IJK & team Temperature Measurement

In Jumanda K
injumanda@gmail.com
0818 0205 4292

Temperatur/suhu merupakan parameter fisik yang

banyak digunakan sebagai parameter kondisi
operasi pada suatu proses.

Suhu merupakan ukuran derajat aktivitas termal
partikel dalam material.

Satuan temperatur dalam SI: oC dan K

Satuan temperatur dalam British: oF dan R

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Pengukuran suhu menggunakan

termometer memanfaatkan
pemuaian/penyusutan cairan akibat
kenaikan/penurunan suhu

Pembacaan suhu dilakukan melalui
pembacaan tinggi permukaan cairan
pada pipa kapiler.

Cairan dalam temperatur dan rentang

pengukurannya:

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Prinsip Kerja Thermocouples

◦ Seebeck in 1821 discovered that thermal
electromotive force (t.e.m.f.) is generated in a
closed circuit of two wires made of dissimilar
metals if two junction are at different
temperatures.
◦ One junction is inserted into a measuring media,
and it is called a hot or measuring junction.
◦ Another one, called a cold or reference junction,
is kept either at 0 °C or at ambient temperature
and is connected to a measuring instrument
(millivoltmeter).

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1 - hot junction;
2 - metal A;
3 - metal B;
4 - connection head;
5 - extension wires;
6 , 7 - positive and negative terminals, respectively, of a measuring
instrument;
8 - measuring instrument.

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Tipe Termokopel
Tabel Tipe termokopel Menurut Standard Instrument Society Of
America (ISA)

Tipe Bahan Rentang Suhu GGL (V)

(C)
B Platina, 6% Rodium (+) 0… 1820 0… 13,814
dan Platina, 30% Rodium (-)
R Platina (+) -50… 1768 -0,226… 21,108
dan platina, 13% Rodium (-)
S Platina (+) -50… 1768 -0,236… 18,698
dan platina, 10% Rodium (-)
J Besi (+) dan Konstantan (-) -210… 760 -8,096… 42,922
K Khromel (+) dan Alumel (-) -270… 1372 -6,458… 54,875
T Tembaga (+) dan Konstantan (-) -270… 400 -6,258… 20,869
E Khromel (+) dan Konstantan (-) -270… 1000 -9,835… 76,358

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Thermal electromotive force, mV

60

50

40
Type K
30 Type J
Type T
20
Type S
10

-10
-300 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Temperature, C

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The principle of resistance temperature

detectors (RTD) is based on the variation of
electrical resistance of metals with
temperature.

For this purpose several metals are used,
namely, platinum, copper, nickel.

When temperature increases the resistance
of these metals increases.

Temperature function of resistance for
metals in a narrow temperature interval can
be expressed by a relationship:

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The principle of resistance

temperature detectors (RTD)
is based on the variation of
electrical resistance of metals
with temperature.

When temperature increases

the resistance of these
metals increases.

For this purpose several

metals are used, namely,
platinum, copper, nickel.

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Temperature function of resistance for metals in a

narrow temperature interval can be expressed by a
relationship:

Rϑ = R0 (1 + αϑ)

Rϑ and R0 - are the values of electrical resistance of

a metal conductor at temperatures

α - thermal coefficient of electrical
resistance,

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400

350
Platinum RTD
Copper RTD
300

250
R, Ohm

200

150

100

50

0
-300 -100 100 300 500 700 900
o
t, C

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Platinum RTDs are used for temperature

measurements from -220 to 850 oC

copper RTD - from -50 to 150 oC, and Nickel
RTD - from -215 to 320 oC.

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Sistem termal isian bekerja berdasarkan prinsip

pemuaian fluida.

Piranti ini dibedakan menjadi dua jenis, yaitu
berdasar perubahan volume dan tekanan.

Pada jenis pertama, sensor berisi cairan. Pada
jenis kedua, sensor berisi gas atau campuran uap
dan cair.

SAMA (Scientific Apparatus Makers Association)
memberikan klasifikasi sistem termal isian.

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Klasifikasi Uraian
Liquid –filled volume –change (selain merkuri)
I IA – Full compensation
IB – Case compensation
Vapor-filled pressure-change
IIA – Dirancang untuk suhu di atas suhu lingkungan
II IIB – dirancang untuk suhu dibawah suhu lingkungan
IIC – Dirancang untuk suhu diatas dan bawah suhu lingkungan
IID – Dirancang untuk seluruh suhu
Gas-Filled pressure-change
III IIIA – full compensation
IIIB – case compensation
Mercury-filled volume change
V VA – full compensation
VB – case compensation
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Sistem Isian Cair

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Sistem Isian Uap

Kelas IIA Kelas IIB

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Sistem Isian Gas

Kelas IIC Kelas IID

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Keunggulan

small time lag;

small dimensions of thermal bulb.

Kelemahan

narrow temperature range, from -50 to 300 °C;

slow response time (time lag) of about 20 seconds;

non-uniformity of the temperature scale.

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3.5
3.0
Vapour (saturation)

2.5 Methyl chloride

pressure, MPa

2.0
1.5
1.0

0.5
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature, C

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Bekerja dengan prinsip bahwa logam akan

memuai jika dikenai panas dan koefisien
pemuaiannya untuk setiap jenis logam akan
berbeda.

Elemen yang sensitif terhadap suhu adalah
campuran antara dua jenis logam yang
dikeraskan menjadi lempengan berbentuk pita.

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If semiconductors or heat-treated metallic

oxides (oxides of cobalt, copper, iron, tin,
titanium, etc.) are used as the materials for
producing temperature sensitive elements.

These oxides are compressed into the
desired shape from the specially formulated
powder.

After that, the oxides are heat-treated to
recrystallise them.

As the result of this treatment the ceramic
body becomes dense.

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Elemen yang dapat mengamati perubahan suhu yang sangat

kecil, tetapi memiliki rentang pengukuran yang sempit (-20...
100 oC).

Thermistor terbuat dari kombinasi antara bahan keramik dan
semacam bahan semikonduktor oksida logam.

Keunggulan :
o Ukurannya kecil
o Murah

Kelemahan :
o Hubungan antara suhu dan resistansi tidak linear
o Membutuhkan pembungkus/pelindung

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Pirometer digunakan untuk mengukur suhu

berdasar prinsip radiasi termal yang dipancarkan
benda.

Kelebihan pirometer adalah, tidak menyentuh
objek terukur.

Dengan demikian pengukuran hampir tidak
mempengaruhi suhu benda.

Pirometer banyak digunakan untuk mengukur
lelehan besi dan suhu tanur pembakaran.

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Sensor Type Limits of Accuracy1,2 Dynamics: Advantages Disadvantages

Application (°C) t (s)
Thermocouple
type E: ±1.5 or 0.5% for -good reproducibility
-100 to 1000
chromel-constantan 0 to 900 °C -wide range -minimum span of 40 °C
type J: -temperature vs. emf
0 to 750 ±2.2 or 0.75% see note 3
iron-constantan not exactly linear
type K: -drift over time
0 to 1250 ±2.2 or 0.75%
chromel-nickel -low emf corrupted by
type T: ±1.0 or 1.5% for noise
-160 to 400
copper-constantan -160 to 0 °C
-good accuracy -self-heating
RTD -200 to 650 0.15 + 0.2|T| see note 3 -small span possible -less physically rugged
-linearity -self-heating error
-highly nonlinear
-good accuracy -only small span
Thermister -40 to 150 ± 0.10 °C see note 3
-little drift -less physically rugged
-drift
-low cost
Bimetallic - ± 2% - -local display
-physically rugged
-not high temperatures
-simple and low cost
Filled system -200 to 800 ± 1% 1 to 10 -sensitive to external
-no hazards
pressure

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