Uni

tII
I Magnet
icmat
eri
als

Q)Br
iefl
ydescri
bethedi
ff
erentt
ypesoft
ransf
ormer
susedi
n
el
ect
roni
ccircui
ts.
A)Isol
ati
onTr ansfor
mer s:I
nt hesetransf
ormers,t
hepr imaryand
secondarycoil
shav ethesamenumberoft ur
ns,whichmeanst hatthe
pri
maryandsecondar ywi l
lhav ethesameamountofv oltage.Thistypeof
tr
ansformerisusedt oprovideisolat
ionbetweentheprimar ycir
cuit
.Iti
s
oft
enusedwher eoneoft hecircuit
sisgroundedandot herisnot.

Servi
cetechnici
ansfrequentl
yemploysuch
tr
ansfor
merswhil
eworkingonDCr ecei
ver
s.Thetransf
ormerisol
atesthe
chasi
sfrom t
hepowerl
ine,
reducingthepossibi
li
tyofaccident
alshock.

B)CurrentTransfor
mer
s: Curr
entTransf
ormersar
eusedfort
heaccurat
e
measurementofl ar
geal
ternat
ingcurr
ent.
Thi
scanbeachi
evedonlywhen
thetr
ansformer sar
epr
operlydesi
gnedandconstr
uct
edandthenuti
l
ised
withi
ntheirr
atings.

Thecur r
entt r
ansformermustbedesi gnedso
thatthenoloadcurr
entissmall compar edwitht
hetransfor
merl oad
current.
Useofanimpedancegr eatert hanratedwil
lcausethevoltageon
thepr i
maryandno-l
oadcurrent,
andt heaccuracyofthecurrent
transfor
merwil
lbereduced.Theref ore,
caremustbet akenindesigningt
his
transfor
mertoobtai
nmi ni
mum r atioandphaseer r
ors.

Iti
simport
antt
okeept hesecondaryofacur
rent
t
ransf
ormerl
oadedorshort
edasveryhi
ghdestr
ucti
vev ol
tagecandev
elop
i
fiti
soper
atedwit
hthesecondar
yopen-
cir
cui
ted.

C)AutoTr ansformers: Inanaut ot r

ansf ormer, t
hesamet urnsar eusedfor
bothprimaryandsecondar ywi ndings.I
fal lt
het urnsareusedast he
pri
mar ythetransformerhasast epdownr ati
o, i
fallt
hetransf ormersare
usedsecondar y,t
het ransformerhasst epupr ati
o.Generally,theauto
tr
ansformerisconst ructedwi t
hsev eral fi
xedt apsofamov abletapto
permitvari
ati
onofasecondar yv olt
age.Theset r
ansformer sareusedwher e
savi
ngsofcopperi srequired.
Theyar esmal lerinsizeandwei ghtand
cheaperthananequi val
entisolationtransformer .
Uni
tII
I Magnet
icmat
eri
als

D)Pul seTransformers:Apulsetransfor
merisaspecialki
ndofwideband
transformer,
designedtoaccommodat erapi
driseanddecayofpulset
imes
wi t
hmi nimum ofdistor
ti
on,
parti
cularl
yofvi
deopulses.Anormal
transformermayi ntr
oducedist
orti
onintoasquarepulsebysl
owingdown
ther i
seanddecayt imes.

Theelectr
icalrequi
rementsofapul setr
ansformerar e,
fi
rst,
thatt
hewi ndi
ng
mustbet ightl
ycoupledtomini
mi seleakageinductanceandt herebyto
ensurethattheoutputpulsewi
llhav eafastri
setimeand, second,t
hatthe
i
nsulati
onbegoodenought oprov i
detheisolat
ion

E)AudioTransf
ormers:Audiotr
ansfor
mersareusedtoconnect
tr
ansducer
st oampli
fi
ers,f
orint
erst
agecoupli
ng,
tochangesignall
evel
s,
tomatchimpedance,t
oi nv
ertsi
gnalpol
ari
ti
esandtoprovi
deelect
ri
cal
i
solat
ion.

Ideal l
yaudi ot ransformersshoul dhav eaf latresponset hroughoutt he
audi orange.I npr acti
ce,howev er,t
her esponset endst of all
of fatt helow
andhi ghendsofaudi ospectr
um becausei nductiver eactancei ssmal lat
thesef requenci es.Thiscanbecor rectedbyi ncreasi ngpr imar yturnswhich
wi l
lincreaser eact ance.However ,t
henumberofsecondar yturnsmustal so
bei ncreasedt omai ntai
ngivenv olt
ager at
io.Thisi ncreasest hesi zeand
costoft hetransf ormer,aswell asthedi stri
butedcapaci tance. Thi
sst r
ay
capaci t
ancer esultsinthepoorhi ghf r
equencyr esponse, ast hesehi gh
frequenci esar eby passedthrought hel owshuntcapaci ti
ver eactance.

F)RadioFrequencyTr ansf
ormer s: RadioFrequencyTr ansformer sare
usuall
yaircoret ypes,butpowder edironcor esmaybeuseddependi ngon
thesignalampl i
tudetheyprovide.Ski neff
ectlossesanddi str
ibuted
capacit
ancebecamesi gni
fi
cantatr adiofrequencies.Theseef fectscanbe
minimizedbyt heuseofaspeci al‘Lit
zwi r
e’.RFtransformer saremor e
oft
enshi el
ded, t
or educetheundesi rabl
ecoupl i
ngandf eedbackef fectsof
str
aycapacitance.RFt r
ansfor
mer sar eusedf orinter
stagecoupl ingandf or
coupli
ngasi gnal toorfrom anant enna.

G)I
nter
medi
ateTr
ansf
ormer
s:I
nter
medi
atet
ransf
ormer
sar
esi
mil
art
oRF
Uni
tII
I Magnet
icmat
eri
als

t
ransfor
mersbutar
edesignedtooperateataf
ixedorint
ermedi
ate
f
requencyequal
tothedif
fer
encebetweentheRFsignalandl
ocalosci
l
lat
or
f
requencyi
nsuperheter
odynerecei
vers.

H)Rect i
fierTransfomer s:Rect i
fiersareamongt hemostcommon
applicationsf ortr
ansformer s.Theyi ncreaseordecr easeacv ol
tagesfor
recti
fication,fil
ert
ingetc.Theyoper atefrom anar r
owbandofsi newav e
frequenci esorf r
om af i
xedwav ef or
m.Thet r
ansformersecondar yvolt
age
andcur r
entr ati
ngsar ecalculatedf r
om t heoutputdcRequi r
ement s.The
Mai nObj ect i
veIsThusEst ablishingTheRequi redDcVol tageAtThe
Requi redCur rentMostOpt imal l
y.TheyAr eUsedI nTracti
onDev i
ces,
ElectroplatingBatteryCharger s,electr
onicandcommuni cati
onsy stem,
comput erpowersuppl i
esandx- r
ayequi pment .
IWr
it
epr
oper
ti
esandusesoff
err
it
es

 Softf
err
it
esar
ecer
ami
ccompoundsoff
err
icoxi
des(
Fe203)wi
thNi
O
andZnO.

 Theoxi
desar
efi
nel
ypowder
edwi
thor
gani
cbi
nder
s

 Thebi
nder
sbur
noutdur
ingat11000 t
o14000C
I
tbehav
esl
i
keasof
tmagnet
icmat
eri
alandi
susedf
orv
eryhi
gh

f
requency

Pr
oper
ti
es

 Theper
meabi
l
ityoff
err
it
esi
svar
iabl
ewi
tht
hef
iel
dfr
equency

 Theyhav
ehi
ghr
esi
sti
vi
tyr
angi
ngf
rom 102 t
o107ohm cm

 eddycur
rent
sduet
oal
ter
nat
ingmagnet
icf
iel
dsar
ereducedt
o
Uni
tII
I Magnet
icmat
eri
als

mi
nimumduet
ohi
ghr
esi
sti
vi
ty

 manyfer
ri
tessuchas50%MgO, usF
50%MnOpl e2O3 have
squar
ehyst
eresi
sloop
3
 I
tsspeci
fi
cwei
ghti
s3t
o5gm/
cm

Uses

t
hesemagnet
icmat
eri
alsar
eusedf
orhi
ghf
requenci
esev
ent
o

mi
crowav
es

 Thecor
esoft
ransf
ormer
susedi
nhi
ghf
requenci
esi
ntel
evi
si
onand

r
ecei
ver
sar
emost
lyal
way
smadewi
thf
err
it
ecor
es

I
ISof
tmagnet
icmat
eri
alswi
thpr
oper
ti
esanduses

1.
Pur
eIr
on:
Itcont
ainsanex
tra-
lowcar
boncont
ent
.

a)I
thasl
owr
esi
sti
vi
tyandhencegi
vesr
iset
olar
geeddycur
rent
swhen

oper
atedathi
ghf
luxdensi
ti
esi
nal
ter
nat
ingmagnet
icf
iel
ds.

b)
Ithashi
ghper
meabi
l
ity
.

c)I
thasl
owhy
ster
esi
sloss.

d)I
tisnotsui
tabl
eforal
ter
nat
ingcur
rent
s.

e)I
tisqui
techeapandsui
tabl
eforcommer
cial
pur
poses.

f
)Tor
educeeddycur
rent
siti
srol
l
edi
ntosheet
sbuti
tsper
meabi
l
ity
Uni
tII
I Magnet
icmat
eri
als

decr
eases.

g)I
tsappl
i
cat
ioni
sli
mit
edonl
ytousei
nweekmagnet
icf
iel
ds.

2.
CastI
ron:
Itcont
ains2t
o5%car
bon.

a)I
thascr
yst
all
i
ne,
coar
seandgr
anul
arst
ruct
ure.

b)Cannotbemagnet
ised.

c)Cannei
therbef
orgednorwel
ded.

d)Har
dandbr
it
tl
e.

e)Canbehar
denedbyheat
ingandsuddencool
i
ngt
het
emper
atur
e

cannotbet
emper
ed.

f
)Doesnotr
usteasi
l
y.

g)Cannotabsor
bshocks.
o 3
h)Mel
ti
ngpoi
nt=1200 C;
ult
imat
est
ress=1260kg/
cm .

i
)Nei
thermal
l
eabl
enorduct
il
e.

j
)Becomessof
tinsal
tywat
er.

k)I
tischeapbutpoormagnet
icmat
eri
al.

l
)Iti
susedi
nthest
ruct
ureofel
ect
ri
cal
machi
ner
yandal
sousedi
n

f
ramewor
kofd.
cmachi
ne.
Uni
tII
I Magnet
icmat
eri
als

3.Wr
ought
-Ir
on:
Iti
sthepur
estf
orm ofi
roncont
aini
ng0t
o0.
25percent

car
bon.

a)Toughandmor
eel
ast
ict
hancati
ron.

b)Canbet
empor
ari
l
ymagnet
ised.

c)Ver
ymal
l
eabl
eandduct
il
e.

d)Rust
smor
erapi
dlyt
hancasti
ron.

e)Cannei
therbehar
denednort
emper
ed.

f
)Ithasaf
ibr
ousst
ruct
ureofbl
uishcol
our
.

g)Canbeeasi
l
yfor
gedandwel
ded.
o 2
h)Mel
ti
ngpoi
nti
s1530 C;
ult
imat
est
ress3310kg/
cm .

i
)Canwi
thst
andsuddenandex
cessi
veshocks.

j
)St
andssal
tywat
erbet
tert
hancasti
ron.

k)I
tisusedf
orcor
rugat
edsheet
sandcor
esofel
ect
ro-
magnet
set
c.

l
)Iti
susedf
ormaki
ngr
oll
edi
ronj
oint
s,angl
eir
onet
c.

m)Si
ncei
tiscanwi
thst
andshocks,
itmaybeusedf
orcr
anehooks,

chai
ns,
rai
l
waycoupl
i
ngset
c.

4.Mi
l
dSt
eel
s(l
owcar
bonst
eel
):I
tcont
ains0.
08t
o0.
35percentcar
bon.
Uni
tII
I Magnet
icmat
eri
als

a)I
thasbr
ightf
ibr
ousmagnet
ised.

b)Canbeper
manent
lymagnet
ised.

c)Toughandmor
eel
ast
ict
hanwr
oughti
ron.

d)Mal
l
eabl
eandduct
il
e.

e)Absor
bsshocks.

f
)Rust
sreadi
l
y.

g)Canber
eadi
l
yfor
gedandwel
ded.
o
h)Mel
ti
ngpoi
nt1400 C.

i
)Notmuchaf
fect
edbysal
tywat
er.

j
)Canbehar
denedandt
emper
edbutnotsoeasi
l
y.
2
k)Ul
ti
mat
est
ress4200kg/
cm .

l
)Usedf
ormaki
ngchannel
,gi
rder
s,r
ail
s,andangl
eir
onet
c.

m)Al
sousedf
orr
ivet
s,bol
ts,
wir
eropesandf
ormaki
ngsheet
s.

5.
Har
d(orcastst
eel
orhi
ghcar
bon):
Itcont
ains0.
5to1.
4per
centcar
bon.

a)I
thasf
inegr
anul
arst
ruct
ure.

b)Canbeper
manent
lymagnet
ised.
Uni
tII
I Magnet
icmat
eri
als

c)Rust
srapi
dly
.

d)Canbehar
denedandt
emper
edr
eadi
l
y.

e)Toughandmor
eel
ast
ict
hanmi
l
dst
eel
.
o
f
)Mel
ti
ngpoi s1300 C.
nti

g)Absor
bsshock.

h)Notmuchaf
fect
edbysal
tywat
er.

i
)Br
it
tl
eandl
essduct
il
ethanmi
l
dst
eel
.

j
)Cannotbeeasi
l
yfor
gedandwel
ded.
2
k)Ul
ti
mat
est
ress9470kg/
cm .

l
)Usedf
ordi
es,
cut
ler
y,edget
ool
sandpr
e-st
ressedconcr
ete.

NOTE:
Whent
heper
cent
angeofcar
boni
nst
eel
ismor
ethanf
ive5per
cent
,

t
heni
tacqui
rest
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
oper
ti
es:

I
tsr
esi
sti
vi
tyi
ncr
eases.

I
tsmechani
cal
str
engt
himpr
oves.

I
tsper
meabi
l
itydecr
eases.

I
tst
emper
atur
eformagnet
icsat
urat
ionl
ower
s.

I
tsr
etent
ivi
tyandcoer
civ
efor
cei
ncr
eases.

I
tisusedwher
emechani
cal
str
engt
hisr
equi
redeg.i
nthecaseof
Uni
tII
I Magnet
icmat
eri
als

maki
ngr
otor
soft
urboal
ter
nat
ors.

Pr
oper
ti
esandusesofsof
tmagnet
icmat
eri
als(
Nickel
-i
ronal
l
oys)

Wher
eNi
ckel
isal
l
oyedt
oir
oni
nvar
iouspr
opor
ti
ons,
itpr
oducesaser
ies

ofal
l
oyswi
thwi
der
angeofmagnet
icpr
oper
ti
eswi
th30%ofni
ckel
,the

al
l
oyi
spr
act
ical
l
ynon-
magnet
icandwi
th78%Ni
ckel
theal
l
oyhasav
ery

hi
ghper
meabi
l
ity.Mai
nni
ckel
iron-
all
oysar
e

1.
per
mni
var
(Ni
-50%,
Co-
25%,
Fe-
25%)
uses:
-ar
mat
urecor
eofmot
ors,
t
ransf
ormercor
es,
chokesandt
ransf
ormercor
es
2.
per
mal
l
oy(
79%-
Ni,
5%-
mol
ybdenum,
15%-
ir
on)
uses:
-mov
ingi
ronmet
ers,
submar
inecabl
es
3.
Mu-
met
al(
Ni-
75.
5%,
Cu-
4%,
Cr-
1.5%)
andr
emai
ningi
ron.
uses:
-cabl
es
usedi
ntel
egr
aph,
cor
esofi
nst
rumentt
ransf
ormer
s.

Har
dmagnet
icmat
eri
alsandt
hei
ruses

Tungst
enst
eel
:
-6%-
tungst
un,
0.7%car
bon,
remai
nderi
ron

Uses:
-maki
ngper
manentmagnetf
ordy
namos,
mot
orset
c.

Cobal
tst
eel
:
-34%-
cobal
t,5%chr
omi
um,
3to6%t
ungst
en,
remai
nder
i
ron

Chr
omi
um steel:
-2-5%-chromium 0.
5-1%car
bon,
0.2t
o
o.
4%manganese,remainderi
ron
Uni
tII
I Magnet
icmat
eri
als

Alnoco:
-18%ni
ckel
,
10%al
umi
nium,
5%copper
,155cobal
t,r
emai
ning
i
ron

Uses:
-per
manentmagnetandmeasur
ingi
nst
rument
s

I
mpur
it
iesi
nfer
romagnet
icmat
eri
als

Thef
oll
owi
ngshowst
heef
fect
sofi
mpur
it
iesonf
err
omagnet
icmat
eri
als

i
mpur
it
yini
ron ef
fect
soni
ron

car
bon i
tdecr
easesper
meabi
l
ity
,lower
s

sat
urat
ionpoi
nt,
incr
easesr
esi
sti
vi
ty,

r
etent
ivi
ty,
coer
civ
efor
ceandener
gy

l
oss

manganese i
fiti
smor
ethan13%t
hest
eel

becomespr
act
ical
l
ynon-
magnet
ic

copper i
tmakescor
rosi
onr
esi
stant
,magnet
ic

pr
oper
ti
esar
enotmuchaf
fect
edi
fcu

i
spr
esentupt
o0.
5%

si
l
icon i
timpr
ovesmagnet
icpr
oper
ti
esbut

decr
easest
heduct
il
it
y,el
ect
ri
cal

r
esi
sti
vi
tyi
ncr
easesbuthy
ster
esi
sloss

andeddycur
rentl
ossar
edecr
eased
Uni
tII
I Magnet
icmat
eri
als

sul
phur
,phodphor
usandoxy
gen r
educedt
omi
nimum ast
heyar
e

har
mful