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INTRODUCTION
Characteristics of a dye
1. It must have a suitable color.
2. It must be capable of being fixed
to the material.
3. When fixed it must be fast to
detergents, soaps, water, dry-
cleaning solvents, light and dilute
acids.
Types of dye
The dyes are classified by dye
manufacturers for marketing into the
following types:
1. These are azo dyes and
are characterized by the presence
of acidic groups. The presence of
soluble and serves as the reactive
points for fixing the dye to the
fibre. They are chiefly used for
dyeing wool, silk and nylon. For
example, Orange I and Orange II.
2. These dyes contain NH2
or NR2. In acidic solutions, these
form water soluble cations and use
the anionic sites on the fabric to
get used for dyeing wool, silk and
nylon. For example, aniline yellow,
butter yellow.
3. These are also azo
dyes and are used to dye fabrics
directly by placing in aqueous
solution of the dye. These dyes
attach to the fabrics by means of
hydrogen bonding.
4. These dyes are
applied in the form of dispersion of
minute particles of the dye in a
soap solution in the presence of
phenol or benzoic acid. These dyes
are used to dye rayons, Dacron,
nylon, polyesters etc. For example,
celliton fast pink B and celliton
fast blue B.
5. These dyes are
linked to the fibre by –OH or –NH2
group present on the fibre. These
dyes induce fast color on fabrics
which is retained for a longer time.
These dyes are used for dyeing
cotton, wool and silk.
6. These dyes are
directly synthesized on the fibre.
The fabric to be colored is soaked
in an alkaline solution of phenol
and then treated with a solution of
diazotized amine to produce azo
dye. The color induced by such
dyes is not so fast. These dyes are
used for dyeing of cotton, silk,
polyester nylon, etc. For example,
nitroaniline red.
7. These dyes are water-
insoluble and before dyeing these
are reduced to colorless compounds
in wooden vats by alkaline
reducing agents. The fibre is then
soaked in the solution of the dye.
Fibre is then exposed to air or an
oxidizing agent. By doing so the
colorless compound gets reoxidized
to colored dye on the fabric. For
example, indigo.
8. These dyes are
applied after treating the fabric
with precipitates of certain
substances (mordant material)
which then combines with the dye
to form a colored complex called
lake. Some of the mordants are
salts of aluminium, iron and
tannic acids. Depending on the
mordant used, the same mordant
dye can give different colors and
shades. For example, alizarin gives
red color with aluminium and
black violet with iron mordant.
Mordant dyes are used for dyeing
of wool, silk and cotton.
OBJECTIVE
To dye wool and cotton with malachite
green.
REQUIREMENTS
500 ml beakers, tripod stand, wire
gauze, glass rod, spatula, wool cloth
and cotton cloth.
Chemicals required: Sodium carbonate,
tannic acid,
malachite tartaremetic
green dye. acid, and
PROCEDURE
1.
Take about 0.5 g of solid
sodium carbonate and dissolve it in
250 ml of water.
2.
Take about 0.2 g of
OBSERVATIONS
1. The color of wool cloth dyed
directly by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green dye
is fast.
2. The color of cotton dyed cloth
directly (without using mordant)
by dipping in hot solution of
malachite green is not so fast to
washing and is of low intensity.
3. The color of cotton cloth dyed
indirectly by using mordant and
then by dipping in hot solution
of malachite green is fast to
washing and is of high intensity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Comprehensive practical
chemistry (class 12)
2. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeing
3. www.scribd.com