Psy403 PDF

PSY403 > Social Psychology Quiz 1 > Lectures 1 - 10 > Fall 2017
1 The process of selecting a subset of a population for a survey is known as what ?

T Survey research
T Representation
T Triangulation MAHMOOD RANA
MSc Mass Communication
P Sampling FALL 2017
2 Which of the following is a NOT common of observational methods ?

T Naturalistic
T Participant
P Unrealistic
T Archival
3 Birds of a feather flock together means____________.

P People having same characteristics attract each other
T People having opposite characteristics attract each other
T Opposite genders attraction
T Same gender attract towards each other
4 Which of the following conditions is/are responsible for making Palestine and
Yugoslavians more aggressive and tensed?
T Evolution factor
T Cultural factor
P Evolutionary and cultural factors both
T Hereditary factors
5 Which of the following are stable dispositions influencing broad of domains of

human behaviour ?
T Belief
T Attitude
T Schemas
P Personality traits
6 In which of the following sampling technique the investigator selects the elements
to be included in the sample on the basis of their special characteristics?
T Random sample
T Quota sample
T General sample
P Purposive sample
7 Which of the following is defined as, it comprises on the cognitive information?

T Attitude
P Beliefs
T Emotions
T Feelings
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Quiz 1 > Lectures 1 - 10 > Fall 2017 PSY403 > Social Psychology
8 World War II stimulated research on which of the following:

T Post traumatic stress disorder
P Prejudice & conformity
MAHMOOD RANA T Phobias
FALL 2017 T Social cognitions
9 The group that receives the experimental treatment condition is the ______
T Control group
T Participant group
T Independent group
P Experimental group
10 If you are in a public place and you are hesitant to behave originally you are facing
which of the following:
T Public fear
T Self awareness
T Public awareness
P Evaluation apprehension (I think)
11 Habitual tendency of _____ can contribute to depression and neuroticism?

T Self-awareness
P Private self-consciousness
T Public self-awareness
T The self
12 Which of the following is NOT a necessary component of survey research?

T Validity
T Data analysis
T Literature review
P Triangulation of data
13 The variable which is being measured in an experiment is known as what?

T Control
T Experiment
T Independent
P Dependent
14 Which of the following psychologists are keenly interested in how people think
about, influences and relate to one another?
T Clinical
T Counseling
T Forensic
P Social
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15 Which of the following can be directly observed by using only observational

methods?
T Cognitions
T Perceptions MAHMOOD RANA
T Thinking MSc Mass Communication
FALL 2017
P Behaviour
16 Which of the following is not commonly used brain-imaging technique?

T Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
T Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
P Functional magnificent releaser technique (FMRT)
T Positron-emission tomography (PET)
17 Which of the following is defined stable dispositions influencing broad domains of

behavior?
P Personality traits
T Believes
T Attitude
T Dream
18 Which of the following hormones makes male more aggressive then females?
T Thyroid gland
T Parathyroid gland
T Adrenal gland
P Testosterone
19 The distance between self concept and ideal self is know as what?
T Self distance
T Self love
T Self shock
P Self discrepancy
20 Which part of the brain is known as “thinking” center?

T Frontal lobes
T Cerebrum
T Parietal lobe
P Cerebral cortes
21 Who is considered the first empirical social scientist?

T William McDougall
T Edward Ross
T William James
P Norman Triplett
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22 Which of the following sampling technique involves selecting respondents

primarily on the basis of their availability and willingness to respond?
T Quota sample
MAHMOOD RANA T Purposive sampling
MSc Mass Communication T General sample
FALL 2017
P Accidental sample
23 Which of the following is defined as when person immediately does what is asked
of him or her?
P Compliance
T Humiliate
T Conformity
T Confusion
24 IQ is an abbreviation of _______.
T Intelligence questionnaire
T Intellectual query
T Intelligent question
P Intelligence quotient
25 Which of the following researches aim is to simply increase knowledge about

social behave, knowledge for knowledge’s sake?
P Basic research
T Applied
T Advance research
T Pilot research
26 How can society reduce stereoping and discrimination is an example of :

T Attitude change
P Prejudice
T Interpersonal attraction
T Close relationships
27 Which one is a type of non-probability sampling?

T Stratified
P Accidental
T Cluster
T Random
28 The manipulated variable in an experiment is called:

T Dependent variable
P Independent variable
T Random variable
T Shadow variable
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29 Which one of the following is a negative attitude towards the members of specific
social groups?
T Discrimination
T Arousal MAHMOOD RANA
T Anger MSc Mass Communication
FALL 2017
P Prejudice
30 Which of the following is not a characteristics of the person who has public self-
consciousness?
P More concerned about how others judge us
T More conforming to group norms
T More likely to accept intuitions
T More concerned about our physical appearance
31 Which of the following selection method is used obtain representative sample?

T Purposive
T Quota
P Random (I Think)
T Selective
32 Which of the following is not common type of observational, methods?

T Naturalistic
T Participant
P Unrealistic
T Archival
33 In general, psychologists try to explain behavior by studying its:

T Implications
T Meaning
T Consequence
P Causes
34 Which of following is not a reason why random sample important?

P It allows you to generalize to a broader population
T The sample will be completely representative of the population
T Every possible sample in a given population has an equal chance to be chosen
T The sample is similar to the population on important characteristics
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35 Which of the following psychologists are keenly interested in how people think
about, influences and relate to one another?
T Clinical
MAHMOOD RANA T Counseling
MSc Mass Communication T Forensic
FALL 2017
P Social
36 What name given to a person who is ostensibly a normal participant in the

experiment but who in fact plays a prescribed role assigned by experimenter?
T Accomplice
T Assistant
T Confident
P Confederate
37 Which of following is the correct abbreviation of ( PET)?

T Positron-emission technology
P Positron-emission tomography
T Positron-emission topology
T Positron-emission tenure
38 Which of the following statement refers to self-concept?

P Who I am
T Why i am
T How I am
T Where I am
39 Which of the following I the symbol of cotrelation coeffcient?

T (R)
T (C)
T (Ce)
P (r)
40 Which of the following is defined as ________ the extent to which the findings can
be generalized to people?
T Internal validity
P External validity
T General validity
T Sample validity
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41 Which of the following defined as ________ transient states of around that direct
our behavior?
P Emotions
T Believers MAHMOOD RANA
T Attitude MSc Mass Communication
FALL 2017
T Dream
42 Which of the following is not source for literature?

T Books
T Research articles
T Electronic database
P Surveys
43 Which of the following is a limitation or drawback of panel studies?

P Interference of personality characteristics
T Intellectual level
T Time consumption
T Practice effect
44 How many times the word SELF used in books and psychological at abstraction
1969?
T 9270
T 9340
T 8270
P 9269
45 Which of the following are individual evaluative responses?

T Beliefs
T Emotions
T Schemas
P Attitude
46 Which of the following is best defined if researcher ask a question to participant, did
you kill your boyfriend or girlfriend?
P Vague question
T Stupid question
T Horrible question
T Threatening question
47 Birds of a feather flock together means---------------?

P People having same characteristics attracts each other
T People having opposite characteristics attract each other
T Opposite genders attraction
T Same genders attract towards each other
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48 Which of the following is defined as a group of people consists of all the members
of an identifiable group from which sample is drawn ?
P Population
MAHMOOD RANA T Public
MSc Mass Communication T Sample
FALL 2017
T Individuals
49 TOTE is an abbreviation of what?

T Thematic Apperception Test
T Test re Test
T Text Oriented Tabular Entry
P Test-operate-Test-Exit
50 World War II stimulated research on which of the following?

T Post-traumatic stress disorder
P Prejudice & conformity
T Phobias
T Social cognitions
51 In general, psychologists try to explain behaviour by studying its:

T Implications
T Meaning
T Consequences
P Causes
52 Which one is not a characteristics of empirical research ?

T Controlled
T Replicable
T Internally and externally consistent
P Not well planned
53 Social cognition, person perceptions, attribution and self-relate to which of the

following area?
P Thinking about one’s self and others
T Evaluating people and relationship
T Interacting with others
T Social adjustment
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54 Why we romantic feelings for one and not for others is an example of the following
terms?
T Prejudice
T Close relationship MAHMOOD RANA
T Attitude change MSc Mass Communication
FALL 2017
P Interpersonal attraction
55 IQ is an abbreviation of------------------?
T Intelligence questioner
T Intellectual query
T Intelligent questions
P Intelligence quotient
56 Which of the following is not an emerging technological statistical technique used

by contemporary social psychologist?
T Virtual environment technology
T The internet
P Face to face surveys
T Brain-imaging techniques
57 Which of the following hormones makes males more aggressive then females?
T Thyroid gland
T Parathyroid gland
T Adrenal gland
P Testosterone
58 Which of the following is not true regarding hypotheses?

T Hypotheses are statements of cause and effect
T Hypotheses are tested by experimentation
T Hypotheses test theories
P Hypotheses are thought of before theories
59 Which of the following is not part of research article?

T Title
P SPSS
T Method
T Results
60 Which of the following research method, assesses the nature of relationship

between two or more variables are not considered by researcher?
T Archival research
T Content research
T Co variation
P Correlation coefficient
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61 Heredity & physiology, past experiences and current situational factors are
included in which of the following levels?
T Group level explanations
MAHMOOD RANA T Social learning explanations
MSc Mass Communication T Behavioral explanations
FALL 2017
P Individual explanations
62 At what age, individual realizes that he is separate individual?

T 10 months
P 18 months
T 2 years
T 4 years
63 Which of the following developmental stage the self becomes critically important
as basis for making life decisions?
T Childhood
P Adolescence
T Middle adulthood
T Late adulthood
64 Which of the following is defined as making fun of shames or embarrass the

individual intentionally?
T Compliance
P Humiliate
T Conformity
T Confusion
65 EEG is an abbreviation of which of the following brain imaging tecniques?

T European Economic Community
T Electron Energy Corporation
P Electroencephalogram
T Electrocardiogram
66 Ali studies the effect of vitamin X on the ability to memorize meaningful passages.
The effect of vitamin X is known as:
T Spurious variables
T Confounding variable
P Independent variable
T Dependent variable not confrm
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67 Downplays the role of individual and focuses on societal variables.

T Psychology
T Social psychology
T Philosophy MAHMOOD RANA
P Sociology FALL 2017
68 Which of the following is NOT a reason why a random sample is important?

P It allows you to generalize to a broader population
T The sample will be completely representative of the population
T Every possible sample in a given population has an equal chance to be chosen
T The sample is similar to the population on important characteristics
69 “How can society reduce stereotyping and discrimination” is an example of:

T Attitude change
P Prejudice
T Interpersonal attractions
T Close relationships
70 Which of the following is NOT a type of correlation in a research?

T Negative relation
T Positive relation
P Neutral relation
T No relation
71 Which of the following is not a data collection technique?

T Self reports
T Direct observations
P Reliability
T Archival information
72 Which of the following cognitive structure is known to be used for processing

information based on its perceived female or male qualities?
T Gender identity
P Gender schema
T Gender performativity
T Gender roles
73 Which of the following is not the area of interest in social psychology?

T Thinking
T Evaluating
P Doing (I Think)
T Interacting
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74 The group that receives the experimental treatment condition is the.

T Control group
T Participant group
MAHMOOD RANA T Independent group
FALL 2017 P Experimental group
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1 Which of the following factor DOES NOT affect dissonance?

T Justification
P Observation
T Freedom of choice MAHMOOD RANA
T Investment FALL 2017
2 Which of the following is the way we analyse, remember, and use information about
the social world?
T Personal
T Social categorization
T Personal categorization
P Social cognition
3 Generally happy people use which of the following routes for persuasion ?
T Central route
T Marginal route
T Middle route
P Peripheral route
4 Which of the following scale will be used if we want to study the preference of co-
education in our culture?
T Latitude scale
T Smenatic sacle
T Semantic differential
P Likert scale (Page 78)
5 At what age self awareness is developed ?

T 8 months
T Infancy
T At birth
P 18 months
6 Which of the following is considered as the building blocks of cognitions ?

T Judgment
T Analysis
P Categories
T Comparisons
7 Likert Scale is also known as:

T Semantic differential scale
T Semantic scale
T Semantic differential scale
P Summated ratings
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8 Which of the following is NOT an advantage of Schematic Processing?

T Contain Affect
T Add Information
MAHMOOD RANA T Aid Recall
FALL 2017 P Generalize information
9 Ali is a nice guy and always have faith if he good then everything happens to me or
world should be nice. This concept is known as:
T Learned helplessness
T Nice world orientation
T False image of world
P Just world belief
10 Which of the following factor DOES NOT affect Persuasion?

T Source
P Authority
T Message variable
T Audience
11 According to LaPierre study in 1934, behaviours is specific but attitude is _______.

T Specific
T Positive
T Negative
P General
12 15 Who was the first to introduce - the Principle of Cognitive consistency?

T Rosch
P Fritz Heider
T Aarther
T McGarry
13 Which of the following refers to the tendency to seek information that supports
our beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information ?
P Confirmation bias
T Observer bias
T Self-fulfilling prophecy
T Just world belief
14 Good mood, involvement and individual differences are which variables among
the followings?
P Audience variables
T Sender’s variables
T Object variables
T General variables
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15 When a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes an emotional
response, it is termed as:
P Classical conditioning
T Operant conditioning MAHMOOD RANA
T Maze learning MSc Mass Communication
FALL 2017
T Latent learning
16 Smiling causes facial muscles to increase the flow of air-cooled blood to the brain
that produces:
P Pleasant mood
T Unpleasant mood
T Neutral mood
T Stress
17 ________ conditioning occurs where behavior is strengthened following rewards

and weakened following punishments.
P Operant
T Classical
T Traditional
T Atypical
18 The tendency to judge the probability of an event is known as what?

T Specificity
T Test-retest reliability
T Attitude strength
P Attitude accessibility
19 The longer the time between attitude measurement and behavior, more likely the
attitude will change will be measured by which of the following?
T Split half metho
T Alternate from method
T Internal consistency
P Test retest method
20 A crisis in the confidence shows weak relationship between attitude and:

T Cognition
P Behavior
T Thinking
T Learning
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21 According to researches, people have strong immune system.

T Pessimist
T Pessimist
MAHMOOD RANA T Gifted people
FALL 2017 P Optimist
22 In public self-awareness the behavior is aligned with:

T General attitude
T Specific attitude
P Public attitude
T Private attitude
23 Which of the following is true for the statement, “Baby faced people may also come
to believe they have the traits others assume they have:”
T Negative bias
T Attribution error
P Self-fulfilling prophecy
T Fundamental attribution error
24 There is a hidden cost in trying to achieve or maintain high:

T Self-worth
P Self-esteem
T Self-image
T Self-respect
25 Event schemas are also known as what?

T Image
T Mental imagery
P Scripts
T Mental set
26 The process by which we come to know about others’ temporary states and
enduring dispositions is known as .
T Natural observation
T Experimental design
P Person perception
T Impression formation
27 Who is better at “reading” the valid cues to emotion?

T Men
P Women
T Children
T Adults
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28 The process by which people use information to make inferences about the causes
of behaviour and events is known as:
P Attribution
T Person perception MAHMOOD RANA
T Impression MSc Mass Communication
FALL 2017
T Attitude
29 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the person who has public self-
consciousness?
T More concerned about how others judge us
T More conforming to group norms
P More likely to accept intuitions
T More concerned about our physical appearance
30 Which is NOT a major aspect in the definition of the independent self?

T Abilities
T Attitudes
P Social roles (I think)
T Traits
31 In collectivist culture child bearing practices emphasize which of the followings?

P Conformity
T Personal success
T Self reliance
T Self independence
32 Which of the following is NOT a feature of a self-concept?

T Self-complexity
T Self-knowledge
T Self schema
P Self affirmation (I think)
33 If a salesperson is nice to us, we don’t necessarily assume he or she is intrinsically

friendly. This is an example of which of the following principle?
T The augmentation principle
T Internal attribution
T External attribution
P The discounting principle
34 Which of the following is a sign of unstable self-esteem?

P Unconsciously negative
T Unconsciously positive
T Consciously negative
T Undeveloped consciousness
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MIDTERM EXAM > FALL 2017 PSY403 > Social Psychology
MAHMOOD RANA
FALL 2017
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PSY403 > Social Psychology MIDTERM EXAM > FALL 2017
1 Social psychology is a branch of psychology that scientifically studies an individual in

which of the following contexts?
T Psychological disorders
T Level of satisfaction in work MAHMOOD RANA
T Physical illness MSc Mass Communication
FALL 2017
P Relationship with others
2 Which part of brain is known as “thinking” center?

T Frontal lobes
T Cerebrum
T Parietal lobe
P Cerebral cortex
3 Which of the following is the way we analyse, remember, and use information about
the social world?
T Personal categorization
T Personal cognition
T Social categorization
P Social cognition
4 Which of the following is voluntary participation with full understanding of the

possible risk factors involved?
P Informed consent
T Anonymity
T Protection from harm
T Minimize deception
5 Which research strategy is designed to answer the question “From knowing X, can
we predict Y?”
T Archival analysis
T Observational
T Experimental
P Correlational
6 Attitudes are:
T Statements of truth
T Judgments of right and wrong
T Observable actions
P Statements of approval or disapproval
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7 Data that is exhibited in numerical form is known as:

T Qualitative data
T Significant data
MAHMOOD RANA P Quantitative data
FALL 2017 T Quantifying data
8 Which of the following is NOT an example of a between-subjects design?

T Children are given sweets when they behave and time-out when they
misbehave
T Participants are given information either about safe sex or about abstinence
T Participants randomly are shown either scary movies or documentaries
P Students take either woodwork or home economics
9 Who found that the adult’s perceivers agreed almost perfectly on which were
the baby-faced persons and which were the more mature-faced persons when
they saw photographs of 6 age groups: infants, preschoolers, fifth graders, eighth
graders, young adults, and older adults?
P Zebrowitz and Montepare
T Berry & Brownlow
T Paula DePaula
T Ekman & Sullivan
10 A specific vitamin can extend the life expectancy of humans was the subject of
testation for Ali’s research study. The depended variable for this study will be:
T Extension
T Vitamins
T A specific vitamin
P Life-expectancy
11 According to Hull, undergraduate students who are high in self consciousness are
more likely to indulge in which of the following activity after failure?
T Binge eating
T Depression
T Frustration
P Substance abuse
12 October 8, 2005 earthquake in Pakistan initiated research on social and

psychological effects of ___________.
T Schizophrenia
T Bipolar disorder
P Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
T Depression
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PSY403 > Social Psychology MIDTERM EXAM > FALL 2017
MAHMOOD RANA
FALL 2017
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MAHMOOD RANA
FALL 2017
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PSY403 > Social Psychology Q&A > Midterm > FALL 2017
What is Belief?
Belief means an acceptance of something that exists or true without proof. It is a state of
mind which place trust on someone or something.
I think “Belief is an obstacle to get direct experience”

MAHMOOD RANA
FALL 2017
Identify advantages & disadvantages of word Belief? (3 Marks)
Advantages of Belief:
• We think we are right.
• We feel safety and security.
• Motivate to explore new things.
• Easily find people with similar beliefs.
• Get support from the people with similar belief.
• A force behind passionate involvement and relationship.
Disadvantages of Belief:
• Trying to impose belief on others.
• Belief promote sterotypes and biasness.
• Firm belief always compromise objectivity.
• Strong belief interfere with life exploration.
• Feel your self superior to get self satisfaction.
• Become rigid and show no flexibility and judge others differently.
What is Covariance?
It is a union or relationship between two factors and if one changes it affects other either
positive or negative.
Explains The Covariation Model (Kelly, 1967)?

Covariation Model is an attribution theory proposed by Harold Kelley in 1967. It tells how
we attach meaning to some one’s behavior or our own behavior. It is based on multiple
observations and deals with both social and self perception of the person. It is regarded
as best know attribution theory because it gives scientific analysis of the psychology of
people in every day life and categorize their action to “internal” or “external” cause.
Main elements of this model are:

• The correspondent inference model focus on internal attributions and limited to
eingle example of behavior.
• It consider multiple observation point and explain its process due to internal or
extern attributions.
• Attributions are made on covariation principle. Change in behaviour is caused by
something and the cause is present when behavior is present and the cause will be
absent when behavior is absent.
• If there are multiple causes of behavior change, the casue most affected the
behavior will be linked.
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Q&A > Midterm > FALL 2017 PSY403 > Social Psychology
In assessing covariation people rely on which three kinds of

information? (1+1+1)
The Covariation Model describes that we attribute a person’s behavior to internal
causes (their disposition) or to external causes (the situation). There are three factors
MAHMOOD RANA which become cause of someone’s behaviour.
FALL 2017
Consensus: How other people act in the same situation? Hiba smokes a cigarette when
she goes out for a meal with her friend. If her friend smokes, her behavior is high in
consensus and if she only smokes it is low.
Distinctiveness: How similarly the person acts under similar circumstances. If Hiba
only smoke when she is out with friends, her behavior is high in distinctiveness. If she
smokes at any where, any time her distinctiveness is low.
Consistency: Does a person behaves in a certain manner in different situations? If Hiba

smokes only when out with friends, consistency is high. If she smokes only on special
occasion, consistency is low.
Discuss the positive and negative consequences that baby faced

people experience in job settings? (5 Marks)
Baby-faced people are treated as babies because we consider them dependent and
weak. Following are the positive and negative consequences in jeb settings:
When people apply for a job the face is very important. It creates a perception about
your personality. Baby faced people are at disadvantage as compared to the matured
face people. Inter viewer will not select the baby face person for the management
and leadership position because his face lacks seriousness and control over other
employees. The staff will not take them seriously if they selected. The selected
candidates will have mature face. The baby faced persons will be selected for soft jobs
like children education, receptionist, public relation etc. In managment jobs decisions
are based on your outlook and communication skills not based on your resume.
Name five areas that should be in consideration while evaluating

people and relationship? (5 Marks)
We have a tendency that we are a good judge of people but how do we evalute people
when we meet someone for the first time? We assess the situation and complie the
impression we received. The following five points must be in consideration when we
evalute people.
Attitude: A tendency to respond positively or negatively based on beliefs, feeling and
behavior towards people, groups, events or objects. Why people feel the same but
react in opposite way?
Attitude change: It explains Why and When people change their attitude over time. It
changes due to communication, behavior, social influence and person’s motivation.
Prejudice: An unfavorable opinion or feeling formed without enough thought or
knowledge.
Interpersonal attractions: It refers to positive feelings about another person leading to
friendship, liking, love, admiration or lust. It is different from physical attractiveness.
Close relationships: It is based on three dimensions: cognitive, emotional, and
behavioral. It also look into that how far our feelings remain same or change over time?
Happy marriage will end inot divorce and remains happy relationship.
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Define reinforcement and punishment? or How would you

operationally define the terms reinforcement and punishment?
(1.5+1.5)
Reinforcement: It means the action of strengthening or encouraging to subject to

MAHMOOD RANA
increase either the intensity or frequency of an act to get desired response. To make us FALL 2017
feel good we intend to do more.
Punishment: It is the imposition by the authority upon an individual or group due to

unpleasant outcome. It is used in operant conditions like pointing a menacing finger at
the aggressive model and saying” Hey, you big bully! hold your hand. I I won’t tolerate it.
How punishment can be used to reduce aggression? What do you

think is punishment truly effective? (2+1)
It is the imposition by the authority upon an individual or group due to unpleasant or
undesireable outcome. A study reveals that in environment where physical punishment
is considered normal, the children or adults become more aggressive and show behavior
problems. educating children with corporal punishment creates opposite effects rather
than creating good social behavior.
Punishment is effective if driven by feelings-language-cognition connections. By

expressing feelings and using words to label child’s feeling. If it is supported by example
and positive reinforcement it will bring better results.
What is Social Psychology? Write its main questions of interest. (2+3)

Social psychology is the scientific study of how people act, think and influence in a social
context. It deals with individual certain behavior that occurs in the presence of others
and find out its reasons and causes.
Social Psychology deals with attitudes, behaviour, perception, interpersonal attraction

and close relationships. Following are the main questions of interest:
• Thinking about ourself and others

• Evaluating persons and their relationship
• Interaction and Interpersonal attraction like communication, understanding
personlaities and study of human societies and cultures.
What is a theory? Discuss the purpose of theory building?

A set of ideas, assumptions or accepted facts that explain rational explanation of cause
and effect. It helps us to understand phenomena based on our observation in social and
scientific world and provide an answer to the question ‘Why’? The components of theory
are “Concept” and “Principles”. Theories are mental models how the reality is perceived.
It’s origin is from Greek word (thoros means spectator). Thoery is not only factually based
but instaed based on our cultural background and how we view the world.
The purpose to build theory to ‘look behind” phenomena in the social world. It is used to
increase the undestanding of the issue. Researchers what to find out how things work,
why they work and the way or their work. It is developed for the sake of knowledge or to
figure out how to dealt with some problems or issues.
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Explain factors which make Theory good?

It’s origin is from Greek word (thoros means spectator). A set of ideas, assumptions or
accepted facts that explain rational explanation of cause and effect. Thoery is not only
factually based but instaed based on our cultural background and how we view the
MAHMOOD RANA world.
FALL 2017
Four important factors of a good theory are:
1. Predictive accuracy: Is theory have reliable and predict behavior linked to truth-
related achievement of science with the explanation of why.
2. Internal Coherence: No logical inconsistencies or unexplained coincidences.
3. Economical: Have concepts or principles explaining phenomena.
4. Fertility: Ideas to be tested and applicable to a wide range of social issues.
What is hypothesis? Explain (3 Marks)

A hypothesis is supposition or expectations or explanation (theory) that is provisionally
accepted. It needs to go through a lot of testing before become a theory. A hypothesis
may be correct or wrong but will be decided during investigation. It must be clear and
understandable, be measureable and contain independent and dependent variable.
Explain Probability and Non-Probability Sampling?

Sampling is the act, process or technique to select a particular group of people or
sample to represent the entire population. This process is divided into two categories:
Probability Sampling and Non-Probability Sampling.
Probability Sampling
In this sampling method all members of the population have a equally chance of
being selected and the results will more likely reflect the entire population. It is based
on randomization and every person has an equal right to be selected. It also help to
reduce the biasness. This is also known as Non Zero Probability. Generally it is more
time consuming and expensive.
Non-Probability Sampling
When all members of the population does not have equall chance of beign selected
is called Non-Probability Sampling. In this there is no probability attache to the unit of
population and selection depends on the personal judgement of the researcher. There
is no sampling techniques to find out measuring error. It less costly, more convienient
and not random. It can be used in getting new ideas and feedback.
Convenience Sampling
Convenience Sampling is also known as Availability Sampling, Haphazard or Accidental
Sampling. It is a type of Non-Probability Sampling that depends on data collection
from population members who are easily available and have proximity to the
researcher.For instance it is more convenient to get participation of the the employees
working in the companies near by or from friends and neighbours. Getting TV persons
interview on the street is an example because they are easily available but does
not represent everyone in the society. TV Channels always choose people who are
attractive and young excluding old age people and unattractive.
It is used to gain primary data or basic information quickly on specific issues such as
perception of image of a brand or people opinion new product design. It is less reliable
but cheap and easy to conduct.
26
Purposive Sampling
A purposive sample is a non-probability sample. It’s selection is based on characteristics
of a population and the objective of the study. The researcher define the criteria for the
subject to be added in the sample. It is also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective
sampling because it is upto the researcher to conduct study by himself or assign
MAHMOOD RANA
someone else and depend on his/her judgment. FALL 2017
For instance if researcher wants to study the students who are enrolled in MSc Mass
Communication, comes regularly in class and participate in class discussion and come
up with new ideas. It means he has mentioned the criteria and now it is up to him to do
research by himself or assign the teacher to do this and depend on teacher judgement.
Another exmaple is to conduct the study of working women, the researcher mention
the criteria for the filed workers that she must be married, having children and living in
nuclear family down the criteria like: the lady is married, has two children, one of her
child is school going age, and is living in nuclear family.
Sequential Sampling
It is also one of the non-probability sample and similar to the Purposive Sampling where
sample selection is based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the
study. Only one difference is that in this the researcher tries to find as many relevant
cases until time is over or resources finish. The main principle in this method is to get
every possible case. It requires that researcher will evaluate all the collected cases.
For instance the researcher decides to conduct interview of people from different
nationalities in HCT having different cultural background. 40 members form the old staff
and 20 from the newly recruited, their age between 26-40 years and having minimum
3 years of educational experience. If he gets 5 more newly recruited persons it is nor
needed to condut their interview also if their cultural background is similar to the old
one.
Define the relationship between Attitude and Behavior ? (3 Marks)

No two people are same in physical (body structure, height, weight, colour, etc)
appearance or in abstract aspects (like intelligence, attitude, personality, behaviour and
so on). A person’s attitude affects thoughts, feeling, belief, or opinion of approval or
disapproval about something. Whereas behavior is an action or reaction that happens in
response to an internal thought or event.
A crises of “confidence” occured during 1970 due to weak relationship between attitude
and behavior. It was first highlighted by psychologist LaPierre in 1934 when there was
a prejudice against Asians. He went to Chines couples across US and asked question
“Would restaurant /hotel managers refused to serve the couple? Only 1 out of 66 hotels
turned them away and 1 out of 250 resurants refused to serve them. Later a letter sent
to hotels and restaurants asking woud they serve Chinese? 128 replies received and 90%
said they will refuse to serve Chinese people.
27
Observe your self and tell how do you overcome your condition
when you tells a lie ? (3)
Truth may have be complicated or hard to understand but it exist in one version. Yet
most of us have trouble with truth and try to shade the truth to fit into our lives. Lying
MAHMOOD RANA to ourselves and to others is a regular part of our life. People lie in one in five of their
FALL 2017 daily interactions said Bella DePaulo, Ph.D in her research.
Telling lie make you feel guilty and best thing is to avoid it. The truth is often easier
than lie. If you lie than better accept your mistake and not lie again. Your face will not
support your words and people will know that you are lying but may be they will not
say you because they do not want you to humilate infornt of them.
What is self complexity? and what is the difference between self

schema and self complexity ?(2+3)
Self Complexity
The self-complexity (SC) theory is a is a person’s perceived knowledge of herself or
himself. People are different in reacting when face good or bad events in their lives.
Some people experience sudden change in their mood and self-appraisal when face
ups and downs of life, whereas other do not act like this. Some people experience
mental and physical health issues while other do not. The self complexity hels us
understand these differences.
Self-schemas
We have ideas and beliefs about other people, but we also have belief or idea about
ourselves and it is called Self-schema. The schema is a set of beliefs which provide us
a framework for understanding a person, topic or event. It explains the main point of
personality characterristics like attitudes, interests, behaviour and values we assign to
ourselves including actions and relations. If we look physiques of ourselve or someone
else we can say he/she is “fat or muscular”.
Enlist the important ingredients of a research article? 5 Marks

A research article explains the findings of the original research, evaluate its
contribution in sense of knowledge. It is reviewed by several other experts in the field
before publishing in the journal.
It’s imporatn ingredients are:

• Title
• Authors and their affiliations
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Method
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusions
• References
• Tables
• Figures
• Appendices (if any)
• Footnotes (including Author Note)
28
Enlist Primary Emotions? (3 Marks)

Facial expressions always play an important role in communicaiton. It is a part of non
verbal communication. If facial expressions does not match with spoken words people
will trust facial expressions and will ignore words.
There are seven primary emotions:
MAHMOOD RANA
• anger FALL 2017
• happiness
• surprise
• sadness
• disgust
• fear
• contempt
• Shame and guilt (by some theorist)
How can we do direct assessment? (3 Marks)

It is used to assess the attitude. Three methods are used to assess attitudes dirrectly.
1. Likert scales (Summated Ratings)

What is your opinion about co-education at college level?
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
Very much opposed Very much in favor
2. Semantic Differential Scales: Do You feel about the taste of this (any brand)
coffee?
Unpleasant ______________________________________ Pleasant
3 Latitude of Acceptance
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
All options acceptable to the respondent are encircled, while those not acceptable are
encircled.
Enlist the factors which affect attitude-behaviour relationship.

A crises of ‘Confidence happened during 1970 due to weak relationship between attitude
and behaviour. It was first highlighted by psychologist LaRerre in 1934 when there was
prejudice against Asians.
1. Factors affecting attitude-behaviour relationship

• Specificity
• Test-retest reliability
• Private vs. public self-awareness
• Attitude strength
• Attitude accessibility
Explain attitude and behaviour?

No two people are the same in physical appearance or in abstract aspects. A person’s
attitude affects thoughts, feelings, belief or opinion of approval or disapproval about
something. Whereas behavior is an action or reaction that happens in response to
internal thought or external event.
29
Write two statements by an AIDS patient showing internal and exter

nal attribution of the disease, respectively. (1.5 +1.5)
Internal attribution is mood, personality, attitude and abilities. External attributes are
actions of others, luck, situation.
MAHMOOD RANA
FALL 2017 1. I do not know that how much longer I will live (Internal Attribute shows his believe
that his life span is short).
2. If I get treated abroad my days of life can be extended (External Attribute that if he
is located abroad his treatment would be better and early detaction was possible).
Ayesha always becomes conscious about how she is looking and

standing whenever her photograph is being taken by someone.
Identify and justify the type of self-awareness that is operational in
this case. (3 Marks)
This is a sign of Public Self-awareness. It happens when another person’s actions such
as holding a camera facing Ayesha caused her to start looking at herself due to her
physical appearance. Because photograph will be seen by others and they will pass
comments. She wants to make sure that her appearance will come out according to
their public self-awareness.
Name my five frequently used brain imaging tedmiques. (Name my

five frequently used brain imaging tedmiques. (1+1+1+1+1)
Five brain imaging techniques are explained below
1 (MRI) Magnatic resonance imaging
2 (fMRI) A functional magnatic resonance imaging
3 (CAT) Computerised axian tomography
4 (PET) Posetron-emission tomography
5 (EEC) The electroenciphalograph
Expalin Private self awareness?

Self awareness means a person should know different aspects of himself like his
feelings, behaviour, distinguishing quality or characteristics. It is a psychological
state which focus on “Who you are” . It is private and hidden because we are aware of
ourselfs psychologically (feelings when we see ourself in mirror) and physically (we
know our physical traits - body shape, stomach cramps etc).
What are the effects of private self awareness? Describe in your own
words.
Following are the effects of private self awareness:
Affect Intensification: Intensified his positive or negative feelings in private. For

instance becoming very happy (Over reacting) if experience something good or very
sad (over estimating) if find something unpleasant event.
Knowledge Clarification: Gaining more knowledge about ourself become more

clearer. It increase our ability to react on them better.
Committemt to Personal Standards of Behavior: A person will act in accordance to his

personal beliefs instead of following social standards.
30
Explain hindsight bias (3 Marks)

Have you ever treid to stop something happening or know what will be the outcome
of an event. In this sense you say “I knew this is going to happen”. After an event occur,
people believe that knew the outocme before it happened. This phenomina is called
Hindsight Bias also know as “I knew it all along”.
MAHMOOD RANA
FALL 2017
Explain three characteristics of hindsight bias (3 Marks)
• Overestimating our ability to pridict the outcome once an event happened.
• Support or strengthen uur desire for makign sense.
• Does not happen for strange and unexpected events.
Briefly explain the False Consensus effect.
What is meant by impression formation? How do you make

impression in your life? (2+3)
What is fundamental attribution error? Explain with the help of an

experiment. (3+2)
Discuss sub five question in third study of social

psychology”interacting with others?
Elaborate the Correspondent Inference Theory by Jones & Davis.
Explain sleeper’s effect as source memory (3 Marks)
31

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PSY403 > Social Psychology Quiz 1 > Lectures 1 - 10 > Fall 2017

1 The process of selecting a subset of a population for a survey is known as what ?

2 Which of the following is a NOT common of observational methods ?

3 Birds of a feather flock together means____________.

5 Which of the following are stable dispositions influencing broad of domains of

7 Which of the following is defined as, it comprises on the cognitive information?

8 World War II stimulated research on which of the following:

11 Habitual tendency of _____ can contribute to depression and neuroticism?

12 Which of the following is NOT a necessary component of survey research?

13 The variable which is being measured in an experiment is known as what?

15 Which of the following can be directly observed by using only observational

16 Which of the following is not commonly used brain-imaging technique?

17 Which of the following is defined stable dispositions influencing broad domains of

20 Which part of the brain is known as “thinking” center?

21 Who is considered the first empirical social scientist?

22 Which of the following sampling technique involves selecting respondents

25 Which of the following researches aim is to simply increase knowledge about

26 How can society reduce stereoping and discrimination is an example of :

27 Which one is a type of non-probability sampling?

28 The manipulated variable in an experiment is called:

31 Which of the following selection method is used obtain representative sample?

32 Which of the following is not common type of observational, methods?

33 In general, psychologists try to explain behavior by studying its:

34 Which of following is not a reason why random sample important?

36 What name given to a person who is ostensibly a normal participant in the

37 Which of following is the correct abbreviation of ( PET)?

38 Which of the following statement refers to self-concept?

39 Which of the following I the symbol of cotrelation coeffcient?

42 Which of the following is not source for literature?

43 Which of the following is a limitation or drawback of panel studies?

45 Which of the following are individual evaluative responses?

47 Birds of a feather flock together means---------------?

49 TOTE is an abbreviation of what?

50 World War II stimulated research on which of the following?

51 In general, psychologists try to explain behaviour by studying its:

52 Which one is not a characteristics of empirical research ?

53 Social cognition, person perceptions, attribution and self-relate to which of the

56 Which of the following is not an emerging technological statistical technique used

58 Which of the following is not true regarding hypotheses?

59 Which of the following is not part of research article?

60 Which of the following research method, assesses the nature of relationship

62 At what age, individual realizes that he is separate individual?

64 Which of the following is defined as making fun of shames or embarrass the

65 EEG is an abbreviation of which of the following brain imaging tecniques?

67 Downplays the role of individual and focuses on societal variables.

68 Which of the following is NOT a reason why a random sample is important?

69 “How can society reduce stereotyping and discrimination” is an example of:

70 Which of the following is NOT a type of correlation in a research?

71 Which of the following is not a data collection technique?

72 Which of the following cognitive structure is known to be used for processing

73 Which of the following is not the area of interest in social psychology?

74 The group that receives the experimental treatment condition is the.

1 Which of the following factor DOES NOT affect dissonance?

5 At what age self awareness is developed ?

6 Which of the following is considered as the building blocks of cognitions ?

7 Likert Scale is also known as:

8 Which of the following is NOT an advantage of Schematic Processing?

10 Which of the following factor DOES NOT affect Persuasion?

11 According to LaPierre study in 1934, behaviours is specific but attitude is _______.

12 15 Who was the first to introduce - the Principle of Cognitive consistency?

17 ________ conditioning occurs where behavior is strengthened following rewards

18 The tendency to judge the probability of an event is known as what?

20 A crisis in the confidence shows weak relationship between attitude and: