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METHODS OF RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
DISCUSSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
2. Logical
- based on the legal principles in gathering of data. Scientific investigation is
done in an orderly manner so that the researcher has confidence in the
findings.
Logical examination of the procedures used in the research enables the
researcher to draw conclusions, which are important for decision making.
Guided by the rules at logical reasoning and the logical process of induction
and deduction of great value in carrying out research.
3. Cyclical
- Research is a cyclical process. It starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.
For instance, a researcher who has completed his study draws
conclusions that dovetail with the findings. Recommendation is usually
further research. In the recommendations, many problems are uncovered
requiring further study; thus, the cycle repeated.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
Sitio Mabuhay, Barangay Tayamaan, Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro
website: www.omsc.edu.ph email address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
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4. Analytical
- Research utilizes proven analytical procedures collecting data, whether
historical, descriptive, experimental, or case study.
In historical research, the data gather focus on the past, descriptive research
focuses on the present situation and experimental research focuses on the
future. A case study on the past, present, and the future.
You must be able to consider a problem in order to make a plan and define
your research and collect data. You should be able to analyse your information
and draw conclussions.
5. Methodical
- Research is conducted in an orderly manner without bias, using systematic
procedures and techniques, an appropriate research design, and statistical
tool to arrive at scientific interpretation.
For instance in the experimental study on the “Utilization and
Commercialization of Milkfish Bones as Offal of Boneless Milkfish into the
Burger With and Without Moringa,” the specific research problem. What is the
acceptability of the flavor of milkfish bones burger with and without moringa?”
There are two variables or bivariate in this study. The researcher uses two-
group design. The variables are the control group and the experimental group.
The flavor acceptability of milkfish bones burger without moringa or the
control group and milkfish bones burger with moringa or the experimental
group was tested using the weighted mean. The formula is as follows:
X = 𝒇𝟏 𝒙𝟏+𝒇𝟐 𝒙𝟐+ 𝒇𝟑 𝒙𝟑. . . +𝒇𝒌 𝒙𝒌
f1 + f2 + f3 + … fk
or
X = ∑fx
∑f
6. Critical
- A critical research exhibits careful and exact judgment.
A higher level of significance, 1.0 percent or 5.0 percent must be establish.
Base on this levels of significance, the researcher can confidently interpret the
results whether they are significant or insignificant. It is significant if the
computed value is greater than the tabular value at 1% or 5% level of
significance in the hypothesis is rejected. It is insignificant if the computed
value lesser than the tabular value at 1% or 5% level of significance, and the
hypothesis is accepted.
Illustration:
1. If CV ≥ TV = Significant (reject Ho)
2. If CV <TV = Insignificant (accept Ho)
7. Replicable
- The research designs and procedures are replicated or duplicated using
different materials.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
Sitio Mabuhay, Barangay Tayamaan, Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro
website: www.omsc.edu.ph email address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
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1. Research – oriented
- a good student researcher must be research oriented. The school is his
training ground where he starts to love and finds interest to conduct.
2. Efficient
- He must be a dreamer. He must be ambitious, but he must also be
industrious in order to achieve his dreams. If his dream is to conduct
experimental research with return on investment, and if his ambition is to
become rich someday, he must be efficient and industrious in his research
work in order to achieve his dreams.
3. Scientific
- He must be systematic, methodical, logical, and precise in his decision
pertaining to his research and interpreting research results.
4. Effective
- He must be successful in his experimental research so that its results are
useful. Ultimately, he must be able to realize a return on investments from
the research outputs by commercializing them.
5. Active
- He must be energetic and dynamic in conducting
his research until its completion.
6. Resourceful
- He must be inventive and quick- witted in
conducting his research with the goal in mind of
improving his quality of life from poor to rich.
7. Creative
- He must be unique, original, and innovative in his
research to arrive at productive results that can
augment income, alleviate poverty, and improve
quality of life.
8. Honest
- In research, the saying, the saying “Honesty is the
best policy” applies. A good researcher must be
trustworthy and declare valid research results.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
Sitio Mabuhay, Barangay Tayamaan, Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro
website: www.omsc.edu.ph email address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
Tele/Fax: (043) 457-0231/cdoffice143@gmail.com CERTIFIED TO ISO 9001:2015
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9. Economical
- He must make his research cost- effective. He must
be thrifty and wise in the use of materials, time and
money.
10. Religious
- He must be a spiritually oriented individual by
implementing first in his life the acronym of
UNLAD. Unahin Natin Lagi Ang Diyos in order to
be well guided excellently by the almighty in his
research efforts.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCHER
1. Intellectual Curiosity
- The researcher is inquisitive. He engages in
reflective thinking and investigates things,
situations, and problems around him.
He is interested in acquiring knowledge about them especially the
new and uncommon.
2. Prudence
- it is said that intellectual curiosity ends when
prudence begins. Once the researcher has chosen
his research problem wisely, his intellectual
curiosity ends but prudence begins.
The researcher is prudent if he conducts his research project
carefully, wisely, and practically at the right time and the right place,
effectively, efficiently, and economically. In other words, he does the
right thing at the right time by using the 7Ms: Manpower Money
Machinery Materials Methods Moment and Marketing wisely,
effectively, efficiently, and economically.
3. Healthy Criticism
- the researcher is always doubtful as to the
truthfulness of the results of his study.
Normally, the researcher always doubts the correctness of his
findings even if the data are gathered and computed honestly.
4. Honesty
- An intelligent researcher is honest in gathering data
or facts in order to arrive at honest and valid results
because success or failure of the research study lies
in his hand.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
Sitio Mabuhay, Barangay Tayamaan, Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro
website: www.omsc.edu.ph email address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
Tele/Fax: (043) 457-0231/cdoffice143@gmail.com CERTIFIED TO ISO 9001:2015
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5. Creativity
- An intelligent researcher is creative when he
conducts research which is new, unique, and
original.
6. Inventiveness
- An intelligent investigator must be inventive and
innovative in his research. Not only should his
research be the first of its kind, but the result
should also be patentable.
7. Productivity
- An intelligent researcher must be productive and
resourceful in conducting research that has return
on investment (ROI), by applying the invest harvest
principle.
1. Basic Researches
-
Are those that deal with the process of objects and
things, or information about different topics with
no concern for direct pay-off.
Among these are studies in relationships, comparative analyses,
trends, and projections.
2. Applied Researches
- Are those that probe into the unknown using
directly the results to a current problem.
3. Empirical Researches
- are move specific than basic researches, but imply
their nature from the use of data, whether
quantitative. Basically, they have the following
important characteristics.
There are many kinds of research which are classified according to their
distinctive features. Some of the classifications are as follows:
1. According to Purpose:
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OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
Sitio Mabuhay, Barangay Tayamaan, Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro
website: www.omsc.edu.ph email address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
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a. Predictive or Prognostic
It has the purpose to determine the future operation of the
variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or
redirecting such for the better. Its purpose is to give the results from
one specific educational practice or pattern and seek to establish a
close statistical connection between characteristics and a prediction
of educational outcome.
b. Directive
It determines what should be done based on the findings. This is
to remedy an unsatisfactory condition, if there is any.
c. Illuminative
It is concerned with the interaction of the components of the
variable being investigated; i.e., interaction of the components of
educational systems and aims to show the connection among
student characteristics, organizational patterns and politics and
educational consequences.
2. According to Goal
a. Basic or Pure
It is done for the development of theories and principles. It is
conducted for intellectual pleasure of learning. Much of this is a
kind of research has been done in psychology and sociology.
b. Applied
The application of the results of pure research. This is testing the
efficiency of theories and principles.
For instance, a principle says that “praise reinforces learning.” To
determine if this is true, one conducts an experiment in which there
are two classes.
b. Descriptive
The researcher studies the relationships of the variables.
c. Experimental
The researcher studies the effect of the variables on each other.
4. According to the Types of Analysis :
a. Analytical Approach
The researcher attempts to identify and isolate the components
of the research situation.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
Sitio Mabuhay, Barangay Tayamaan, Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro
website: www.omsc.edu.ph email address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
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b. Holistic Approach
This begins with the total situation, focusing attention on the
system first and on its internal relationships.
5. According to Scope:
a. Action Research
This involves the application of the steps of the scientific method
in the classroom problems. It is a firing line on the job-type
problems used by teachers, supervisors, administrators and
managers, to improve the quality of their decision-making and
actions.
a. Proprietary Research
This is conducted for a specific audience and is not shared
beyond that evidence.
b. Scholarly Research
This promotes public access to knowledge.
c. Behavioral Research
This is based on the belief that objective knowledge is
obtained through careful and systematic observation and
measurement of what people do.
This is most reliable on operationalism, which is the
transformation of abstract concepts into behaviors that can
be precisely qualified.
The goal is to identify and test laws that can explain, predict
and lead to the control of behavior.
d. Phenomenological Research
This is based on the belief that what people do depends on
what they perceive or what goes on their minds.
It focuses on the internal, psychological meaning that
guides behavior, describes how people understand their life
experience, tend to be theory-generated or inductive, and
aim to shape the development of a theory.
e. Communication Research
This is an investigation of the five communication elements
where possibly, some research problems may be analyzed
such as:
Control Analysis (Source)
- This refers to the performance of the communicator.
These are the essential factors affecting their
performance such as their credibility, capability,
expertise, functions, structures and needs/problems.
Content Analysis (Message)
- This determines the nature and characteristics of
message, manifestations of any of the scopes and
themes, slant and treatment, text or visuals and the
message appeal.
Media Analysis (Channel)
- This refers to the media’s comparative advantages,
media features, and costs.
Audience Analysis (Receiver)
- This concerns audience behavior, tastes, interests,
opinions, where they reach and can be conducted
on the following feedback level, audience level
and expectations.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
Sitio Mabuhay, Barangay Tayamaan, Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro
website: www.omsc.edu.ph email address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
Tele/Fax: (043) 457-0231/cdoffice143@gmail.com CERTIFIED TO ISO 9001:2015
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Business potential practitioners often identify problems which they need to solve
these problems. Types of information is required, one approach to solve these
problem is to employ the research process.
1. Research Reconnaissance
preliminary survey or research
2. Identification of the Research Topic and Formulation of the
Research Problem.
Very important part of the research process as it determines the
subsequent parts of the research project. if you are a beginning researcher,
you might find difficulty in choosing a good problem.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
Sitio Mabuhay, Barangay Tayamaan, Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro
website: www.omsc.edu.ph email address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
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6. Analyse Data
The Researchers begins the process of turning raw data into data structures
that can be used in generating meaningful and useful bit of information for the
decision makers. Using of data analysis techniques, the researcher can create
new, complex data structures by combining two or more variables into indexes,
ratios, constructs, and so on.
Analysis procedures can vary widely in sophistication and complexity from
simple frequency distributions( percentages) to sample statistics
measures(e.g. mode, median, mean, range, standard deviation, and standard
error) to multivariate data analysis techniques.
Different analysis procedures will allows the researcher to…….
1. Statistically test for significant differences between two sample
statistics and associations among several variables
2. Test hypothesized interdependence between two or more variables.
3. Evaluate data quality
4. Build test complex models of cause and effects relationships.