AGUSAN DEL SUR STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY TRENTO CAMPUSBACHELOR OF

SECONDARY EDUCATION(Biology)

PETER FRANCIS BILLANES LOBO

LOUIE CASTRO TRINIDAD

A Comparative Study of Phytoremediation on Moti-Moti (Mikania

microptera) and Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) of Mercury: A Basis
for Information Dissemination

Thesis Adviser:
Jacky Lyn B. Maestrado
College of Teacher Education

AUGUST 2019
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Mercury pollution in soil is becoming a serious problem

worldwide. The geochemical behavior and distribution of mercury on

the pedosphere is complex. Considering it significant global concern not

only because of its increased level in the environment, but also due to

its toxic effect on human health(Feng, Jie, Pierce, Strong, Wang, Liang,

2015). Several hundred thousand tons of mercury (Hg) has been

released into the environment due to anthropogenic activity over the

past century and several methods already used to clean up the

environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are

costly and difficult to get optimum results (Tangahu, Abdullah, Basri,

Idris, Anuar and Mukhlisin, 2011). In the USA, 290 Superfund sites

have been identified with mercury pollution, of which 173 involve

mercury-contaminated soils or sediments (Feng, et al., 2015).

A promising technique “Phytoremediation” reclaim metal-

contaminated soil using plants which are capable to tolerate and

accumulate heavy metals within in their tissues (H. Amin, Arain,

Abassi, F. Amin, Jahangir and Soomro, 2019) and also it reduce the

concentrations or toxic effects of the contaminants in the environment

(Ali, Khan, and Sajad, 2013). This technique is considered as an

effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove

inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water

and it was an environmental friendly and potentially cost effective

(Tangahu, Abdullah, Basri, Idris, Anuar and Mukhlisin, 2011) and new

efficient metal hyperaccumulators are being explored for applications in

phytoremediation (Ali, et al., 2013).

The effectiveness of humic substance extracted from Palm Oil

compost as a liquid fertilizer and bioremediation of copper (Cu).It

effectively improved the characteristics of acid soils, bioremediation of

heavy metals, and plants production (Winmarso, Pandutama and

Purwanto, 2016). In phytoremediation cleaning up pollutants are

primarily mediated by photosynthetic plants can absorb heavy metals

and some of them are capable on absorbing on a large quantities

(Hidyati,Juhaeti,Syarif, 2009).Recently some species are also used in

phytoremediation activities such as Mikania cordata for lead and as

dominant species, it was selected to be planted on the greenhouse for

further observation (Hidayat, 2009).

The research conducted internationally about phytoremediation

of mercury using Elaeis guineensis have no similar studies about the

comparison on the phytoremediation capacity of Mikania microptera.

Thus, in order to fill the gap of literature, the researchers are motivated

to conduct the study entitled “A Comparative Study of

Phytoremediation on Mikania microptera and Elaeis guineensis of

Mercury: A Basis for Information Dissemination”. This study aims to

provide and create pamphlets that contain facts and information

regarding to phytoremediation of Elaeis guineensis and Mikania

microptera. This study will be beneficial for the students and for the

residents near the area.

 Objectives

This study aims to compare the Phytoremediation capacity of

Mikania microptera and Elaeis guineensis on mercury.

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. determine the mercury content in Moti-Moti (Mikania microptera)

and Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis).

2. determine the Phytoremediation capacity of Moti-Moti (Mikania

microptera) and Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) on the mercury

contamination area.

3. determine the significant difference on Phytoremediation capacity

of Moti-Moti (Mikania microptera) and Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) on

the mercury contamination area.

4. develop an instructional material and information dissemination

Flyer.

Significance of the Study

The study will provide a comparative information about

phytoremediation capabilities of Elaeis guineensis and Mikania

microptera that can phytoremediate the mercury. The result of this

study will help the following groups of individual in the society:

Community: They are the one who will be affected on the harmful

effect of the mercury in the environment. The result of the study will

help them to know the importance of Mikania genus and Elaeis genus

especially in phytoremediation that will lead them to plant the Mikania

genus and Elaeis genus .

Instructors: They are the one that can spread the learning’s and result

of the new study. The result of this study will give additional

information in phytoremediation property Elaeis guineensis and

Mikania microptera, by utilizing their premise which lead an

introduction or symposium about the significance of these genus.

Students: They are the learners of the study. The result of the study

could give them additional knowledge in phytoremediation activities by

providing instructional materials.

Future researchers: They are the one that can improve the study. This

study will serve as reference for future researcher who will conduct

similar study, which help improve their study.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will be conducted to determine the phytoremediation

property of Mikania microptera and Elaeis guineensis. The delimitation

will be on the Hg (mercury) ASSCAT palm oil plantation site.

Furthermore, this study will use Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

by examining its roots and leaves which determine the mercury content

of Mikania microptera and Elaeis guineensis.

 Time and place of the Study

This study will be conducted within the second semester of

Academic Year 2019-2020 at palm oil plantation area in ASSCAT

which were the area has palm oil trees that are known good for

phytoremediation of the mercury contaminated soil and will be

analyzed at the office of Davao Analytical Laboratories, Mc Arthur

Highway cor.Union Avenue, Bangkal Davao City and in the ASSCAT

Palm Oil farm in the month of September to October 2019.

Operational Definition of Terms

In order to facilitate better understanding of this study, the

following terms are hereby defined operationally.

Mercury refers to the contaminant that can be possibly found in

ASSCAT and an extremely toxic heavy metal that can affect human

health problems and environmental contamination.

Elaeis guineensis refers to the scientific name of palm oil and plant

species that undergo phytoremediation of mercury that can be found in

ASSCAT.

Mikania microptera refers to the scientific name of moti-moti and

plant species that undergo phytoremediation of mercury that can be

possibly found in ASSCAT.

 Phytoremediation refers to the technologies that use living plants to

clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous

contaminants.

Information dissemination refers to a material given to the

community which serve as their basis on the phytoremediation capacity

of Mikania microptera and Elaeis guineensis.

Conceptual framework

Input Process Output

Sample Species Test of Species
a. Mikania Atomic Absorption A. Phytoremediation
microptera capacity on Mikania
Spectrophotometer microptera and Elais
b. Elaeis
guineensis (AAS) guineensis on
mercury .

B. Information
dissemination flyer

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of Study

Figure 1 above shows the research paradigm of the study. It uses the

IPO (input process output) framework which aims in determining the

difference between the Phytoremediation property of input sample

species (Mikania microptera and Elaeis guineensis). The process is the

test of species using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer that

analyzes the concentration of elements in a liquid sample based on

energy absorbed from certain wavelengths of light for the output are

Phytoremediation capacity on Mikania microptera and Elais guineensis

on mercury, and Information dissemination flyer for the dissemination

of information for the creation of content, based on the collection of raw

data.
 REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

Taxonomical Classification of Mikania microptera

Domaine: Biota

Regne: Plantae Haeckel, 1866

Sous-Regne: Viridaeplantae

Infra-Regne: John, Williamson & Guiry, 2011 Streptophyta

Classe: Equisetopsida C.Agardh, 1825

Clade: Tracheophyta Sinnott ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998

Clade: Spermatophyta

Sous-Classe: Magnoliidae Novak ex Takht

Super-Order: Asteranae Takht., 1967

Order: Asterales Link, 1829

Famille: Asteraceae Berch. & J.Presl,1820

Genre: Mikania Willd., 1803

Espece: Mikania microptera DC.,

 Morphological Characteristics of Mikania microptera

Shrub to 5 m; stems reddish-brown, poorly branched, usually

6-angled, sometimes minutely winged, glabrous to pubescent around

nodes and along ridges. Leaves opposite, with petiole 1.5–9 cm, blade

ovate, paler green beneath, 3–11.5 cm long, 2.7–11.3 cm wide, base

cordate, margins dentate to crenate to minutely toothed, apex

acuminate, lamina thin, glabrous to sub-glabrous, glandular-punctate

beneath, usually with 3 distinct and 2 less distinct veins originating

from base. Inflorescence a fairly lax leafy corymb borne on a

pubescent, axillary peduncle, 4–12 cm long, usually conspicuously

trichotomously branched; capitula 6–9 mm long, 1.5–2 mm diameter;

individual stalks of capitula 2–9 mm, pubescent; phyllaries pale

green, linear-lanceolate, boat-shaped, sometimes swollen at base, 4–7

mm long, inner 2 wider than outer 2, glabrous to pubescent, more so

towards apex, 3-veined, outer 2 consistently more hairy and

sometimes glandular, chaffy. Corolla 3–4 mm long, white, glandular,

especially at lobes, lobes accounting for at least 3/4 of limb; anther

appendages 1–2 times longer than wide, protruding beyond corolla

lobes; style-arms exserted for ± 2 mm. Achenes fawn to black, 3–4

mm long, with scattered glands; carpopodium not evident or

obscurely so; pappus 2.5–4 mm long, barbellate, connate at base

(ITHAKA, 2019).
 Taxonomical Classification of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis)

Figure 3. This figure shows the plant that has phytoremediation

properties of mercury that can be found in ASSCAT.

Common Name: Palm Oil

Scientific Name: Elaeis guineensis

Classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum: Magnoliophyta

Order: Arecales

Family: Arecaceae

Genus: Elaeis

Species: Elaeis guineensis

 Morphological Characteristics of Elaeis guineensis

Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) is monoecious; that is, male and

female flowers occur separately on the same plant, usually in distinct

male and female inflorescences, thus minimizing the chance of self‐

pollination. (Corley & Tinker, 2003).

There are currently two accepted species of Elaeis, E. guineensis

and E. oleifera, the African and American oil palms. The oil palm is

monoecious; that is, male and female flowers occur separately on the

same plant, usually in distinct male and female inflorescences, thus

minimising the chance of self-pollination, the American oil palm has

been given several different names by taxonomists in the past. The

hybrid has leaves that are considerably larger than those of either

parent but retain the leaflet arrangement of E. oleifera. The internal

fruit characters of the hybrid depend on the fruit form of the E.

guineensis parent. Crosses between E. oleifera and pisifera have thin

shells but lack the fibre ring seen in E. guineensis teneras. (Corley &

Tinker, 2003), E. guineensis is a monoecious, erect, one-stemmed palm

tree, usually 20–30 m high, with an adventitious root system that

forms a dense mat in the upper 35 cm of the soil with only a few roots

penetrating deeper than 1 m. The stem is cylindrical, up to 75 cm in

diameter and covered with petiole bases in young palms, smooth in

older trees (>10–12 years old). Juvenile leaves are lanceolate and entire

but gradually becoming pinnate; mature leaves spirally arranged,

paripinnate, up to 7.5 m long; petiole 1–2 m long, spinescent, clasping

the stem at base; leaflets linear, 35–65 x 2-4 cm, up to 376 per leaf.

Inflorescences are unisexual, axillary, pedunculate, until anthesis

enclosed in two fusiform or ovate spathes 10–30 cm long, with flowers

3-merous; male ones with numerous cylindrical spikes forming an

ovoid body 15–25 cm long and bearing flowers with 6 stamens, connate

at base, with linear anthers; female ones subglobose, 15–35 cm

diameter, with numerous lanceolate, spiny bracts, each subtending a

cylindrical spikelet with 10–20 spirally arranged female flowers, each

with two rudimentary male flowers; stigma sessile, 3-lobed. Fruits are

ovoid-oblong drupes, 2–5 cm long, tightly packed in large ovoid

bunches with 1000–3000 fruits; drupes with a thin exocarp, an

oleiferous mesocarp and a lignified endocarp containing the kernel with

embryo and solid endosperm.

 Mercury Content in Plants

Plants can absorb mercury that is deposited on leaf

surfaces. Besides, plants can also uptake mercury from water and soil

via roots. Mercury accumulated in plants are in the forms of Hg(0),

Hg(II), and organic Hg, and usually aquatic plants contain more

methyl mercury (organic Hg) than terrestrial plant (Li, Wu, Ding, Fu,

Gan, 2017). Considering that metals are natural components in

soil which They are also known to have effect on plant growth, ground

cover and have a negative impact on soil microflora (Tamgahu,

Abdullah, Basri, Idris, Annuar, and Mukhlisin, 2011).

Phytoremediation capacity of Plant

Some plant species growing in the contaminated areas, indicated

high tolerance and potentially affective in accumulating pollutants in

their roots and above ground portions. These plants can be utilized as

hyperaccumulators for cleaning up the contaminated sites. Considering

pollutants were primarily mediated by photosynthetic plants (Syarif,

2016). In vitro plant cultures offer a range of experimental advantages

in studies aimed at examining the intrinsic metabolic capabilities of

plant cells and their capacity for toxicity tolerance. Yet, many studies

have demonstrated that plant tissue cultures are an extremely valuable

tool in phytoremediation research. The results derived from tissue

cultures can be used to predict the responses of plants to

environmental contaminants, and to improve the design and thus

reduce the cost of subsequent conventional whole plant experiments.

So it concludes that plant tissue cultures play an important role in

phytoremediation research and have promoted substantially our

understanding of plant metabolism. Tissue cultures offer more than

just experimental convenience and speed compared with whole plant

systems. Although plant tissue cultures have proven their value in

studies of pollutant metabolism, toxicity, and tolerance, they do not

possess all of the properties of whole plants that are pertinent to

phytoremediation. They are not a replacement for soil-cultivated plants;

instead, they are a powerful auxiliary model system that can be used to

obtain useful information to guide and direct subsequent whole-plant

trials (Doran, 2009).

Phytoremediation capacity of Palm using (EFB)

The ability of activated carbon prepared from palm oil empty fruit

bunches (EFB) to remove mercury (Hg(II)), lead (Pb(II)) and copper

(Cu(II)) from aqueous solutions was investigated. The (EFB) empty fruit

bunches activated carbon was produced by using chemical and

physical activation processes. The adsorption capacity was determined

as a function of adsorbate initial concentration and adsorbent dosages.

The EFB activated carbon showed excellent efficiency in removing Pb(II)

and Hg(II) with percentage of removal up to 100% even at low adsorbent

dosage. The use of EFB as activated carbon is not only effective for

Hg(II) and Pb(II) removal from wastewater but also helps in solving the

problem of over-abundance of EFB as agricultural waste product (Wahi,

Ngaini and V.U, Jok, 2009).

 Significant difference on Phytoremediation capacity

Metal accumulation by plants differed among species and tissue

bodies, after determining the concentrations of copper, zinc, iron, and

magnesium accumulated by native plant species in field conditions of

Hame Kasi iron and copper mine in the central part of Iran in

Hamadan province. Species grown in substrata with elevated metals

contained significantly higher metals in plants. Metals accumulated

by plants were mostly distributed in root tissues, suggesting that an

exclusion strategy for metal tolerance exists widely amongst

them. With high translocation factor, metal concentration ratio of

plant shoots to roots indicates internal detoxification metal tolerance

mechanism (Nouri, Khorasani, Lorestani, Karami, Hassani, Yousefi,

2009).

Hyperaccumulator

Arsenic accumulation in soil is a global problem typically

addressed using phytoremediation methods. Pteris vittata, a model

arsenic hyperaccumulator, has great potential as a genetically

engineered plant for phytoremediation. However, the lack of omic

information on this species has severely limited the identification and

application of its arsenic hyperaccumulation and regulation

components. In this study, we used an optimized single-molecular real-

time (SMRT) strategy to create a de novo full-length transcriptomic–

tonoplast proteomic database for this unsequenced fern and to

determine the genetic components underlying its arsenic

hyperaccumulation-regulation mechanisms. We established a

comprehensive network consisting of six major transporter families,

two novel resistance pathways, and a regulatory system by examining

alternative splicing (AS) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in different

tissues following As(III) and As(V) treatment. The database and network

established in this study will deepen our understanding of the unique

hyperaccumulation and regulation mechanisms of P. vittata, ultimately

providing a valuable resource for futher research on phytoremediation

of arsenic-contaminated soil.

Phytoremediation

Soil contamination by used lubricating oil from automobiles is a

growing concern in many countries, especially in Asian and African

continents. Phytoremediation of this polluted soil with non-edible plant

like Jatropha curcas offers an environmental friendly and cost-effective

method for remediating the polluted soil. Considering that Jatropha

remediated soil without organic amendment, respectively. In root did

not accumulate hydrocarbons from the soil, but the number of

hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria was high in the rhizosphere of the

Jatropha plant, thus suggesting that the mechanism of the oil

degradation was via rhizodegradation. These studies have proven

that J. curcas with organic amendment has a potential in reclaiming

hydrocarbon-contaminated soil (Agamuthu, Abioye, Aziz, 2010).

 Information Dissimilation

Media and information literacy begins with the creation of content,

based on a collection of raw data. The data may be gleaned from a

diverse array of sources, such as written documents, an oral expression

of indigenous knowledge, a live news report, a work of art, observations

of a live giraffe, or a digital readout from a satellite or medical device.

The content produced can take on one form or many and Many types of

content are subsequently managed and organized, perhaps using a

formal indexing system or tags determined by individuals (often

referred to as folksonomies). For example, photographs and videos of

an event may be posted on a website along with identifying information.

An individual, upon seeing the site, may add personal information

(such as the name of an individual in the video and historical

information about the location), thereby enhancing the content. The

term ‘content' can be understood differently, depending on one's

relationship to its production and dissemination. Access to,

dissemination of, and, most importantly, the capacity for critical

evaluation of content are essential to help people select reliable

information/data (Moeller, Joseph, Lau and Carbo, 2011).

 METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

In this study, the researchers will use the Descriptive-

Comparative Design which also known as casual comparative research

and pre-experimental research which determine the relationship among

variables and also the most important distinctions between these

designs and experimental designs was there were no control

(manipulation) of the independent variable (IV) and no random

assignment of study subjects to the intervention (Cantrell, 2011).

In this study the two (2) plant species; Palm oil (Elaeis

guineensis) and Moti-Moti (Mikania microptera) will be compared

according to its mercury phytoremediation properties.

B. Data Gathering

A permit to conduct will be submitted to Agusan del Sur State

College of Agriculture and Technology – Trento Campus as well as the

formal letter asking permission to conduct the study entitled “A

Comparative Study of Phytoremediation on Moti-Moti (Mikania

microptera) and Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) of Mercury: A Basis for

Information Dissemination”.
a. Collecting Plant Samples

The researcher will measure the selected part of the sampling

area measuring 3 meter square. Using tie box, scale tape and wooden

stick, are used, in order to collect an mature leaves, of Palm oil 5m

(Elaeis guineensis) and Moti-Moti 6mm (Mikania microptera),the

researcher will use a garden pruning scissor and wearing a pair of

gloves. Put it in a clean pail to avoid cross contamination. The collected

(Elaeis guineensis) and Moti-Moti (Mikania microptera) will be washed

with a purified drinking water and will undergone air drying and put it

in a Zip lock plastic bag. After going through the procedure, the

researcher will send it to the laboratory for Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometer testing.

b. Digestion and analysis of sample

Amount 0.25g each of the powdered plant samples digested

in 6.5 ml of acid solution (HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4 in ratio of 5:1:0.5).

The corresponding solution was heated until white fumes had

appeared. The clear solution was diluted up to 50 ml with distilled

water and filtered with Watt man filter paper no.1. The standard

working solutions of elements of interest were prepared

to make the standard calibration curve. Absorption for a sample

solution uses the calibration curves to determine the concentration of

particular element in that sample. Cathode lamps used as radiation

source. Air acetylene gas was used for all the experiments. This method
provides both sensitivity and selectivity since other elements in the

sample will not generally absorb the chosen wavelength and thus, will

not interfere with the measurement (Khan et al., 2012).

C. Analysis of Data

The plant analysis will be done in the Davao Analytical

Laboratories, Bangkal, Davao City where in equipment use for analysis

of samples are available and fix to follow the standard method analysis.

The data will be given by the analyst who will analyze using the sample.

D. Statistical Treatment

In answering objectives number 1 (one) and 2 (two), mean will be

utilize using the result of the analysis sheet which will be given from

Davao Analytical Laboratories, Bangkal, Davao City. Meanwhile, in the

objective 3 (three), which is to determine the significant difference on

Phytoremediation capacity of Mikania microptera and Elaeis guineensis,

one-way Analysis of variance will be employed.

E. Information Dissemination

The researchers will create a flyer to disseminate information.

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