Advanced Book Ecl English Course

ECL
ENGLISH COURSE
ADVANCED
English as a crucial language.
ECL ENGLISH COURSE 2
Acknowledgments
Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary – Electronic Edition. Version 1.1.
Courtney, Rosemary - Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.
Fisk English Course – Books – Basic one / two, Book four, Book five, Book six,
Advanced two, Free Conversation.
Longman Dictionary of English Idioms.
Englis2Go Magazine – Reader‘s Digest
Swan, Michael and Walter, Catherine – How English Works – A Grammar Practice
Book With Answers. Oxford.
The New Penguin English Dictionary
Planned and Prepared by

Ricardo Fernandes Marques
Copyright
RICARDO FERNANDES MARQUES
Rua Antônio Gonçalves 109 Porto Velho
São Gonçalo, R.J
Brasil

CONTENTS
LESSON TWENTY-ONE
 THERE TO BE == USING ALL THE PERFECT TENSES AND MODAL VERBS

PRESENTED.
 HAVE GOT
 NOT STANDARD WORDS
LESSON TWENTY-TWO
 HOW LONG ______IT TAKE ______ TO __________?

 VERB+OBJECT+INFINITIVE == EXPRESSING INFORMAL ORDERS.
LESSON TWENTY-THREE
 EMBEDDED QUESTIONS == THEIR USAGES.
 WISH STRUCTURES
LESSON TWENTY-FOUR
 PASSIVE VOICE == USING ALL OF THE TENSES PRESENTED.

 TO BE ABLE TO
LESSON TWENTY-FIVE
 VERBS FOLLOWED EITHER BY - ING FORM OR INFINITIVE -- DIFFERENT

IDEAS.
 VERBS OF PERCEPTION.
 NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS
 VERBS FOLLOWED EITHER BY - ING FORM OR INFINITIVE – NO CHANGE
OF MEANING.
 VERBS FOLLOWED BY - ING FORM
LESSON TWENTY-SIX
 FUTURE CONTINUOUS == ITS USAGE.

 SO THAT / IN ORDER / SO AS (NOT)TO
LESSON TWENTY-SEVEN
 USED TO / WOULD
 TO BE USED TO/ TO GET USED TO / TO BE ACCOSTUMED TO / TO GET
ACCOSTUMED TO.
 TO BE SUPPOSED TO
 GET

LESSON TWENTY-EIGHT
 HAD BETTER
 WOULD RATHER
 LIKE
 EMPHATIC USE OF DO, DOES AND DID IN AFFIRMATIVES
LESSON TWENTY-NINE
 ADDITION==FURTHERMORE / MOREOVER / IN ADDITION / BESIDES

 CONTRAST== EVEN THOUGH / THOUGH / HOWEVER
 CONCLUSION == BECAUSE / THEREFORE / SO
 PLACING ADVERBS
LESSON THIRTY
 CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
BOTH ……………………………………. AND
NOT ONLY ………………………………BUT ALSO
NEITHER ……………………………….. NOR
EITHER …………………………………. OR
 CONJUNCTIONS
LESSON THIRTY-ONE
 GIVING DIRECTIONS
 EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
 CONTRACTED FORMS
 DO AND MAKE
 PREPOSITIONS USED WHEN TALKING ABOUT ADDRESSES
 WORKING WITH COMPARATIVE PAIRS
 VERBS +POSSESSIVE + ING FORM

LESSON 21
There to be
Can there be a solution for this problem?
Could there be a game here tomorrow?
Can there be classes next Friday?
Could there be a concert in Rio next weekend?
Should there be another meeting next week?
Must there be an explanation for this?
Have there been many accidents here lately?
Has there been much work here recently?
Had there been a situation like that Before?
Must there have been beautiful girls at the party?
Could there have been an explanation for that?
Should there have been another party like that?

LESSON 21
Yes / No there can – can‘t be a solution for

this problem.
Yes / No there could – couldn‘t be a game here tomorrow.
Yes / No there can/may – can‘t/may not be classes next

Friday.

Yes / No there could/might – couldn‘t/might not be a concert in Rio next

weekend.
Yes / No there should – shouldn‘t be another meeting next week.
Yes / No there must – there doesn‘t need to (have to) be an explanation

for this.
Yes / No there have – haven‘t been many accidents here lately.
Yes / No there has – hasn‘t been much work here recently.
Yes / No there had – hadn‘t been a situation like before.

that
Yes / No there must – there mustn‘t* have been beautiful
In this case mustn‘t is used. girls at the
party.
Yes / No there could – couldn‘t have been a reason for
that.
Yes / No there should – shouldn‘t have been another party
like that.
Prohibition
LESSON 21
Exercises
1. Create questions using the words in parentheses.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________?
(Can – there– party)
b. _______________________________________________________________________________?
There mustn‘t be concerts here.
(Could – there – meetings)
c. _______________________________________________________________________________?
(Have– there – problems)

d. _______________________________________________________________________________?
(Had – there – phone calls)
Have / Has got = Do / Does... have
e. _______________________________________________________________________________?
(Should – there – classes)
2. Give long answers for these questions below.
a. Where can there be another congress?
____________________________________________________________________________________
b. When should there be another lecture?
____________________________________________________________________________________
c. What must there be here?
____________________________________________________________________________________
d. How often should there be parties in your opinion?
____________________________________________________________________________________
e. Why can‘t there be a soccer game on TV next Saturday?
____________________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 21

Have you got any idea what we are talking about?

Have you got a car? = Do you have a car?
Yes I‘ve got a car. = Yes I have a car.
No I haven‘t got a car. = No I don‘t have a car.
No I ain‘t got a car. = No I don‘t have a car.
Have you gotta do this? = Do you have to do this?
Yes I‘ve gotta do this. = Yes I have to do this.
No I haven‘t gotta do this. = No I don‘t have to do this.
No I ain`t gotta do this. = No I don‘t have to do this.
―Have got‖ is not present perfect in this use. It is the same of ―have‖. It gives the
same idea of simple present :( possession).
Not Standard Words
am not
are not
ain‘t = is not
have not
has not
wanna = want to
gonna = going to
gotta = got to / have got to or have got a
LESSON 21
Lose weight fight disease! Eat these super foods
by Brian Hindo

Expecting food to change your life may seem like a lot to ask of your bran muffin.
But the right food will increase your energy, help you manage your weight, and
contribute to warding off major illness. The latest scientific research shows that the
following foods deliver great benefits.
FAT-BURNERS
The mineral calcium is the latest weight-loss star. This was first discovered in a
U.S. study of blood pressure. People in the study who ate two cups of yogurt a day
lost an average of almost 5 kilograms of body fat in one year. And they didn‘t even
eat less food on a daily basis than others in the study.
A follow-up study found that people on a high-calcium diet lost more weight and fat
than people on a low-calcium diet. Again, both groups ate the same number of
calories. But the ones who lost the most weight consumed the equivalent of more
than three daily servings of dairy products. Canned fish, cheese, milk, tofu, and
yogurt are among the foods rich in calcium. Broccoli and kale are non-dairy high-
calcium options.
FOODS YOU CAN FILL UP ON
Foods rich in fiber have few calories relative to their weight. That means you can eat
large portions of these foods without fear of calorie overload. Fiber also aids weight
loss because it‘s filling. Most high-fiber foods take a lot of chewing. This helps set
off the sensors that tell your body it is getting full. Also, you absorb the food more
slowly so you feel full longer. You will find lots of fiber in bran cereals, fruits,
legumes, whole-grain breads, and vegetables.
PROTEIN POWER
Researchers have found that eating a meal with plenty of protein leaves you feeling
more satisfied for longer than a meal loaded with low-quality carbohydrates. Your
body takes longer to digest protein. That leads to a gradual increase in blood sugar.
Many high carbohydrate meals are absorbed quickly. That sends blood sugar
speeding up and down your body, depleting your energy. Beans, nuts, fish, cottage
cheese, and yogurt are some good choices of healthy, protein-rich foods.
DISEASE-FIGHTERS
Many foods contain antioxidants, but fruits and vegetables may be the richest
source. Antioxidants neutralize molecules known as free radicals before they can
harm arteries and other cells. This helps protect you from heart disease, high blood
pressure, cancer, and diabetes. Antioxidants work best when consumed in foods,
LESSON 21

not pills. The National Cancer Institute in the U.S.A. now recommends that men eat
nine daily servings of fruit and vegetables, and that women eat between five and
nine. A serving equals a piece of fruit, a half-cup of cut vegetables, a cup of lettuce,
or a small glass of juice. A typical salad delivers two to three servings. The following
are among the foods that contain lots of antioxidants: berries, broccoli, Brussels
sprouts, cantaloupe, citrus fruit, leafy greens, purple grape juice.
MEDITERRANEAN MAGIC
The traditional Mediterranean diet contains lots of fruits, vegetables, legumes,

cheese, yogurt, fish, whole grains, and wine. It also has healthy fats from nuts,
olives, and olive oil. Fish and nuts provide healthy protein. The produce delivers
antioxidants. Researchers found that Greek adults who regularly ate a
Mediterranean diet were least likely to die from heart disease and cancer.
TOMATO SURPRISE
Harvard scientists discovered that eating plenty of pizza seems to lower the risk of
prostate cancer. The protective ingredient is tomato sauce or, more specifically, the
plant pigment lycopene in tomato sauce. Lycopene is most concentrated in cooked
tomato products like sauce, ketchup, and tomato soup. Cooking also makes it easier
for the body to absorb. Preliminary research on women suggests that a diet rich in
lycopene and tomato sauce may lower a woman‘s risk for breast and other cancers,
as well as heart disease. Other lycopene options include papaya, guava, and
watermelon.
Article excerpted from The English2Go magazine issued in February 2005.
1. What are your eating habits?
2. What do you most like to eat?
3. Do you practice any kind of physical exercise?
4. How often do you see your doctor?
5. What do you think about going on a diet?
LESSON 21

Exercises
1. Point out the verb tenses used in the text and explain them:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Using an English – English dictionary get an explanation for

the following words or phrases and create your own examples:
a. the latest ______________________________________________________________________
b. manage _______________________________________________________________________
c. follow-up ______________________________________________________________________
d. overload _______________________________________________________________________
e. aids ___________________________________________________________________________
f. filling ________________________________________________________________________
g. chewing _______________________________________________________________________
h. loaded _________________________________________________________________________
i. leads __________________________________________________________________________
j. likely _________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 22

How long does it take you to …?
How long does it take me to set the

table?
How long did it take you to come here?
How long will it take him to do that?
How long would it take her to read that

book?
How long may it take it to eat it up?
How long might it take us to finish this

project?
How long can it take you to paint this
room?
How long is it going to them to buy some
take food?
LONG ANSWERS
It takes you 10 minutes to set the

table.
It took me / us half an hour to come here.
It will take him 30 minutes to do that.
It would take her 7 hours to read that

book.
It may take it 5 minutes to eat it up.
It might take us / you 15 days to finish this

project.
It can take us 2 hours to paint this
room.
It is going to them 20 minutes to buy some
take food.
LESSON 22

EXPRESSING INFORMAL ORDERS

What do you want me to do?
Where does he expect us to go?
Whom did you ask to bring the books?
When did she tell him to travel?
Why did she beg him not to leave?
Whom did you invite to come to your party?
Where did her parents allow her to go?
What did you advise him not to do?
What do her parents permit her to do?
Who ordered us to stay home?
LONG ANSWERS
I/We want you to study more.
He expects us/you to go to the beach with his sister.
I/We asked Mark to bring the books.
She told him to travel tomorrow.
She begged him not to leave because she loves him.
I/We invited all my/our to come to my/our party.
friends
Her parents allowed her to go to the movies.
I/We advised him not to go home.
Her parents permit her to talk to her friends whenever she
wants.
Uncle Sam ordered us to stay home.
LESSON 22

Create questions.
1. What do you__________ ________ __________ ________________?
2. Will ____ _________ ______ _____ ________ _________tomorrow?
3. Where ______ _______ _________ _______ ________ ___________?
4. Would ______ ______ ___________ ________ ______ ___________?
Expressions and Useful Phrases

Wear your heart on your sleeve:
To make your feelings and emotions obvious rather than hiding them
FEEL LIKE sth
1 to have a desire for something, or to want to do something, at a
particular moment:
I feel like (going for) a swim.
I feel like (having) a nice cool glass of lemonade.
"Are you coming to aerobics?" "No, I don't feel like it today."
2 [+ ing form of verb] to want to do something that you do not do:

He was so rude I felt like slapping his face.
Powerful words
BUT = EXCEPT
I‘ve invited everybody for the party, but Helen.
AGO=BACK IN THE PAST
How long ago did you travel to Spain?
I traveled to Spain three years ago.
LESSON 22

Exercise
1. Make questions for the answers and answers for the questions in
the following dialogue.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________?
b. It usually takes me 10 minutes.
a. Very interesting! ____________________________________________________________.
b. ________________________________________________________________________________
a. Oh I see! When will there be another party like that?
b. ________________________________________________________________________________
b. How often do you ____________________________________________________________?
a. ______________________________________________________________.What about you?
b. ___________________________________________.At what time should I pick you up?
a. ________________________________.Oh! Don‗t forget to bring_____________________!
b. I won‘t!
a. _________________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 22

You can be a Millionaire in your 20s!

by Brian Hindo
Learn how these young people have built fortunes in fields as varied as landscaping,
specialty foods, and extreme sports equipment.
By his own admission, Mark Herman was a spoiled kid. His parents died when he
was very young, and he then lived in Florida with his rich, adoring grandmother
and her second husband. But after she died in 1994, her husband, Bill, wasn‘t as
tolerant. When Herman‘s behavior became bad, Bill threw him out of the house.
Herman was 17. Herman had to sleep on the streets for a while. Then he found a job
cooking hamburgers at Burger King. Herman eventually began working for
landscapers. And at 21, he marched into the offices of one of the biggest Sarasota,
Florida, landscaping companies. He said he could improve the company‘s sales. He
was hired, and was soon bringing in almost 50,000 dollars a month in sales.
Herman saved up money from his weekly 600 dollar paychecks and extra work he
did on weekends. At age 25, with the help of a 30,000 dollar loan, he bought a tiny
landscaping company. He named it Herman & Associates, Inc. Today, at 28,
Herman is the owner of a fast-growing, multimillion-dollar landscaping business.
He has 15 employees and 351 clients. He says Herman & Associates did more than
1.5 million dollars in sales in 2004, and he expects nearly 2 million dollars in
2005.
As Herman‘s success shows, it is possible for people to make their fortunes while still
in their 20s. Some like Herman and Farrah Gray of Chicago did it in old
industries. Others, like Adam Stites, did it with new technologies. What do they all
have in common? Confidence. Creativity. Ambition. Hard work. They all came up
with big ideas and then went after them with dedication and plenty of nerve. Some
good luck didn‘t hurt either. Consider Stites. The 25-year-old is chief executive of
Xtremez, Inc., an online supplier of equipment for extreme sports. His business
employs 24 people. He expects to sell almost 10 million dollars worth of equipment to
customers all over the world this year. Stites started the company at age 15, using
his parents‘ computer in the basement of his home. He was influenced by people who
were buying books online at Amazon.com. Stites thought that paintball enthusiasts
would want a place to shop online too. ―We benefited from being in the right place at
the right time—a product that was up-and-coming, and a medium, the Internet, that
was up-and-coming,‖ he says. Where did he learn how to run the business? He says
he got much of the knowledge he needed by participating in an organization he
joined when he was 22. The group is for people under 40 who own a business. The
LESSON 22

great value to him was getting to listen to other members talk about methods that
worked best for them.
Farrah Gray, 20, seemed born with ambition and a salesman‘s soul. Growing up on
Chicago‘s South Side, he regularly pestered his mother, a consultant, to let him
attend business meetings with her. When he was just eight years old, his mother‘s
business partner encouraged him to start a business group with his friends. The
kids raised more than 15,000 dollars to fund their ideas. The money came from the
executives who served as the club‘s speakers, instructors, and mentors. Some of the
businesses failed, of course. But some worked out. One of Gray‘s favorite personal
projects was a specialty food manufacturer called Farr Out Foods. It targeted the
youth market, and its biggest hit was a strawberry-vanilla pancake syrup. Farr
Out Foods had 1.5 million dollars in orders by the time Gray sold it in 2001. He got
a little more than 2 million dollars for the company. He then bought InnerCity, a
New York-based celebrity magazine for urban African Americans in the 16-34 age
group. He says he publishes 300,000 copies eight times a year. He has also written a
book called Reallionare: Nine Steps to Becoming Rich from the Inside Out. Part of it
tells his life story. The other part gives advice on how to become a success. Gray says
he has been motivated by his family‘s experience: "To see how hard my mother
worked, and how little money we had so much of the time that motivated me to go
after millions of dollars."
Their extraordinary business success has forced these young millionaires to grow up
very quickly. They have needed unusual maturity to earn the respect of their
workers, some of whom are twice their age. "You‘re young enough to be my son,‖
people have told Gray. Herman has heard people say to him: ―I was doing this while
you were in the womb."
They do not live in luxury, but they have all set themselves up with real estate,
stocks, and other investments. Farrah Gray has even created a foundation, www.
farrahgrayfoundation.com. It gives money to programs that help educate inner-city
youths. How does he explain his huge success? "Yes, I was born yesterday," he says,
"but I stayed up all night."
10 Tips to Start a Successful Business
1 Don‘t be afraid to think big. At eight years old, Gray had the ambition to ask for
money to start a business. Get an idea, then act on it.
2 Make something people need. There has to be a market for what you offer. Ian
Andrusyk and Travis Schaffner, 24-year-old friends from Iowa, found something
missing in the computer industry—good customer service. They stepped in to
provide it.
LESSON 22

3 Find an industry you love. Stites combined a love of paintball and computers. If
you love the business you‘re in, you‘ll be motivated—and know how—to do it well.
4 Take a chance. Andrusyk borrowed almost 4,000 dollars when he was just 15.
Herman borrowed 30,000 dollars to start his own business.
5 Study. Herman took online courses in landscape design. Gray does research in
the library.
6 Act older than your age. Herman impressed clients and employees by dressing
and speaking well at a young age. It inspires confidence and projects seriousness.
7 Work hard. When his college-age friends went to bars during the week, Stites
often stayed home to work. To be successful at a young age, you might need to give
up some social activity.
8 Find a good mentor. Stites, Herman, and Gray go to older businessmen for
advice. Learn from people who have experience.
9 Delegate. You can‘t do everything yourself, especially as a business grows.

Andrusyk, Schaffner, and Stites hired management teams to supervise employees.
10 Save, don‘t spend. Herman makes sure to put profits back into his business
rather than spending all of his money on material things. It‘s the difference between
chasing a quick dollar and growing a lasting business.
1. What are your plans for the future?
2. Do you intend to become a millionaire?
3. What would you do if you had lots of money?
4. Do you think you are, or would be able to run a business?
5. Have you ever had any great idea you thought you would succeed in it?
LESSON 22

Exercises
1. Point out some verb tenses, modal verbs and structural rules used
in the text and explain them:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

a. then ___________________________________________________________________________
b. for a while _____________________________________________________________________
c. eventually ____________________________________________________________________
d. loan ___________________________________________________________________________
e. nearly ________________________________________________________________________
f. plenty of nerve ________________________________________________________________
g. benefited _____________________________________________________________________
h. up-and-coming _______________________________________________________________
i. pestered _______________________________________________________________________
j. take a chance _________________________________________________________________

LESSON 23

Embedded Question
Do you know what they are for?
Can you tell me where the post office is?

Do you know where Linda lives?
Do you know what she did yesterday?
Could you imagine why she had to go?
Can you tell me where you‘re going?
Does she know what I am doing here?
The post office is next door.

She lives near the post office.
She went out with a friend of ours.
She had to solve an unusual problem.
I‘m going to get some new books.
She‘s got no idea of what you‘re doing here.
LESSON 23

I wish I had you in my arms tonight…
WISH CASES
I wish to see the manager right now! FORMAL to want to do something.
I wish you all the best. To hope or express hope for another
We wish you every success in the future. person's success or happiness or pleasure
I wish you a Merry Christmas. on a particular occasion.
I wish she were here. Expressing sth that is contrary to a
I wish she weren‘t so stupid. present fact.
I wish she had gone to the movies with me. Expressing sth that is contrary to a past
I wish she hadn‘t broken up with me. fact.
I wish she would call me tonight. Expressing sth that is probably contrary
I wish she wouldn‘t get angry at me. to a future fact. Used to express
I wish she'd shut up for a moment and let annoyance with someone's behavior.
someone else speak.
Complete.
1. She wishes she_____________________________________________.
2. I wish I had _______________________________________last night.
3. I wish you ________________________________________________.
4. They wish they were _______________________________________.
LESSON 23

Powerful words
TO CARE (to want, to like) Formal. Used in polite suggestions and offers
Would you care to come with us?
TO CARE FOR (to like)
I don‘t care for apple pie.
She knows he cares for her.
Would you care for some beer?
TO CARE ABOUT (to mind, to be concerned)
Some people don‘t care about what they wear.
Everybody cares about their reputation.
TO TAKE CARE OF (to look after)
She takes care of her little sister every night.
Phrasal Verbs
Ward off To prevent something unpleasant from

harming or approaching you.
Throw out To force someone to leave a college,
school, house or organization.
Come up with To suggest or think of an idea or plan.
To chase or follow someone in order to
Go after catch them. INFORMAL to try to obtain
something.
Grow up To gradually become an adult.
Work out To happen or develop in a particular way.
If you give up a habit, such as smoking, or
Give up something such as alcohol, you stop doing
it or using it.
Stay up To go to bed later than usual.
Save up To keep money so that you can buy
something with it in the future.
Bring in To make money.
To become involved in a difficult situation
Step in or argument in order to help find a
solution.
Set sb up To establish someone or yourself in a
business or position.
To tell someone about some information,
Point out often because you believe they are not
aware of it or have forgotten it.
LESSON 23

Exercises
1. Make embedded questions for these answers below.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________?
He traveled to England because of his inheritance.
b. _______________________________________________________________________________?
He‘s been doing this for almost a year.
c. _______________________________________________________________________________?
She calls him every other day.
d. _______________________________________________________________________________?
Mark won‘t marry Diana because he found out he doesn‘t love her.
2. Give long answers for these questions below.
a. What should you ward off?
___________________________________________________________________________________.
b. Have you ever had to step in a huge problem and couldn‘t solve it?
___________________________________________________________________________________.
c. Have you ever had to give up anything? What?
___________________________________________________________________________________.
d. When was the last time you came up with an interesting idea?
___________________________________________________________________________________.
e. How often do you stay up?
___________________________________________________________________________________.
f. What have you been saving up for?
___________________________________________________________________________________.
LESSON 24

Active Voice
I do exercises every day.

Jane cleans the house on Mondays.
Mark and painted the house last summer.

Paul
They will fix the car tomorrow.
He would invite her for the party.
They are organizing the books at the library.
We were doing the dishes a few minutes ago.
He is going to fix breakfast as soon he gets up.
He was going to set the table when she called him out.
I have read that book since last week.
She has prepared cakes since she went on vacation.
They had already set up the restaurant when you decided to lend them
the money.
I will have corrected those tests by the end of the week.
She would have called him if she‘d had his

phone number.
I could have fixed the car if they had
brought it to me.
She should have canceled the meeting yesterday.
They must have found a solution for that

problem.
LESSON 24

Passive Voice
Exercises are done (by me) every day.

The house is cleaned by Jane on Mondays.
The house was painted by Mark and Paul last summer.
The car will be fixed (by them) tomorrow.
She would be invited (by him) for the party.
The books are being organized (by them) at the library.
The dishes were being done (by us) a few minutes ago.
Breakfast is going to be (by him) as soon he gets up.

fixed
The table was going to be (by him) when she called him out.
set
That book has been read (by me) since last week.
Cakes have been (by her) since she went on vacation.

prepared
The had been set up (by them) when you decided to lend them
restaurant already the money.
Those tests will have been (by me) by the end of the week.
corrected
He would been called if she‘d had his phone number.
have
The car could have been fixed if they had brought it to me.
The meeting should been (by her) yesterday.

have canceled
A solution must have been found (by them).
LESSON 24

SENTENCES WITH DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT - Passive voice

She was given some flowers (by him).
He gave her some flowers.
Some flowers were given to her (by him).
Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary Tips
Meet, See, Visit, or Get to know?

Meet is only used about people. It is not
used to mean 'visit a place or thing'. For
this meaning use see or visit.
Annie and Paul met on holiday.
People love to travel and see different
places.
People love to travel and meet different
places. Wrong
When you get to know someone, you
gradually learn more about them.
It's too soon to think about marriage,
we're still getting to know each other.
Create your own sentences.
1. Meet _____________________________________________________.
2. Visit _____________________________________________________.
3. See ______________________________________________________.
4. Get to know_______________________________________________.
LESSON 24

Exercises
1. Make active voice questions for the passive voice answers below.
a. ___________________________________________________________________________?
Dinner is being cooked by me tonight.
b. ___________________________________________________________________________?
He is going to be invited for next Saturday night party.
c. ___________________________________________________________________________?
Her new project was turned down by the new board of directors.
d. ___________________________________________________________________________?
He was sent some letters when he finally graduated from university.
2. Change the following sentences to the passive voice and vice versa.
a. The policeman arrested the thieves at school yesterday,
___________________________________________________________________________.
b. The student broke the chair last weekend.
___________________________________________________________________________.
c. She was convinced to come here by her classmates.
___________________________________________________________________________.
d. Joanne was looked down on by her friends.
__________________________________________________________________________.
e. He will ask her out next time he sees her
__________________________________________________________________________.
f. We will be forced to give him an explanation next time he sees us.
__________________________________________________________________________.
LESSON 24

TO BE ABLE TO
Long Answers
What are you able to do right now?

Were you able to drive when you were 18 years
old?
Will he be able to lift those heavy boxes?
Would you be able to back her up in case I die?
Are you going to be able to finish the project this afternoon?
Was she going to be able to graduate high school in the end of the year?
Should you be able to analyze the situation?
Right now, I/we am/are able to solve this problem.

Yes I/we was/were able to drive when I/we was/were
No wasn‘t/weren‘t 18 years old.
Yes he will be able to lift those heavy boxes.
No won‘t
Yes I/we would be able to back her up in case you die.
No wouldn‘t
Yes I/we am/are going to to finish the project this afternoon.
No am not/aren‘t be able
Yes she was going to to graduate high in the end of the
No wasn‘t be able school year.
Yes I/we should be able to analyze the situation.
No shouldn‘t
Create your own sentences using to be able to.

1. __________________________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________.
5. __________________________________________________________.
LESSON 25

Special Verbs
Verbs followed either by - ING FORM or INFINITIVE -- different ideas.
Verbs INFINITIVE - ING FORM
REMEMBER Refers to an action that Refers to an action which
comes afterwards. happened beforehand.
Examples: I always remember to do that. I can‘t remember doing that.
FORGET Refers to an action that comes Refers to an action which
afterwards. happened beforehand.
Examples: I always forget to do that. I can‘t forget doing that.
STOP Refers to the interruption of Refers to the ending of an action.
an action in order to perform
another.
Examples: I stopped to smoke. I stopped smoking.
MEAN Means intend. Means involve.
Examples: When she said that, did she Loving her means having
really mean to stay here? problems.
Verbs of Perception
Means that one observes the Means that one observes the
entire action. action in progress.
SEE I saw him cross the street. I saw him crossing the street.
HEAR I heard somebody groan. I heard somebody groaning.
NOTICE I noticed her stare at him. I noticed her staring at him.
LESSON 25

Non-Progressive Verbs
Verbs of thinking, attitudes, opinions or expressing emotions and possession are not
used in Continuous Tenses (Progressive Forms).
believe need
belong own
contain prefer
forget realize
hate remember
like suppose
love understand
matter
Some verbs have progressive forms with one meaning but not with another. The
following do not usually have progressive forms:
have (=‖possess‖) see (=‖understand‖)

appear (=‖seem‖) think (=‖have the opinion that‖)
look (=‖seem‖) feel (=‖have the opinion that‖)
Verbs followed either by - ING FORM or INFINITIVE – no change of meaning.

BEGIN He began to work yesterday. He began working yesterday.
START He started to work yesterday. He started working yesterday.
CONTINUE He continued to talk. He continued talking.
HATE She hates to go shopping. She hates going shopping.
LIKE I like to swim. I like swimming.
LOVE I love to read. I love reading.
LESSON 25

Verbs followed by - ING FORM

Verb + - ING Verb + POSSESSIVE + - ING
They denied cutting down those trees. He didn‘t understand her turning
down his proposal.
admit* appreciate
avoid excuse
can‘t help explain
consider prevent
deny understand
enjoy
finish
mind
postpone
recommend*
regret
suggest*
The verbs with a * can also be used with a That-clause

She admitted making a mistake.
She admitted that she had made a mistake.
LESSON 25
Exercises
Powerful words
TO LOOK = TO SEEM
You look tired out today. What did you do yesterday?
TO LOOK AT
Please, I‘m down on my knees asking you to Look at me!
TO LOOK FOR= TO SEARCH, TO SEEK
She‘s been looking for it since yesterday.
TO LOOK LIKE = TO SEEM
Jon looks like his mother.
TO LOOK FORWARD TO = to feel pleased and excited about something that is

going to happen.
I'm looking forward to Christmas this year.
I‘m looking forward to seeing her again.
1. Make sentences using the following verbs.

a. SEE___________________________________________________________________________.
b. WONDER_____________________________________________________________________.
c. REMEMBER_________________________________________________________________.
d. APPRECIATE_________________________________________________________________.
e. UNDERSTAND______________________________________________________________.
f. HAVE_________________________________________________________________________.
g. LOVE_________________________________________________________________________.
h. STOP_________________________________________________________________________.
i. NEED_________________________________________________________________________.
j. CAN‘T HELP_________________________________________________________________.
k. ENJOY________________________________________________________________________.
l. LIKE__________________________________________________________________________.
m. SEE___________________________________________________________________________.
n. HEAR________________________________________________________________________.
LESSON 25
How to Answer the Toughest Job Interview Questions
by Nelson Wang

Employers want to hire people who are prepared, poised, an enthusiastic. To find out
if you have those qualities, they may ask these questions.
TELL ME ABOUT YOURSELF. This request appears simple. But it can be difficult.
That‘s because you‘re not given any direction as to how to respond. As a result,
many people give a lengthy and rambling self-history. And this is definitely not
what employers want. The best strategy is to give a brief overview of your
background and skills, says Martha Russell of Russell Career Services in Battle
Ground, Washington. Describe how they relate to the job you‘re applying for. And
keep your answer short, less than two minutes, when appropriate.
WHY DO YOU WANT TO LEAVE YOUR CURRENT JOB? This question can be
tricky. If you answer by complaining about your job and your boss, your
interviewer may think you have a poor attitude. Try not to speak negatively about
your job or your boss. Instead, show how your current job isn‘t leading you toward
your future goals. "Talk about it in terms of what your expectations are," says
Barry Chung, a vocational psychologist at Georgia State University. "Talk about
what you want to achieve, and how the opportunity isn‘t there at your current place
of employment."
WHAT ARE YOUR STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES? Talking about your

strengths may be difficult. You may feel as if you‘re boasting. But you need to
communicate what you‘re good at and what you have experience doing. One good
way is to discuss your strengths in terms of past accomplishments you‘re proud of.
Or you can talk about work related activities that you really enjoy. "Most people who
really enjoy doing something usually do it well," says Annie Stevens of U.S. career
coaching company Clear Rock, Inc. In terms of weaknesses, you generally don‘t
want to talk about any serious ones. So it‘s best to mention a minor weakness and
then talk about what you‘re doing to improve it.
TELL ME ABOUT A TIME WHEN YOU? These types of requests ask how you have
handled a certain situation. Interviewers call them behavioral questions. They are
used to determine your ability to deal effectively with a situation you will encounter
in the job you‘re applying for. An example might be, "Tell me about a time when you
worked with a difficult customer." Or, "Tell me about a time when you had to lead
others." You should come prepared with examples of
LESSON 25
challenging situations you‘ve faced in the past. Tell the interviewer how you used
your skills, experience, and knowledge to handle them in a positive way. Martha

Russell advises her clients to think of answers to these types of questions as "STAR"
statements: describe the Situation, talk about the task, outline the Action you had
to take, and discuss the Result.
HOW MUCH MONEY DO YOU WANT? Most career experts advise holding back
your answer as long as possible. The main reason is that you may ask for less
money than your potential employer is prepared to pay. "The rule is that the person
who speaks first loses," says Annie Stevens. If your interviewer presses you to
answer the question, try to avoid giving specific numbers. Give a range instead, but
be careful not to choose too low a figure at the bottom of the range.
WHY ARE manhole covers ROUND? Interviewers at software company Microsoft

often ask questions like this one about manhole covers. They‘re generally not
looking for a "right" answer. They are interested in seeing how you reason through
an unfamiliar problem. Don‘t be afraid to ask for some time to think about the
question. Barry Chung suggests that you try to answer the question in a number
of different ways. Use a different set of assumptions for each answer to show your
ability to think quickly. Above all, you want to demonstrate how you have arrived
at your answer.
WHEN HAVE YOU stumbled IN YOUR CAREER AND HOW DID YOU
RECOVER? Interviewers know that nobody succeeds all the time. They want to see
when you have stumbled, and how you respond to setbacks. The best way to answer
this question is with honesty and perspective on what you learned from the
situation. "When I ask this question, I‘m looking for how the interviewees handled a
stressful situation and how they reacted to and solved a problem," says Annie
Stevens. "Did they blame others? Or did they take responsibility for it themselves?
That tells me a lot about them."
1. Do you remember your first job interview? How was it?
2. Do you think tests and interviews help to find good employees?
3. Imagine you are the interviewer. What would you ask the interviewee?
4. How would you feel in a job interview nowadays? Would you answer the
questions sincerely or just give the right answer?
LESSON 25

Exercises
1. Point out some verb tenses, modal verbs and structural rules used
in the text and explain them:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

a. rambling _____________________________________________________________________
b. tricky ________________________________________________________________________
c. boasting ______________________________________________________________________
d. accomplishments _____________________________________________________________
e. challenging ___________________________________________________________________
f. task ___________________________________________________________________________
g. assumptions _________________________________________________________________
h. stumbled ______________________________________________________________________
i. setbacks _______________________________________________________________________
j. poised _________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 26

Future Continuous
tomorrow
What
She will
willshe bebeplaying
doing at the club evening?
evening.
tennis in the
Where will you be studying afternoon?
When will he be moving to Paris?
Who will be helping her at the party tonight?
Why will you be traveling to Santa Fe next week?
We can use Future Continuous to say that something will be going on at a certain
time in the future.
This time tomorrow I‘ll be swimming at the club.
The Future Continuous is also used for planned or expected future events.
Professor Marques will be giving a lecture tomorrow evening.
In polite enquires the future continuous suggest ―What have you already decided?‖
giving the idea that we are not trying to influence people. Compare:
Will you be traveling this evening? (just asking about plans)
Are you going to travel this evening? (maybe pressing for a decision)
Will you travel this evening? (request or order)
LESSON 26

in the
I /We will be studying at the library afternoon.
He will be moving to Paris next weekend.
Chris will be helping her at the party tonight.

next week,
I/We will be traveling to Santa Fe because I/we
need to.
Search or Search for?

If you search a place or person, you look
for something in that place or on that
person:
The police searched the man/the house for
weapons.
If you search for something or someone,
you look for that thing or person.
The police searched for the stolen
computers but they were never recovered.
The police searched the stolen computers
but they were never recovered. Wrong
LESSON 26

SO THAT / SO AS (NOT) TO / IN ORDER (NOT) TO

Used before you give an explanation for the action that you
have just mentioned.
I deliberately didn't have lunch so (that) I would be

SO THAT hungry tonight.
SO AS TO I always keep fruit in the fridge so as to keep insects off it.
SO AS(NOT) TO I called her in advance so as not to lose time.
IN ORDER TO I didn‘t call her in order to avoid future problems.
IN ORDER (NOT)TO I agreed to her suggestion in order not to upset her.
Exercises
1. Make sentences using the following words.
a. IN ORDER TO _______________________________________________________________.
b. SO THAT ____________________________________________________________________.
c. SO AS TO ___________________________________________________________________.
d. SO AS NOT TO _____________________________________________________________.
e. IN ORDER NOT TO _________________________________________________________.
f. SO THAT ____________________________________________________________________.
g. SO AS NOT TO _____________________________________________________________.
h. IN ORDER TO _______________________________________________________________.
LESSON 27

Do you miss your childhood? What did you use to do?
USED TO
We use USED TO to describe past habits. USED TO + verb is for talking about
situations or regular activities in the past which no longer happen or exist.
NOTE: No duration of time is mentioned in USED TO constructions.
The Simple past should be used instead.
RIGHT: They worked for us for seven years.
WRONG: They used to work for us for seven years.
I used to play with the kids where I lived.
I used to visit my grandparents every weekend in the morning.
I didn‘t use to answer my parents back.
When we were younger, we used not to be allowed to drink coffee. (more formal)
WOULD
used to talk about things in the past that happened often or always:
He would always turn and wave at the end of the street.
She would love me all night long when we were younger.
―When I sat down it would jump on my legs and cover me with horrible caresses.‖ *
―When I got up to walk it was between my legs and I would almost fall.‖ *
*Poe, Edgar Allan. The Black Cat.
TO BE USED TO + VERB –ING

The expression be used to something/doing something is for talking about
something which you have done or experienced a lot before.
I‘m pretty used to walking 4 kilometers a day.
She isn‘t used to talking in public.
We are used to working overnight.
LESSON 27

TO GET USED TO + VERB –ING

It has the same idea of TO BE USED TO.
However It is usually used with auxiliary or modal verbs.
They will never get used to dealing with difficult situations.
She can‘t get used to cleaning the house.
If she had money she would soon get used to spending money.
TO BE ACCUSTOMED TO + VERB –ING

Familiar with something.
I'm not accustomed to being treated like this.
I‘m not accustomed to getting told off.
TO GET ACCUSTOMED TO + VERB –ING

Familiar with something.
However It is usually used with auxiliary or modal verbs.
She will quickly get accustomed to living with him.
I don‘t think he can get accustomed to doing this.
TO BE SUPPOSED TO
Used to talk about what is generally believed, what people are expected to do, or
what is intended.
I‘m supposed to clean the house tomorrow.
As a teacher I‘m supposed to clear the doubts away and guide the students
through difficult subjects.
You‘re not supposed to be here.
Yesterday, I was supposed to do the dishes but I forgot to do it.
LESSON 27

Exercises
1. Complete the following sentences bellow.
a. I can‘t get used to ____________________________________________________________.
b. She will never get used to ____________________________________________________.
c. They would ___________________________________________________________________.
d. They are supposed to __________________________________________________________.
e. I used to ___________________________________________________when I was young.
f. I don‘t know if I will get accustomed to_______________________________________.
g. She would _______________________________________________________ every night.
h. I will never ___________________________________________________________________.
i. She is ________________________________________________________________________.
j. They used to __________________________________________________________________.
k. Janet would get used to_______________________________________ if she had a car.
l. Mark was supposed to ________________________________________________________.
m. They can never get ___________________________________________________________.
LESSON 27

GET
TO ARRIVE I always get home at about 10 to 11:00 P.M

TO BUY I need to get some food.
TO OBTAIN He won‘t get what he wants doing this.
TO RECEIVE She got red roses on her birthday.
TO BECOME The teacher got really mad when I told him that.
TO UNDERSTAN OR HEAR STH I didn‘t get what he said.
TO TRAVEL SOMEWHERE IN A We‘ll get a taxi to the station.
TRAIN, BUS OR OTHER VEHICLE. Which bus do I need to get?
1. Get (arrive) _______________________________________________.
2. Get (buy) _________________________________________________.
3. Get (become) ______________________________________________.
4. Get (hear) ________________________________________________.
5. Get (travel) _______________________________________________.
6. Get (receive) ______________________________________________.
7. Get (obtain) _______________________________________________.
LESSON 28

HAD BETTER(NOT) / SHOULD(N`T)

We use had better to give strong advice to people including ourselves. It is more
urgent than should or ought to.
He had better study more. He should study more.
They‘d better look for another house They should look for another house.
What had he better do now? What should he do now?
He had better not leave home so early. He shouldn‘t leave home so early.
WOULD RATHER(NOT) / WOULD PREFER (NOT) TO

I would rather go home now. I would prefer to go home now.
She would rather buy an apartment. She would prefer to buy an apartment.
Where would you rather go now? Where would you prefer to go now?
He would rather not travel tonight. He would prefer not to travel tonight.
I would rather die than work there. I would prefer to die to work there.
LESSON 28

LIKE
LOOK LIKE In a way that suggests. To seem
It looks like I‘m getting crazy. He looks like his father.
SOUND LIKE In a way that suggests.
They sound like a bunch of bees.
TASTE LIKE In a way that suggests.
This coffee tastes like dishwater!
SMELL LIKE In a way that suggests.
His mouth smells like sewage!
SEEM /FEEL LIKE Similar to:
It seems/feels like ages since we last spoke.
IF YOU LIKE used for asking if someone agrees with a suggestion:
We can leave now if you like.
EMPHATIC USE OF DO, DOES AND DID IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES.

We use the emphatic form when the listener has doubts about what he is listening.
I do study English every day.

She does know how to prepare delicious cakes and pies.
He did park the car in front of the house last night.
LESSON 28

1. Smell like ________________________________________________.
2. Taste like ________________________________________________.
3. Look like ________________________________________________.
4. Feel like _________________________________________________.
5. If you like _______________________________________________.
6. Sound like ___________________________________________________________.
Create your own sentences working on emphatic forms.
1. Do ______________________________________________________.
2. Did _____________________________________________________.
3. Does ____________________________________________________.
4. Do ______________________________________________________.
5. Did _____________________________________________________.
6. Does _________________________________________________________________.
LESSON 28

Create your own sentences using would rather.
1. __________________________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________.
5. __________________________________________________________.
6. ________________________________________________________________________.
Create your own sentences using had better.
1. Stomach ache______________________________________________.
2. Sore throat________________________________________________.
3. Backache_________________________________________________.
4. Pneumonia________________________________________________.
5. Headache_________________________________________________.

LESSON 29
Introducing additional and important facts or contrasting and concluding ideas.

ADDITION
FURTHERMORE She is really beautiful and furthermore she‘s got money.

IN ADDITION She is really beautiful and in addition (to it) she‘s got
money.
MOREOVER She is really beautiful and moreover she‘s got money.
BESIDES She is really beautiful and besides, she‘s got money.
CONTRAST
ALTHOUGH Although it was raining she went to the beach.

EVEN THOUGH Even though it was raining, she went to the beach.
THOUGH It is a lie, though it is well disguised under false
pretences.
HOWEVER She went to the beach, however it was raining
BUT She likes pricey things, but she doesn‘t have money.
CONCLUSION
BECAUSE She buys clothes and jewels every weekend because her
father is rich.
THEREFORE She has lots of money; therefore she can travel wherever
she wants to.
SO He has an important meeting tonight, so it is better he
prepares himself and rest a bit before it.

LESSON 29
PLACING OF ADVERBS
After verbs of movement, such as ―Go‖, ―Run‖, ―Walk‖ (INTRANSITIVE VERBS,
therefore no DIRECT OBJECT), the normal order of adverbs is ―Place‖, ―Manner‖
and ―Time‖. When all three appear, however, it is also common for the adverb of time
to precede the verb in similar cases.
They went to the club together last night.

P M T
She ran to school suddenly this morning.
P M T
Yesterday, she walked back home quickly.
T P M
With TRANSITIVE VERBS (sentences with a DIRECT OBJECT), the more

common order of the adverb is ―Manner‖, ―Place‖, and ―Time‖. When all three appear.
Even so, the element of time can still come before the verb in theses sentences.
She kept the clothes carefully in the wardrobe last night.

M P T
He locked the cat calmly in the living room yesterday.
M P T
Last Monday, they put the money back quickly in the safe.
T M P

LESSON 29
Create your own sentences using the following adverbs.
Place: downtown, club, school, church, mall.

Manner: quickly, fast, slowly, suddenly, together.
Time: tomorrow, yesterday, last night, Thursday morning.
1. __________________________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________.
5. __________________________________________________________.
Manner: wisely, fast, willingly, easily, sincerely.
Place: home, beach, school, church, mall.
Time: ten minutes ago, after work, before lunch.
1. __________________________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________.
5. __________________________________________________________.

LESSON 29
Adverbial phrases that frequently have front position:
Up to now, I haven‘t seen anything new.

Before that, nobody could imagine she would be able to leave.
Just then the lights went out.
Of course she will bring her daughter along.
By now, she must be home.
At last she paid me a visit.
Later on, they phoned me to give me more details.
Once in a while, my sister pays me a visit.* usually at the end of a sentence.
1. Up to now ________________________________________________.
2. Of course ________________________________________________.
3. At last ___________________________________________________.
4. Later on _________________________________________________.
5. By now __________________________________________________.
6. Before that ___________________________________________________________.
7. Just then _____________________________________________________________.
8. Once in a while ______________________________________________________.

LESSON 29
Lay or Lie?
Be careful not to confuse these verbs.
Lay means 'put down carefully' or 'put
down flat'. This verb is always followed
by an object. Laying is the present
participle. Laid is the past simple and the
past participle.
She laid the papers on the desk.
Lie means 'be in a horizontal position' or
'be in a particular place'. This verb is
irregular and is never followed by an
object. Lying is the present participle.
Lay is the past simple and lain is the
past participle.
The papers were lying on the desk.
The papers were laying on the desk.
Wrong.
I lay down and went to sleep.
I laid down and went to sleep. Wrong.
The regular verb lie means 'not say the
truth'. Lying is the present participle.
Lied is the past simple and the past
participle.
He lied to me about his age.
1. Lay ______________________________________________________.
2. Lie ______________________________________________________.
3. Lain _____________________________________________________.
4. Lied _____________________________________________________.
5. Laid _____________________________________________________.
6. Lay (past) ________________________________________________.

LESSON 30
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
BOTH AND
NOT ONLY BUT ALSO
EITHER OR
NEITHER NOR
Both Mark and Bob need to go home earlier today.

Both Joann and Penelope have good grades.
I not only woke up late but also forgot to call her.
If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole
organization
We can either eat now or after the show - it's up to you.
Either you leave now or I call the police!
On weekends I either eat in or at my parents‘ house.
Either Paul or Shirley is at home now.
Either Mark or his parents are at home now.
Neither my mother nor my father went to university.
They speak neither French nor German, but a curious mixture of the two.
I neither know nor care what's happened to him
Neither Jack nor Liz has a car.
Neither the boys nor the girls have tests today.

LESSON 30
CONJUNCTIONS
PROVIDED THAT He's welcome to come along, provided that he behaves himself.
UNLESS Unless it starts raining, I‘ll meet you in front of the mall.
SEEING THAT Seeing that the project is over, I think we should celebrate.
SINCE I've been very busy since I came back from holiday
AS LONG AS As long as you accept the rules, we can start playing.
EVEN IF Even if you give her flowers, she won‘t accept your excuses.
WHILE She was cooking while her husband was setting the table.
AS She told me she met him as she was going back home.
AS IF Do not talk to me as if I was a child!
IN CASE Please, Take care of my pets in case I die.
NOW THAT Now that she became millionaire, she won‘t even look at us.
1. Provided that _____________________________________________.
2. Unless ___________________________________________________.
3. Seeing that _______________________________________________.
4. Since ____________________________________________________.
5. As long as ________________________________________________.
6. Even if ___________________________________________________.
7. While ____________________________________________________.
8. As _______________________________________________________.
9. As if _____________________________________________________.
10. In case ___________________________________________________.
11. Now that _________________________________________________.

LESSON 30
1. Both ... and ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.
2. Either … or _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
3. Neither … nor _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.
4. Not only… but also _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.
5. Both ... and ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.
6. Either … or _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
7. Neither … nor _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.
8. Not only… but also _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.

LESSON 31
Paradise City
GIVING DIRECTIONS
Go straight ahead Walk (Go) past On the next block
Turn left(Make a left) Walk (Go) back Beside
Turn right(Make a right) On the right Up/Down
Turn at the corner of On the left In front of
Walk (Go) across Up ahead Behind
Walk (Go) to the corner of Walk (Go) half a block Next to
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
What a lovely house she‘s got!

What a beautiful dress she was wearing at the theater last night!
What a wonderful idea! The snack bar is in front of the park.
What an honest mayor he is!
How stupid he is! The theater is next to the church.
How fast she types! We‘ll have time for shopping.
How carefully he makes the bed!

LESSON 31
Answer the following questions according to the map above.
1. How can I get to the post office?

__________________________________________________________.
2. How can I get to the snack bar?

__________________________________________________________.
3. How can I get to the shopping center?

__________________________________________________________.
4. How can I get to the theater?

__________________________________________________________.
5. How can I get to the apartment building?

__________________________________________________________.
6. How can I get to the city square?

__________________________________________________________.
7. How can I get to the bank?

__________________________________________________________.
8. Where is the park?

__________________________________________________________.
9. Where is the church?

__________________________________________________________.
10. Where is the library?

__________________________________________________________.

LESSON 31
change (noun) + preposition

When you use change as a noun, be careful to use the correct preposition. Use
change in to describe a gradual change from one situation to a different one.
There has been a change in the attitude of local people over the last few months.
There has been a change on the attitude of local people over the last few months.
Wrong
Use change of when something such as an address or job is being replaced by a
different one.
Can you give me your change of address?
Use change to in order to describe a change which someone makes so that
something is different but not completely different.
We may have to make some changes to the design.
We may have to make some changes in the design. Wrong
CONTRACTED FORMS
WILL WOULD TO BE (PRESENT) HAVE HAD
I‘LL I‘D I‘M I‘VE I‘D
YOU‘LL YOU‘D YOU‘RE YOU‘VE YOU‘D
HE‘LL HE‘D HE‘S HE‘S HE‘D
SHE‘LL SHE‘D SHE‘S SHE‘S SHE‘D
IT‘LL IT‘D IT‘S IT‘S IT‘D
WE‘LL WE‘D WE‘RE WE‘VE WE‘D
YOU‘LL YOU‘D YOU‘RE YOU‘VE YOU‘D
THEY‘LL THEY‘D THEY‘RE THEY‘VE THEY‘D
WHAT‘LL WHAT‘D WHAT‘S WHAT‘VE WHAT‘D
WHEN‘LL WHEN‘D WHEN‘S WHEN‘VE WHEN‘D
WHERE‘LL WHERE‘D WHERE‘S WHERE‘VE WHERE‘D
THAT‘LL THAT‘D THAT‘S THAT‘S THAT‘D

LESSON 31
Do or Make?
Do usually means to perform an activity or job.
I should do more exercise.
I should make more exercise. Wrong
Make usually means to create or produce something.
Did you make the dress yourself?
Did you do the dress yourself? Wrong
DO MAKE
DO HARM MAKE THE BED
DO GOOD MAKE A MISTAKE
DO ONE‘S BEST MAKE AN EFFORT
DO BUSINESS MAKE COFFEE
DO (SOMEONE) A FAVOR MAKE MONEY
DO ONE‘S HAIR MAKE A SUGGESTION
DO A PROJECT MAKE A FUSS
DO THE SHOPPING MAKE NOISE
DO THE IRONING MAKE A PHONE CALL
DO ONE‘S ACCOUNT MAKE PROGRESS
DO 100 MPH/KPH MAKE ARRANGEMENTS
DO THE DISHES MAKE DISHES*
DO EXERCISES MAKE EXERCISES *

LESSON 31
Prepositions used when talking about addresses.
Where do you live?
I live at 109 Antônio Gonçalves st. São Gonçalo Rio de Janeiro Brazil.
I live on Antônio Gonçalves St.
I live in São Gonçalo.
I live in Rio de Janeiro.
I live in Brazil.
Comparative Pairs
They are used to indicate that two circumstances increase or decrease in intensity or
amount at the same time. The second clause is often the result of the first one.
The more you study the better you are.

The less you eat the more tired you‘ll get.
The faster the better.
The less attention you pay the worse you are at school.
The more you eat the fatter you will get.
The less you study the lower your grades will be.
Verbs +Possessive +-ING

This structure is used when we need to change a verb into a noun and in addition to
it, indicate possessiveness.
I go out with friends at night. She hates it.

She hates my going out with friends at night.
She comes here to help us every other day. I admire it.
I admire her coming here to help us every other day.
He tries to please her. She loves it.
She loves his trying to please her.
He played the guitar very loudly. This disturbed his neighbors.
His playing the guitar very loudly disturbed his neighbors.
She gets to work late every day. This is going to affect her job.
Her getting late to work every day is going to affect her job.

LESSON 31
Don‘t Go There
by Ron Martinez
Mothers, Moms and Mommies
A few years ago I received an e-mail from a Brazilian colleague of mine regarding a
professional matter. Her English is excellent, but a comment she made near the end
of the e-mail caught my attention:
―And your mommy? How is she?‖
It wasn‘t strange for her to mention my mother in the e-mail (in fact, it was
appropriate because my mother was sick). But her use of the word ―mommy‖ was a
little odd in this case.
The words ―mother,‖ ―mom,‖ and ―mommy‖ all mean the same thing. But ―mommy‖
is usually said by a child or to a child.
―Mom‖ is used informally by adults and young adults, and ―mother‖ is the neutral
word. So it sounded a little strange for my colleague to ask a man who is almost 40
years old about his ―mommy.‖
The differences in appropriate use of words that have the same meaning is called
―register.‖ This concept is particularly important for speakers of Portuguese, and
Romance languages in general. In English we often have two versions of a word
(especially nouns). For example, to say inventar in English, depending on the
context, you can use ―make up‖ or ―invent.‖ But consider the following dialogue:
―That‘s a funny joke. Did you make that up?‖
―No, I read it in Reader‘s Digest.‖
It would sound strangely formal to say, ―That‘s a funny joke. Did you invent it?‖

LESSON 31
Most native speakers of English would understand you if you said, ―I descend the
stairs‖ rather than ―go down the stairs,‖ ―I started learning the piano but desisted‖
instead of ―stopped,‖ or even that you ―hold your respiration‖ instead of your ―breath‖
underwater. But they‘ll also think that you are either a writer from the 19th century,
or that you really need a vacation! As always, a good dictionary can help avoid
awkward situations.
I wonder if the Beatles would have had as much success if the register of their songs
had been different:
- ―She loves you, indeed, indeed, indeed.‖
- ―I want to secure your hand.‖
- ―She‘s abandoning the abode.‖
- ―All you require is love.‖
- ―Currency cannot purchase love.‖
I don‘t know—somehow it just doesn‘t feel the same.

Article excerpted from The English2Go magazine issued in December 2005.


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ECL

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary – Electronic Edition. Version 1.1.

Courtney, Rosemary - Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.

Longman Dictionary of English Idioms.

Englis2Go Magazine – Reader‘s Digest

The New Penguin English Dictionary

Planned and Prepared by

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 2

 THERE TO BE == USING ALL THE PERFECT TENSES AND MODAL VERBS

 HOW LONG ______IT TAKE ______ TO __________?

 PASSIVE VOICE == USING ALL OF THE TENSES PRESENTED.

 VERBS FOLLOWED EITHER BY - ING FORM OR INFINITIVE -- DIFFERENT

 FUTURE CONTINUOUS == ITS USAGE.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 3

 ADDITION==FURTHERMORE / MOREOVER / IN ADDITION / BESIDES

NOT ONLY ………………………………BUT ALSO

NEITHER ……………………………….. NOR

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 4

Could there be a game here tomorrow?

Can there be classes next Friday?

Could there be a concert in Rio next weekend?

Should there be another meeting next week?

Must there be an explanation for this?

Have there been many accidents here lately?

Has there been much work here recently?

Had there been a situation like that Before?

Must there have been beautiful girls at the party?

Could there have been an explanation for that?

Should there have been another party like that?

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 5

Yes / No there can – can‘t be a solution for

Yes / No there can/may – can‘t/may not be classes next

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 6

Yes / No there could/might – couldn‘t/might not be a concert in Rio next

Yes / No there must – there doesn‘t need to (have to) be an explanation

Yes / No there has – hasn‘t been much work here recently.

Yes / No there had – hadn‘t been a situation like before.

1. Create questions using the words in parentheses.

There mustn‘t be concerts here.

(Could – there – meetings)

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 7

2. Give long answers for these questions below.

a. Where can there be another congress?

b. When should there be another lecture?

c. What must there be here?

d. How often should there be parties in your opinion?

e. Why can‘t there be a soccer game on TV next Saturday?

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 8

Have you got any idea what we are talking about?

Not Standard Words

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 9

FOODS YOU CAN FILL UP ON

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 10

The traditional Mediterranean diet contains lots of fruits, vegetables, legumes,

Article excerpted from The English2Go magazine issued in February 2005.

1. What are your eating habits?

2. What do you most like to eat?

3. Do you practice any kind of physical exercise?

4. How often do you see your doctor?

5. What do you think about going on a diet?

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 11

2. Using an English – English dictionary get an explanation for

a. the latest ______________________________________________________________________

 HOW LONG IT TAKE TO ______?

1. What do you ________?

2. Will _ _ ___tomorrow?

3. Where __ _ ___ _ _____?

4. Would _ _______?

a. ____________.Oh! Don‗t forget to bring_!