as the unit of work –
the joule (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of
heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to 1 newton meter and, in terms of SI base units
An energy unit that is used in atomic physics, particle physics and high
energy physics is the electron volt (eV). One eV is equivalent to 1.60217653×10−19 J.
In spectroscopy the unit cm−1 = 0.000123986 eV is used to represent energy since energy is
inversely proportional to wavelength from the equation. In discussions of energy production and
consumption, the units barrel of oil equivalent and ton of oil equivalent are often used. When
discussing amounts of energy released in explosions or bolide impact events, the TNT equivalent unit is
often used.

4. List out the possible steps that could reduce the gap between supply and demand.
(April/May 2011), (May/June 2012)
When the four basic laws of supply and demand are followed it will reduce the gap between
supply and demand:
If demand increases and supply remains unchanged, then it leads to higher equilibrium price and
quantity.
If demand decreases and supply remains unchanged, then it leads to lower equilibrium price and
quantity.
If supply increases and demand remains unchanged, then it leads to lower equilibrium price and higher
quantity.
If supply decreases and demand remains unchanged, then it leads to higher price and lower quantity.

5. What are the various reasons for the depletion of energy resources? (May/June 2012)
Dependence on only particular energy sources, unaware of alternate energy
sources, improper utilization etc…

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6. Give notes on national and international issues of energy resources. (May/June 2012)
All forms of electricity generation – clean coal, nuclear and renewables, including large hydro –
and energy efficiency have a role in meeting electricity demand. There is no universal solution and the
optimum mix should reflect available local resources and regional integration.
Some industrialized countries need significant investment to maintain electricity infrastructure and face
the pressures of demand growth. Huge investments are required and a stable and predictable regulatory
framework will facilitate private investment.
Transmission networks need to be further integrated and modernized to create regional efficiency and
optimize the use of resources. Regional integration of electric power systems that allows pooling
generation sources over a vast geographical area has been a standard approach to attain efficiency of
electricity supply. In developed countries there is a long-standing tradition of such integration. In
developing countries, the advantages of regional integration are well acknowledged and significant
efforts are devoted worldwide to expand the reach of fully integrated power systems.

7. Discuss the uncertainties related to fossil fuels. (Nov/Dec 2011)

Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form, and
reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. The production and use of fossil
fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement towards the generation of renewable energy is
therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around
21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO 2) per year, but it is estimated that natural
processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of
atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7
tonnes of carbon dioxide). Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radioactive
forcing and contributes to global warming, causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise in
response, which the vast majority of climate scientists agree will cause major adverse effects.

8. Discuss supply and demand with respect to energy resources. (Nov/Dec 2012)
Supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It concludes that in
a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good will vary until it settles at a point where the
quantity demanded by consumers (at current price) will equal the
quantity supplied by producers (at current price), resulting in an economic equilibrium of price and
quantity.
The four basic laws of supply and demand are
If demand increases and supply remains unchanged then higher equilibrium price and quantity.
If demand decreases and supply remains the same then lower equilibrium price and quantity.
If supply increases and demand remains unchanged then lower equilibrium price and higher
quantity.
If supply decreases and demand remains the same then higher price and lower quantity.

9. Classify energy resources based on usability?

(a) Primary Resources: These are resources found in nature prior to undergoing any human
made conversions or transformations. Examples: coal, crude oil, sunlight, wind, running rivers,
vegetation, uranium, etc. These resources are generally available in raw forms and are, therefore,
known as raw energy resources. Generally, this form of energy cannot be used as such. These are located,
explored, extracted, processed and are converted to a form as required by the consumer. Thus, some
energy is spent in making the resource available to a user in a usable form. The
energy yield ratio of an energy extraction process is defined as follows: Only resources for which the
energy yield ratio is fairly high are considered worthy of exploration.
(b) Intermediate Resources: These are obtained from primary energy by one or more steps of
transformation and are used as vehicles of energy
(c) Secondary Resources: The form of energy which is finally supplied to a consumer for utilization is
known as secondary or usable energy, e.g. electrical e energy (in the form of steam
or hot water), chemical energy (in the form of hydrogen or fossil fuel ls), etc. Some forms of energy may
be categorized both in intermediate as well as secondary resources, e.g., electricity and hydrogen.

10. Classify energy resources based on traditional use?

(a) Conventional Energy resource s: which are being traditionally used for many decades and

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were in common use around the oil crisis of 1973, are called conventional energy resources, e.g., fossil
fuels, nuclear and hydro resources.
(b) Non-conventional Energy resources: which are considered for large-scale use after the oil crisis of
1973, are called non-energy sources, e.g. solar, wind, biomass, etc.

11. Classify energy resources based on long term availability?

(a) Non-renewable Resources: which are finite and do not get replenished after their consumption are
called non-renewable, e.g., fossil fuels, uranium, etc.
(b) Renewable Resources: which are renewed by nature again and again and their supply is not
affected by the rate of their consumption are called renewable, e.g., solar, wind, biomass, ocean (thermal,
tidal and wave), geothermal etc.

12. What are the different energy conversion factors?

13. What are the alternative sources of energy? (APRIL/MAY 15)

Alternative energy sources are renewable and are thought to be "free" energy sources. They all
have lower carbon emissions, compared to conventional energy sources. These include Biomass
Energy, Wind Energy, Solar Energy, Geothermal Energy, Hydroelectric Energy sources.

14. Define energy crisis?

The energy crisis is the concern that the world’s demands on the limited natural resources that
are used to power industrial society are diminishing as the demand rises. These natural resources
are in limited supply. While they do occur naturally, it can take hundreds of thousands of years to
replenish the stores. Governments and concerned individuals are working to make the use of
renewable resources a priority, and to lessen the irresponsible use of natural supplies through increased
conservation.

15. Mention some of the causes for energy crisis?

Overconsumption: The energy crisis is a result of many different strains on our natural
resources, not just one. There is a strain on fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal due to
overconsumption – which then in turn can put a strain on our water and oxygen resources by causing
pollution.
Overpopulation: Another cause of the crisis has been the steady increase in the world’s
population and its demands for fuel and products. No matter what type of food or products you
choose to use – from fair trade and organic to those made from petroleum products in a sweatshop – not
one of them is made or transported without a significant drain on our energy resources.
Unexplored Renewable Energy Options: Renewable energy still remains unused is most of the
countries. Most of the energy comes from non-renewable sources like coal. It still remains the top choice
to produce energy.
Delay in Commissioning of Power Plants: In few countries, there is a significant delay in
commissioning of new power plants that can fill the gap between demand and supply of energy. The
result is that old plants come under huge stress to meet the daily demand for power. When supply doesn’t
match demand, it results in load shedding and break down.
Wastage of Energy: In most parts of the world, people do not realize the importance of
conserving energy. Simple things like switching off fans and lights when not in use, using maximum

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daylight, walking instead of driving for short distances, using CFL instead of traditional bulbs, proper
insulation.

16. Mention the possible solutions for energy crisis?

Move towards Renewable Resources
Buy Energy Efficient products.
Lighting Controls
Easier Grid Access
Energy Simulation.
Perform Energy Audit
Common Stand on Climate Change

17. What are the various forms of energy? (May/June2013)

Light, heat, electricity, hydrogen and fuel

18. How are energy and environment being related? (Nov/Dec 2011), (Nov/Dec 2012)
Energy and the environment are popular themes of the new millennium because both are closely
interlinked. Energy includes kinetic energy (we can work), potential energy (we lift an! --object--),
thermal energy (it relates to heating or cooling), electricity (we emit light or run a factory) and chemical
energy (it is also indispensable to our daily life). We can get these energies from solar, oil, coal, wind or
tidal power etc. Energy is an irreplaceable part of our life and it is highly correlated with the environment.
Imagine what it would be like if we were out of electricity and oil... It would be eerily dark and freezing.
We could hardly prepare food. We also have to walk
because there is no car, train or bus. But thinking from environment perspective no energy means no
power generation, which translates into less consumption of energy and fossil fuel. Also, no car equals to
no air pollution. Here we can clearly see negative correlation exists between energy and environment
protection. While energy development has enriched our life, it has worsened eco-pollution. As we have
entered into industrial age with cars and factories, environmental destruction has further gained
momentum.

19. How does the population affect the energy and environment? (Nov/Dec 2012)
As the New Century begins, Natural Resources are under increasing pressure,
threatening Public Health and Development.
Many areas are afflicted by,
Ø Water shortages
Ø Soil exhaustion
Ø Loss of forests
Ø Air and water pollution
Ø Degradation of coastlines etc.
As the world's population grows, improving living standards without destroying the Environment is a
Global challenge. Most developing countries with rapid population growth face the urgent need to
improve living standards. As we exploit the nature to meet the present needs, we are destroying the
resources needed for the future. Environment Getting Worse in the past decade in every environmental
sector, conditions have either failed to improve, or they are worsening.

20. Write about the uncertainties related to nuclear energy. (Nov/Dec 2012)
Concerns over nuclear energy use have been eclipsed by energy price volatility, the global
recession, political unrest and future climate frameworks as the top uncertainties for global energy
leaders, according to the World Energy Council (WEC). Nuclear appears as "a more critical uncertainty"
in North America as compared to the global level, WEC suggests, primarily because the region has a
large fleet of ageing nuclear power plants. It notes that, even with 20 - year life extensions, most existing
plants will be retired by 2050. WEC chairman Pierre Gadonneix: "With energy now topping the global
agenda, our 2013 World Energy Issues Monitor clearly reveals that the critical issues identified by energy
leaders are macroeconomic and geopolitical." He added, "In particular, uncertainties surrounding climate
framework reveal the strong desire of the energy sector to have clearer and more balanced governance.
The survey also reveals the need to identify pragmatic, cost-effective, and technology- neutral policies."

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21. List the need of conservation of energy (APRIL/MAY 15)

Energy is an indispensable component of industrial product, employment, economic
growth, environment and comfort.

22. List the advantages of alternative energy sources over conventional energy sources?
(APRIL/MAY 15)
Alternative energy sources are renewable and are thought to be "free" energy sources. They all
have lower carbon emissions, compared to conventional energy sources.

23.What are the major conventional energy resources available in India? (April/May 2017)
With increasing demand for energy and with fast depleting conventional sources of energy such
as coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. the non-conventional sources of energy such as energy from sun,
wind, biomass, tidal energy, geo-thermal energy and even energy from waste material are gaining
importance. This energy is abundant, renewable, pollution free and eco-friendly.

PART –B
1. What are the various sources of energy? Discuss the current energy sources and feasibility of the future
power generation with these sources in India?
2. Explain the national and international issues related to energy sources. (APRIL/MAY 15)
3. Sketch the supply demand curve for energy. Explain briefly the strategies required to overcome
the shortage of energy (APRIL/MAY 15)
4. Explain the various form of energy with suitable example? (APRIL/MAY 15)
5. Which energy sources may play an important role for future development in India?
6. Discuss the oil and natural gas exploration from sea in India.
7. (a) Importance of energy crisis in India. (MAY/JUNE 2014)
(b) Energy speculations and its economic disadvantages
(c) Causes and effects of depletion of energy
(d) Mention some national issues related to energy policies and use.
8. Name few important large-scale petroleum refineries in India. Give the economically feasible scheme for
energy saving in a refinery.
9. Outline the energy problems in India. Discuss briefly how economic growth and energy consumption in
India is related.
10. Discuss the national and international issues concerned with energy conservation and depletion.
11. Discuss present global issues on energy conservation. (April/May 2011), (Nov/Dec 2012)
12. Explain the need for energy conservation. (May/June 2012), (May/June 2013)
13. How do the uncertainties in energy production affect the growth of nation? (May/June 2013)
14. (a) What are the promising renewable energy sources in India? (April/May 2011)
(b) What are the forecasting techniques available for energy demand?

UNIT-II
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
COURSE OUTCOME
C310.2 At the end of this unit students are in a position to have knowledge on various
conventional sources of energy

PART-A
1. Name the common types of conventional energy sources we encounter. (May/June 2013)
Energy that has been used from ancient times is known as conventional energy. Coal, natural
gas, oil, and firewood are examples of conventional energy sources.
2. Name the characteristics of Renewable energy sources. (May/June 2013)
The biotic resources developed as a result of photosynthetic activity of green plants are
renewable in nature. But its productivity is limited by availability of water nutrients and environmental
conditions. Although enormous quantity of water is present in our planet for fresh water life depends on
precipitation which too is an available infinite quantity annually, it should be known that replenishment
resources are dependent upon non-renewable resources for their replenishment e.g. production of
agricultural crops (renewable resources) depends on iron, copper and other metals as well as phosphate
and other fertilizer components (non-renewable resources).

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3. What are primary and secondary energy sources? (JUNE 2014)

Primary energy sources can be defined as sources which provide a net supply
of energy. Ex. Coal, oil, natural gas etc.
Secondary energy sources do not provide net energy. Ex. Solar energy, tidal energy, water energy etc.

4. Define renewable and non-renewable energy resources. (Nov/Dec 2011).

Renewable sources of energy (non- conventional sources) are those natural resources which are
inexhaustible and can be used to produce energy again and again. Ex. Solar energy, wind energy, energy
from biomass and biogas, tidal energy, geothermal energy.
Non-renewable sources of energy (conventional sources) are those which are exhaustible and cannot be
replaced once they are used. Ex. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, gas etc.

5. What is a coking coal?

When the plastic behavior is such that the resulting solid product is a very strong, hard, porous
mass, the product is called coke, and the original coal is called a coking coal.

6. What do you mean by proximate and ultimate analysis of coal?

The proximate analysis of coal is the determination of moisture of volatile matter, fixed carbon
and ash content.
The Ultimate analysis of coal is the determination of the principal elements of coal, namely,
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.

7. Define Waste heat recovery.

A waste heat recovery unit (WHRU) is an energy recovery heat exchanger that recovers heat
from hot streams with potential high energy content, such as hot flue gases from a diesel generator or
steam from cooling towers or even waste water from different cooling processes such as in steel cooling.

8. Define calorific value. Write the units of calorific value of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
Calorific value (CV) is defined as the quantity of heat liberated by the combustion of unit
quantity of fuel. Unit of
− 3
Calorific value of solid and liquid fuels is MJ kg−1. Unit of Calorific value of
gaseous fuels is MJ m
9. What are the major constituents of liquid petroleum gas (LPG)?
The major constituents of liquid petroleum gas (auto gas) are propane and butane.

10. What is a natural gas?

Natural gas is a mixture of light hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane, butanes and
pentanes. Other compounds found in natural gas include CO, helium, hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen.

11. How are natural gas products marketed?

Natural gas and/or its constituent hydrocarbons are marketed in the form of different products,
such as lean natural gas, wet natural gas (liquefied natural gas (LPG)) compressed natural gas (CNG),
natural gas liquids (NFL), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gasoline, natural gas condensate,
ethane, propane, ethane-propane fraction and butanes.
12. What do you mean by hydro -electricity?
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of
electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most
widely used form of renewable energy
13. What do you mean by nuclear energy?
Energy created in a nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy, or atomic energy. Nuclear energy is
produced naturally and in man-made operations under human control.
Differentiate between Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. (May/June 2012, NOV/DEC 2016)
Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fission
Process in which two or more atomic Nuclear reaction in which the nucleus
nuclei join together, or "fuse", to form a of an atom splits into smaller parts
single heavier nucleus. (lighter nuclei), often producing free
neutrons and photons (in the form of
gamma rays).

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Fusion is an endothermic reaction. Fission of heavy elements is an

Ex. Hydrogen Bomb exothermic reaction.
Ex. Atom Bomb

14. What are fossil fuels? What are main disadvantages of using fossil fuels? (April/May 2011)
Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried
dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years,
and sometimes exceeds 650 million years. The fossil fuels, which contain high percentages of carbon,
include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are dead organic matter.
Disadvantages-
Pollution is the biggest disadvantage of fossil fuels. During combustion, it emits harmful gases like-
carbon dioxide and Sulphur dioxide, which is responsible for causing greenhouse effect. These
harmful gases increase the level of global warming. Sulphur dioxide gas causes acid rain, which can
be very disastrous.
Mining coal is the other biggest disadvantage. Mining of coal leads to deforestation. Coal mining is the
very dangerous job; coal miners always have the risk of life.
Power stations, which make use of coal, needs excessive amount of fuel. Therefore, they regularly need
the, proper supply of coal through truck or train to operate and to generate electricity. This means that
they also need large area for the reservation of coal.
Usage of natural gas causes horrible smell especially during transportation.
Crude oil is very hazardous. It causes environmental pollution.
fossil fuels produce around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO 2).

15. What are the different methods of waste heat recovery?

Many different commercial recovery units for the transferring of energy from hot medium space
to lower one is available. The following are the important methods: Recuperators, Regenerators, Heat
pipe exchanger, Economizer and Heat pumps.

16. What is meant by recuperator?

The name is given to different types of heat exchanger that the exhaust gases are passed through,
consisting of metal tubes that carry the inlet gas and thus preheating the gas before entering the process.
The heat wheel is an example which operates on the same principle as a solar air conditioning unit.

17. What is Fluidized Bed Combustion?

Fluidized beds suspend solid fuels on upward-blowing jets of air during the combustion process.
The result is a turbulent mixing of gas and solids. The tumbling action, much like a bubbling fluid,
provides more effective chemical reactions and heat transfer. Fluidized bed combustion evolved from
efforts to find a combustion process able to control pollutant emissions without external emission controls
(such as scrubbers). The technology burns fuel at temperatures of 1,400 to 1,700 degrees F, well below
the threshold where Nitrogen Oxides form (at approximately 2,500 degrees F, the nitrogen and oxygen
atoms in the combustion air combine to form nitrogen oxide pollutants).

18. What is a Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler?

A Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler is a fully contained state-of-the-art technology for processing
solid fuels where fuel is suspended in a mixture of superheated air and sand, collectively called the "fluid
bed." Reagents like limestone are added, and temperatures are controlled to directly capture the sulfur
and reduce formation of Nitrogen Oxides. Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers produce 90% fewer
emissions compared to typical coal fired power plants.

19. Write a few important applications of fluidized bed combustion.

The three broad areas of application of fluidized-bed combustion are incineration, gasification,
and steam generation.

20.Enumerate the advantages of fluidized bed combustion. (April/May 2017)

1. High thermal efficiency

2. Easy ash removal system, to be transferred for made cement
3. Short commissioning and erection period

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4. Fully automated and thus ensures safe operation, even at extreme temperatures
5. Efficient operation at temperatures down to 150° C (i.e. well below the ash fusion temperature)
6. Reduced coal crushing etc.

21.What is the main function of nuclear reactor. (April/May 2017)

A nuclear reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of certain
elements. In a nuclear power reactor, the energy released is used as heat to make steam to generate
electricity.

PART –B
1. Discuss the oil and natural gas exploration from sea in India.
2. With the help of a neat schematic diagram explain the process of nuclear power generation.
3. With a neat diagram explain the production of hydroelectricity and discuss its advantages and
disadvantages. (April/May 2011)
4. Write notes on nuclear proliferation risks associated with the expansion of nuclear power. (MAY/JUNE
2014).
5. With a neat diagram explain the production of geothermal energy and discuss its advantages and
disadvantages.
6. i) Explain different types of coal in detail
ii) Explain the methods of coal cleaning.
7. With a neat diagram explain the construction and working principle of hydro-electric power plant and
discuss its advantages and disadvantages. (MAY/JUNE 2014)
8. With a neat diagram explain the production of nuclear energy and discuss its advantages and
disadvantages.
9. Explain the working of hydro power plant and its efficiency. (April/May 2011)
10. Discuss the techniques used for conversion of fossil fuels. (April/May 2011)
11. Discuss in detail about the contribution of various types of fossil fuels towards energy generation.
(Nov/Dec 2011), (Nov/Dec 2012)
12. List and explain the various consequence of depletion of fossil fuels and the need for energy
conservation. (Nov/Dec 2011), (Nov/Dec 2012)
13. What is meant by renewable energy resources? Explain in brief. (May/June 2012)
14. Explain the power generation scheme in a thermal power plant. (May/June 2013)
15. List the merits and demerits of power generation through renewable energy
resources.
16. Explain in detail about fluidized bed combustion with neat sketch and explain power generation. State its
design parameters. (April/May 2017)
17. State the advantages and disadvantages of thermal, hydel, nuclear energy sources. (April/May 2017)
18. Explain the different methods and equipments used for waste heat recovery?

Unit III
NON- CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
COURSE OUTCOME
C310.3 At the end of this unit students are in a position to have knowledge on various non-
conventional sources of energy

PART-A
1. Write briefly about Geothermal energy. (April/May 2011), (May/June 2012)
Temperature of the earth increases at the rate of 20 – 75oC per Km, when we move down the earth’s
surface. High temperature and pressure fields exists below the earth’s surface in many places. The energy
harnessed from the high temperature present inside the earth is called geothermal energy.

2. Write a note on tidal energy.

Ocean tides produced by gravitational forces of the sun and moon contain enormous amount of energy
which can be harnessed by constructing a tidal barrage.

3. What is the necessity of alternate energy resources? (Nov/Dec 2011), (May/June 2012)
Importance of solar energy, hydel power projects, hydroelectric power generation – to avoid
environmental implications, ecological balance existing on earth – to provide more energy to meet the
requirements of increasing population, to reduce environmental pollution, to reduce safety and security
risks associated with the use of nuclear energy.

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4. What is the use of sunshine recorder?

A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location. The results
provide information about the weather and climate of a geographical area.

5. Define the solar constant ISc

The solar constant is defined as the quantity of solar energy (W/m²) at normal incidence outside the
atmosphere (extraterrestrial) at the mean sun-earth distance. Its mean value is 1367.7 W/m².

6. What are the factors that determine the output from a wind energy converter?
The power output of a wind turbine is dependent on the efficiency of the blades, gear assembly,
alternator/dynamo, as well as wind speed and wind consistency. The power output of taller wind turbines
is greater due to the fact that wind speeds are greater at higher altitudes. Some of the factors affecting
wind turbine performance include blade weight, strength, and shape.

7. What are the classifications of solar air collectors?

Types of solar collector include:
Glazed flat-plate collectors
Unglazed flat-plate collectors
Unglazed perforated plate collector
Batch collectors
Evacuated-tube collectors
Liquid-based collectors
Air-based collectors
Concentrating collectors

8. Define the power coefficient of wind power.

The ratio of power produced by a wind energy conversion device to the power in a reference area of the
free Windstream.

9. Mention the temperature range of solar flat plate collector and evacuated plate collector. Solar
flat plate collector: 20 – 80
Solar evacuated plate collector: 20 -120

10. Define altitude angle (solar altitude)

The angle between a line from a point on the Earth's surface to the center of the solar disk, and a line
extending horizontally from the point.

11. Write few important applications of Solar Energy.

Architecture applications, Solar cells, solar panels, Industrial uses, Rural vacation homes, Water heating
and pumping.
(UV) radiation into DC electricity. Photovoltaic cells are an integral part of solar-electric energy
systems, which are becoming increasingly important as alternative sources of utility power.

12. What is the theoretical conversion efficiency for wind energy? (April/May 2011)
Energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion
machine and the input, in energy terms. The useful output may be electric
power, mechanical work, or heat.

13. What is tidal power? (Nov/Dec 2011)

Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into
useful forms of power - mainly electricity. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has
potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power.
Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and
limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total
availability.

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14. Define theoretical conversion efficiency for tidal energy. (Nov/Dec 2012)
Energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine
and the input, in energy terms. The useful output may be electric power, mechanical work, or heat.

15. What do you mean by energy plantations?

Energy plantation means growing select species of trees and shrubs which are harvestable in a
comparably shorter time and are specifically meant for fuel. The fuel wood may be used either
directly in wood burning stoves and boilers or processed into methanol, ethanol and producer gas.

16. Define solar distillation.

Solar distillation is the use of solar energy to evaporate water and collect its condensate within the same
closed system. Unlike other forms of water purification, it can turn salt or brackish water into fresh
drinking water.
17. What are solar ponds
A pool of very salty water in which convection is inhibited, allowing accumulation of energy from solar
radiation in the lower layers.

18. What are the different types of wind rotors?

- With horizontal axis
- With vertical axis
- Hybrid
Moreover, wind rotors can be classified into:
RESISTANCE SYSTEMS: where the blade offers resistance to the wind which presses on it making
it move and generating mechanical energy.
LIFT SYSTEMS: where the blade, of aerodynamic form, exploits the lift principle, i.e. the air flow
(wind) which allows it to move generating mechanical energy.

20. Name the negative impacts of Geothermal Energy. (May/June 2013)

The big problem is that there are not many places where you can build a geothermal power station.
You need hot rocks of a suitable type, at a depth where we can drill down to them.
The type of rock above is also important; it must be of a type that we can easily drill through.
Sometimes a geothermal site may "run out of steam", perhaps for decades.
Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from underground, and can be difficult to safely dispose of.

21. List the advantages and limitations of tidal power sources. (MAY/JUNE 2016)
advantages
1)It is an inexhaustible source of energy.
2) Tidal energy is environment friendly energy and doesn't produce greenhouse gases.
3) As 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water, there is scope to generate this energy on large
scale.
limitations
1) Cost of construction of tidal power plant is high.
2) There are very few ideal locations for construction of plant and they too are localized to coastal
regions only.
3) Intensity of sea waves is unpredictable and there can be damage to power generation units.

22. Define the performance rating and efficiency of solar still (April/May 2017)
A solar still distills water, using the heat of the Sun to evaporate, cool then collect the water.
Number of performance parameters such as water depth, cover tilt angle, condensing cover cooling, dyes,
wicks, reflectors, sun tracking system, thermal and energy storing materials, etc. greatly affect the output
of the solar still.
Efficiency of the solar still device can be enhanced by increasing evaporation rate that is a combined
effect of solar radiation, cover glass temperature, water contamination density, base plate absorptivity and
provide additional heat by solar water preheating system.

23. How wind turbine generators are classified? (April/May 2017)

According to Size and Design
1.Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)
2.Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)
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PART-B

1. With the help of a neat sketch, describe tower concept for solar thermal power generation.
2. What is the basic principle of wind energy conversion? Draw a neat sketch of wind mill and discuss its
design aspects for power generation.
3. What are the main types of OTEC power plants? Describe their working in brief.
4. Mention the applications of geothermal energy. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
Geothermal Energy forms? (May/June 2014)
5. Describe with neat sketches the working principle of the following power generation sources:
i)Wind, ii) Solar (May/June 2012).
7. Discuss briefly about solar energy production and explain solar collection systems.
8. Describe with neat sketches the working principle of the power generation sources of
a. Geothermal
b. Tidal wave
9. What are high and low tides. Describe with sketches how tidal energy is harnessed for generating
power. (April/May 2011) (APRIL/MAY 15)
10. Explain the working of low temperature solar system for power generation. (April/May 2011),
a. (May/June 2012), (Nov/Dec 2012)
11. Explain with neat sketch the process production from: (April/May 2011)
i. Wind Energy
ii. Hydro Energy
12. Discuss the methods of power production from Magneto Hydro Dynamics and the various losses
associated with it. (Nov/Dec 2011), (Nov/Dec 2012)
13. Compare the various alternative energy sources as a future source of energy. (Nov/Dec 2011)
14. Discuss geothermal power and its applications in various fields. (May/June 2012)
15. What are the types of tidal power generation systems? Explain with neat sketches.
(May/June2013)
16. Write on wind power potential in India. Mention Beltz Limit. (May/June 2013,2014)
17. Sketch and explain the principle involved in working of solar pond. (NOV/DEC 2015)
18. Explain the prospects of utilization of wind energy in our country. (NOV/DEC 2015)
19. Explain the current trend in generation of power from wind and water. (NOV/DEC 2015)
20. A) How solar air collectors classified? (4) (b)What are the main components of a flat plate solar collector,
explain the function of each? (8) (c) List the advantages and disadvantages of concentrating collector
over flat plate collector (4) (NOV/DEC 2015) (April/May 2017)
21. Describe with a neat sketch the working of a wind energy conservation system (WECS) including the
main components. (NOV/DEC 2015)
22. Describe the various type of wind rotor and economy of windfarm. (April/May 2017)

UNIT-IV
BIOMASS ENERGY
COURSE OUTCOME
C310.4 At the end of this unit students are in a position to have knowledge on various energy
alternatives from biomass

PART-A
1. List out the processes involved in the biochemical energy conversion processes.
Photosynthesis, glycolysis, nitrogen fixation and fermentation processes

2. What is the difference between bio-mass and bio-gas? (NOV/DEC 2015)

Biomass is the amount of living matter in a given habitat, expressed either as the weight of
organisms per unit area or as the volume of organisms per unit volume of habitat.
Biogas is any gas fuel derived from the decay of organic matter, as the mixture of methane and carbon
dioxide produced by the bacterial decomposition of sewage, manure, garbage, or plant crops.

3. What are the major constituents of bio-gas?

Typical composition of biogas

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Methane (CH4) 50–75%, Carbon dioxide (CO2) 25–50%, Nitrogen (N2) 0-10%,
Hydrogen (H2) 0–1%, Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 0–3%.

4. What is Bio-gas?
Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of
oxygen. Biogas originates from biogenic material and is a type of biofuel. Biogas is produced by
anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure, sewage,
municipal waste, green waste, plant material and energy crops This type of biogas comprises primarily
methane and carbon dioxide.
5. Name the materials used for Bio-gas generation.
Feed stock materials, animal wastes, human wastes, agricultural wastes, industrial wastes and
wastes of aquatic origin.

6. What are the techniques suggested for maintaining the biogas production?
Insulating the gas plant, composting, hot water circulation, use of chemicals, solar energy
systems.

7. Define combustion.
It is the process of rapid chemical combination of oxygen with the combustible portions of the fuels in
heat release.

8. Define pyrolysis.
Pyrolysis is a general term used for all the processes whereby organic material is heated or partially
combusted to produce secondary fuels and chemical products.

9. Define Gasification.
The word gasification implies converting a solid or liquid into a gaseous fuel without leaving any solid
carbonaceous residue.

10. What is bio crude?

Pyrolysis oil, sometimes also known as bio crude or bio oil, is a synthetic fuel under investigation
as substitute for petroleum. It is extracted by biomass to liquid technology of destructive distillation from
dried biomass in a reactor at temperature of about 500 °C with subsequent cooling.

11. Discuss the conversion of biomass into useful form of energy.

Methods of converting biomass into useful forms of energy can be broadly classified as
Biochemical and Thermochemical.
Biochemical conversion route is a low energy process and relies upon the action of bacteria which
degrade complex molecules into simpler ones.
In thermochemical conversion biomass is raised to high temperatures and depending on the quantity of
oxygen supplied processes such as pyrolysis, gasification and combustion occurs.

12. What are the different methods of biomass estimation?

Biomass can be determined using either direct or indirect sampling methods. Direct methods
involve techniques that weigh or estimate the actual biomass of plants in quadrats. Indirect methods are
based on developing a relationship between plant weight and an easier-to-measure attribute such as plant
height, rainfall, or cover.
The most suitable approach to determine biomass in an inventory or monitoring program depends on the
type of vegetation, skills of observers, sample size requirements, and time and budgetary constraints.
13. What is Biochemical conversion of biomass?
Biochemical conversion route is a low energy process and relies upon the action of bacteria which
degrade complex molecules into simpler ones.

14. What is thermochemical conversion of biomass?

In thermochemical conversion biomass is raised to high temperatures and depending on the quantity
of oxygen supplied processes such as pyrolysis, gasification and combustion occurs

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15. What is biodiesel?

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be produced from
straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste cooking oil. The process used to convert these oils
to Biodiesel is called transesterification.

16. What is transesterification?

The transesterification process is the reaction of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters and
glycerol. A triglyceride has a glycerin molecule as its base with three long chain fatty acids attached. The
characteristics of the fat are determined by the nature of the fatty acids attached to the glycerin. The
nature of the fatty acids can, in turn, affect the characteristics of the biodiesel.

17. What is bioconversion?

Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation, is the conversion of organic materials, such as plant or
animal waste, into usable products or energy sources by biological processes or agents, such as certain
microorganisms.

18. What id bio gasification?

Biomass gasification is a process of converting solid biomass fuel into a gaseous combustible
gas (called producer gas) through a sequence of thermo-chemical reactions. The gas is a low-heating
value fuel, with a calorific value between 1000- 1200 kcal/Nm3 (kilo calorie per normal cubic meter).

19. What is integrated gasification

An integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a technology that uses a high
pressure gasifier to turn coal and other carbon-based fuels into pressurized gas—synthesis gas (syngas). It
can then remove impurities from the syngas prior to the power generation cycle.

20. Define Biofuels

Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass. The term covers solid
biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention,
driven by factors such as oil price spikes, the need for increased energy security, and concern over
greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.

21.Define the forms of Biomass conversion (April/May 2017)

Thermal conversion: It is the use of heat, with or without the presence of oxygen to convert biomass
materials or feedstocks into other forms of energy. Thermal conversion technologies include direct
combustion, pyrolysis and Torre faction.
Thermochemical conversion: It is the application of heat and chemical processes in the production of
energy products from biomass. A key thermochemical conversion process if gasification.
Biochemical conversion: It involves use of enzyme, bacteria or other microorganism to break down
biomass into liquid fuels and includes anaerobic digestion and fermentation.
Chemical conversion: It involve use of chemical agents to convert biomass into liquid fuels.

22.List the categories of Biomass resources. (April/May 2017)

Wood and agriculture product
yard clippings, wood chips and even municipal solid waste.
PART-B

1. With the help of a neat diagram explain the production of biogas

2. Discuss in detail, the production of fuel from biomass. (NOV/DEC 2015)
3. Explain about the origin and various biomass resources?
4. What is Biomass estimation? Explain in detail about different methods for Biomass estimation?
5. Explain (i) Thermo chemical conversion (ii) Biological conversion (iii) Chemical conversion
6. Explain about solvolysis?
7. Explain in detail about integrated gasification process?
8. Explain about biodiesel power generation?
9. Explain in detail about biodiesel production?
10. Explain the various methods for conversion of biomass into useful form of energy

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11. Classify and explain the biomass gasifier with neat sketches. (April/May 2017)
12. Write a short note on
(i)Hydrolysis
(ii)Hydrogeneration
(iii)Solvolysis
(iv)Biodiesel (April/May 2017)

UNIT-V
ENERGY CONSERVATION

COURSE OUTCOME
C310.5 At the end of this unit students are in a position to have knowledge on various energy
conservation methodologies, energy audit, energy management etc.
PART-A
1. What are the different types of energy audit?
Preliminary energy audit: - Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data
Detailed energy audit: - Evaluates all energy using system, equipment and include detailed energy
savings and costs
Carried out in 3 phases: Pre-audit Phase, Audit Phase, Post-Audit.
2. What is energy conservation
Energy conservation means to reduce the quantity of energy that is used for different purposes. This
practice may result in increase of financial capital, environmental value, national and personal
security, and human comfort.

3. What is the need of energy conservation?

Energy is an indispensable component of industrial product, employment, economic growth,
environment and comfort.

4. What is Energy management?

Energy management is the best solution for direct and immediate reduction of energy consumption. It
includes planning and operation of energy-related production and consumption units. The main
objectives of energy management are resource conservation, climate protection and cost savings.

5. List the importance of energy management?

Energy management is the key to saving energy in your organization. Much of the importance of
energy saving stems from the global need to save energy - this global need affects energy prices,
emissions targets, and legislation, all of which lead to several compelling reasons why you should save
energy at your organization specifically.

6. Mention the importance of material balance

A mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation of mass to the
analysis of physical systems. By accounting for material entering and leaving a system, mass flows can
be identified which might have been unknown, or difficult to measure without this technique.

7. Mention the methods to manage energy conservation?

Metering your energy consumption and collecting the data
Finding and quantifying opportunities to save energy
Targeting the opportunities to save energy Tracking
your progress at saving energy

8. What is the need for energy audit?

Need for Energy Audit in any industry, the three top operating expenses are often found to be
energy (both electrical and thermal), labor and materials. If one were to relate to the manageability of the
cost or potential cost savings in each of the above components, energy
would invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus energy management function constitutes a strategic
area for cost reduction. Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are
used in any industry, and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur
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and where scope for improvement exists.

The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive
maintenance and quality control programmes which are vital for production and utility activities. Such an
audit programme will help to keep focus on variations which occur in the energy costs, availability and
reliability of supply of energy, decide on appropriate energy mix, identify energy conservation
technologies, retrofit for energy conservation equipment etc.

9. What is law of energy conservation?

In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains
constant—it is said to be conserved over time. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it
transforms from one form to another.

10. Mention the preliminary energy audit methodology?

Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:
Establish energy consumption in the organization •
Estimate the scope for saving
Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention
Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings

11. Define Energy Audit

Energy Audit is defined as “The verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including
submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost
benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption”.

12. List the phases of Detailed energy auditing

Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: Phase I, II and III.
Phase I - Pre-Audit Phase
Phase II - Audit Phase Phase
III - Post Audit Phase

13. What are factors to be considered for choosing the type of energy audit?
Cost
Potential of the energy management opportunity
Required accuracy for the audit information

14. How will you conserve the power (NOV/DEC 2015)?

Wear the right clothes. Dress for the temperature
Set your thermostat.
Turn heaters and coolers off when you don't need them.
Wash clothes using cold water.
Run your fridge efficiently.
Insulate your roof.
Stop standby power waste.

15. What is energy conservation act?

The Act provides for the legal framework, institutional arrangement and a regulatory mechanism at the
Central and State level to embark upon energy efficiency drive in the country. Measures
include: pilot phase of programme for energy efficiency in government buildings and prepare action plan
for wider dissemination and implementation, development of energy conservation building codes,
beginning a Standards and Labeling Program to identify energy efficient
appliances and equipment, assisting 5 electric utilities to set up DSM (demand side management) Cell,
formulation of energy efficiency codes and standards, introducing educational programs to
increase awareness regarding efficient use of energy resources, and the introduction of the Energy
Conservation Awards to nationally recognize efforts to reduce energy consumption.

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16. What is energy management?

Energy management includes planning and operation of energy production and energy consumption
units. Objectives are resource conservation, climate protection and cost savings, while the users have
permanent access to the energy they need.

17. What are steps involved in energy management?

Energy management involves the following steps:
Metering your energy consumption and collecting the data.
Finding opportunities to save energy, and estimating how much energy each opportunity could
save. You would typically analyze your meter data to find and quantify routine energy waste, and you
might also investigate the energy savings that you could make by replacing equipment (e.g. lighting) or
by upgrading your building's insulation.
Taking action to target the opportunities to save energy (i.e. tackling the routine waste and replacing or
upgrading the inefficient equipment). Typically, you'd start with the best
opportunities first.
Tracking your progress by analyzing your meter data to see how well your ene rgy-saving efforts have
worked.

18. What is the importance of energy management? (April/May 2017)

Energy management is the key to saving energy in your organization. Much of the importance of energy
saving stems from the global need to save energy - this global need affects energy prices, emissions
targets, and legislation, all of which lead to several compelling reasons why you should save energy at
your organization specifically.

19. What is the need for thermal energy management?

By introducing energy management systems into a given region as well as factories, it is possible
to optimize the supply and demand for energy, including energy exchange among some factories and
utilization of untapped thermal energy.

20. What is the global need to save energy?

Reduce the damage that we're doing to our planet, Earth. As a human race we would probably find
things rather difficult without the Earth, so it makes good sense to try to make it last. Reduce our
dependence on the fossil fuels that are becoming increasingly limited in supply.

21.Define environmental aspect of energy conversion. (April/May 2017)

Energy Utilization affects environment.
During every energy conversion stage energy leaks as heat.
Adoption of energy conversion minimizes damages to environment.
The emission level, the concentration level and the effect level.

PART-B

1. Define Energy audit. What are the steps involved in energy auditing? Explain.
2. What is Energy audit? Explain in detail about the different type’s energy audit.
3. Explain duties and responsibilities toward energy management.
4. Explain the methodology, reports and instrument for energy audit
5. Explain about benchmarking and energy performance
6. Explain about material and energy balance and thermal energy management
7. Explain the need for energy management?
8. Discuss the role, objective and Methodology for Energy Audit (April/May 2017)
9. Explain the Energy Audit Reporting Format
10. Explain the salient features of energy conservation Act,2001? (April/May 2017)

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