Chapter 3

Answers E1 a f-block b d-block E2 a einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium

b Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, Dmitri Mendeleev, Alfred Nobel 1 a i group 13
ii group 17 iii group 1 iv group 18 v group 14 vi group 14 b i 4 ii 2 iii 1
Deleted answers and fully worked solutions are contained in the iv 1 v 7 vi 3 c i silicon, Si, 2,8,4 or 1s22s22p63s23p2 ii beryllium, Be, 2,2 or
Heinemann Teacher’s Resource and Assessment Kit. 1s22s2 iii argon, Ar, 2,8,8 or 1s22s22p63s23p6 2 a 2 b 7 c 1 d 6 e 4 3 a argon
b sulfur c chlorine d sodium e magnesium 4 a lithium, sodium, rubidium,
Chapter 1 caesium or francium b beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium or radium
c oxygen, sulfur, tellurium or polonium d aluminium, gallium, indium
7 a 2.16 g b 4.23 g 9 gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, tin 10 lithium, Li; sodium, or thallium 5 a s-block; period 3, group 2 b p-block; period 2, group 14
Na (Latin natrium); potassium, K (Latin kalium); rubidium, Rb; caesium, Cs c d-block; period 4 d p-block; period 3, group 16 6 a period 3, group 13
11 helium, He; neon, Ne; argon, Ar; krypton, Kr; xenon, Xe; radon, Rn b period 3, group 17 c period 3, group 16 9 a i F ii Fr b i group 17
12 a 0.4 g b 0.34 g c 0.022 g ii group 1 12 a 6.13 g b 2.1 kg c 12.7 g d 4.25 g 13 a Melting temperature
and electrical conducting behaviour b melting temperatures 14 H2S 15 KBr
18 a silicon b potassium, caesium c bromine d nitrogen, arsenic 20 a metal b
Chapter 2 sodium chloride 26 MgO, CaO, BaO, SrO 27 a 3.3 g b 0.13 g c 4.0 g 28 6 g of
2 Solar system, water cycle, plant structure, volcanoes, plant and animal cells. oxygen remaining 29 W is most like sodium; X is most like sodium;
3 The central part of a system around which other parts are arranged or grouped. Y is most like chlorine; Z is most like sodium.
6 a 48 b 48 c 64 7 a 126 C b 136 C c 146 C d 13
27
Al 8 a 168 O b 16
34
S c 130 138
56 Ba d 56 Ba
9
Chapter 4
Atomic number Mass number Number of electrons Formula of ion
36
E1 a 18 Ar+ b 18
36
Ar2+ 1 a 15.999 b 108 c 1.008 2 8.00% 3 a 98.1 b 17.0
27
13 27 10 13 Al3+ c 30.1 4 a 74.5 b 106 c 342 5 a 1.2 × 1024 b 6.02 × 1022 c 1.20 × 1025
12 24 10 24
12 Mg2+ d 2.5 × 1024 e 6.0 × 1021 f 2.78 × 1019 6 a 0.50 mol
25
b 0.25 mol c 70 mol d 70 mol 7 a 1.7 × 10–4 mol b 1.7 × 10–4 mol
12 25 10 Mg2+
12
c 1.7 × 10–4 mol 8 a 0.8 mol b 4.8 mol c 0.72 mol d 6.0 mol
34
16 34 18 16 S2– 9 a 28.0 g mol−1 b 17.0 g mol−1 c 98.1 g mol−1 d 242 g mol−1
40 e 60.0 g mol−1 f 32.1 g mol−1 g 176 g mol−1 h 250 g mol−1 10 a 23.0 g
20 40 18 20 Ca2+
b 64.0 g c 1.60 g d 25.5 g 11 a 5 mol b 2.5 mol c 0.10 mol d 0.025 mol
15
7 15 10 7 N3– e 0.0063 mol f 0.0031 mol g 3.9 × 10−5 mol h 9.7 × 10−6 mol
19 40 18 40
K+ 12 a 6.0 × 1023 atoms b 6.0 × 1022 atoms c 6.0 × 1021 atoms
19
d 3.0 × 1022 atoms 13 a i 3.0 × 1023 molecules ii 6.0 × 1022 molecules b 6.0
10 a 2 b 3 c 1 d 4 e 2 f 8 11 a fluorine and bromine b silicon × 1022 atoms c 4.0 × 1025 atoms 14 a 69.9% b 84.8% c 26.2% d 51.2%
c oxygen and sulfur d boron and aluminium 12 a 2,2 b 2,8,6 c 2,8,8 15 a HCl b CO c MgO d CH4 16 a C6H6 b H2O2 c C3H6O3 d NO2 e C11H22
d 2,8,2 e 2,8 13 a helium, He b fluorine, F c aluminium, Al d nitrogen, N 17 a CH2 b C5H10 18 C6H12O6 19 The relative atomic mass of carbon is the
e chlorine, Cl weighted average of the isotopic masses of all carbon isotopes, 12C, 13C and 14C
14 20 106.4 21 a argon 39.96; potassium 39.11 22 73.5, 26.5 23 a 61.5%
Element Electronic configuration Electronic configuration b 20.2% 24 a 18.0 b 124 c 28.0 26 a 55.8 g mol–1
(atomic number) (using the shell model) (using the sub-shell model) b 98 g mol–1 c 62 g mol–1 d 189.4 g mol–1 e 75.0 g mol–1 f 342 g mol–1 g 271
Boron (5) 2,3 1s22s22p1 g mol–1 27 a 1.8 g b 58 g c 0.41 g d 389 g 28 a 0.10 mol
b 0.0391 mol c 1.25 mol d 0.00167 mol e 3.4 × 104 mol
Lithium (3) 2,1 1s22s1
29 a 6.7 × 10−23 g b 3.0 × 10−23 g c 7.3 × 10−23 g 30 i a 0.034 mol
Chlorine (17) 2,8,7 1s22s22p63s23p5 b 2.04 × 1022 molecules c 8.2 × 1022 atoms ii a 0.292 mol
Sodium (11) 2,8,1 1s22s22p63s1 b 1.75 × 1023 molecules c 1.41 × 1024 atoms iii a 0.0088 mol
b 5.3 × 1021 molecules c 1.1 × 1022 atoms iv a 1.22 × 10–4 mol
Neon (10) 2,8 1s22s22p6 b 7.3 × 1019 molecules c 1.8 × 1021 atoms 31 62.0 g 32 i a 0.100 mol
Potassium (19) 2,8,8,1 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 b 0.100 mol Na+, 0.100 mol Cl– ii a 0.405 mol b 0.405 mol Ca2+, 0.81 mol
Cl– iv a 0.00420 mol b 0.00840 mol Fe3+, 0.0126 mol SO42– 33 i a 0.75 mol
Scandium (21) 2,8,9,2 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2
b 13.5 g ii a 15.0 mol b 240 g iii a 3.8 × 104 mol b 2.7 × 106 g
Iron (26) 2,8,16 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 iv a 1.7 × 10–24 mol b 5.7 × 10–22 g 34 a 1.4 × 102 g b 1.0 × 102 g mol−1
Bromine (35) 2,8,18,7 1s22s22p63s23p63s23d104s24p5 35 a 40 g mol−1 b 98 g mol−1 c 44 g mol−1 d 106 g mol−1 36 4.0 mol of iron
37 a 1.25 × 104 g mol−1 b 1.6 × 10−7 mol c 9.6 × 1016 molecules
38 a Al 52.9%, O 47.1% b Cu 65.1%, O 32.8%, H 2.1% c Mg 12.0%,
18 a 6.02 × 1022 atoms b 2.2 × 1022 atoms c 3.6 × 1021 atoms
Cl 34.9%, H 5.9%, O 47.2% d Fe 27.9%, S 24.1%, O 48.0% e H 1.0%, Cl
d 1.1 × 1026 atoms 21 Atomic number is 92; mass number is 235
35.3%, O 63.7% 39 a 93.8% b 40%, c 19.9% d 60.0%, 40 a CO b CO2
22 8 24 No 27 5 × 104 cm or 500 m 29 a 1s2 b 1s22s22p2 c 1s22s22p5
c C2H4O d Fe2(SO4)3 e C6H5Cl f C7H16 41 C2H5NO2 42 WS2 43 a C2H6O b C2H6O
d 1s22s22p63s23p1 e 1s22s22p63s23p6 f 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2
44 P2O5 45 C3H4 46 58.9 47 184.2 48 31.0 49 a C4H10 b P4O10 c C6H12O6
g 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5 30 a i ground state ii excited state
d H2S2O7 51 a C4H5N2O b 194 g mol–1 c C8H10N4O2 d 5.15 x 10–3 mol e 3.10 x
iii excited state iv ground state v ground state b i boron ii carbon
1020 molecules f 7.44 x 1025 atoms 52 a D, F, E, A, C, B
iii magnesium iv potassium v titanium 31 a 1s22s22p4 b 1s22s22p63s23p6
c 1s22s22p63s23p6 d 1s22s22p6 33 nothing

392
Answers
b Ca 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 c i The Na+ cation is smaller than the K+ cation. So the
Metal Oxygen
Mass (g) 0.542 g 0.216 g
Relative atomic mass 40.1 16.0
Moles 0.0135 mol 0.0135 mol
Ratio 1 1
c calcium
Unit 1 Area of Study 1 Review
1 C 2 D 3 B 4 B 5 D 6 D 7 A 8 B 9 C 10 B 11 D 12 A 13 B 14 A 15 C
16 C 17 C
20 a C, N, O and F b Na, Mg, Al and Cl c Na and K d Mg and Ca e Al f O g Na,
Mg, Al, K and Ca h Na and K i Al j Ca 21 a i 5 ii 9 iii 17 iv 15 v 16 vi 31 vii 44
viii 78 2 2 6 2 3
34 Se 22 b 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p c i P2O5 ii P4O10 d water 23 a In order of
increasing atomic mass and with elements having similar chemical properties in
vertical groups b The number of protons d i 1s22s22p63s23p2 ii group IV, period
3, p-block
24 a B, D, E, F b E, F c A, G d B, C e C, E 25 a 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
c The ion is much smaller d The mass of electrons is negligible e e.g. Mg,
Sr 27 a D and F, G and H b B, C, D and I c C d A e B f 7 28 a 0.259 mol
b 0.776 mol c 1.56 × 1023 atoms d 7.80 × 1023 atoms e 28.8% 29 a CH3O
b C2H6O2 30 a 8.0 g b 3.76 × 1021 molecules c 1.88 × 1022 atoms
d 3.76 × 1022 protons e 75% f 26 g 31 a 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2 b first
transition metal series or d block c 58.7 g mol–1 32 a 28.1 b i 14 ii 3 33 a 3
b 1s22s22p63s1 c 1+ 34 a C b C c A d B e B 35 a B b B c B d C e A
Chapter 5
1 Between tungsten and carbon 2 a Both have good thermal and electrical
conductivity. However, gold has a higher density and higher melting and boiling
temperatures than potassium b sodium c silver, copper d Sodium and potassium
are in group 1. Gold, silver and copper are transition metals
3 a silver, copper, gold, aluminium b Availability and cost; malleability, ductility.
4 tensile strength, cost, availability 5 b Strong electrostatic forces of attraction
between Ca2+ ions and the delocalised valence electrons 6 High melting
temperature because of strong attractive forces between the positive ions
and the delocalised electrons. Conducts electricity because the delocalised
electrons from the outer shell are free to move E1 a 27 b 25 c 24
E2 a 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2 b 1s22s22p63s23p63d10 7 a nickel and copper
atoms; iron and carbon atoms 8 The metal in the hooks becomes work hardened
and brittle 9 a 1 and 2 b 13, 14, 15 and 16 10 Ca, Mg, Sr 11 caesium,
titanium, strontium, bismuth, francium 12 a magnesium, strontium or barium
b transition series 13 a 27.0 b 87.8 g c 2.00 kg 14 a 197.0 b 6.7 × 1022
atoms 15 a silver b Too expensive and tarnishes readily c aluminium, copper
(combined with stainless steel) 16 a High melting temperature; conductivity
is not very high, i.e. it has a reasonably high resistance b Aluminium, because
of its relatively low density c mercury 17 a tungsten b too dense or heavy
c potassium d too reactive 18 a low density b high electrical conductivity c high
tensile strength 19 a i Iron (steel) or aluminium ii Iron and steel are strong.
Aluminium has a low density (light) and can be easily coloured iii Iron rusts easily.
Aluminium is soft and lacks strength b i copper ii Good conductor of electricity
and ductile c i Gold, silver and platinum ii Non-reactive, malleable and ductile,
lustrous 21 a Copper and nickel. Harder, more corrosion resistant and a silver
colour b Tin and lead. Lower melting temperature c Gold, silver and copper.
Harder d Iron, nickel and chromium. Resists rusting, stronger e Copper and zinc.
Harder, stronger and resists corrosion f Mercury and zinc (sometimes a little silver
is added). Harder, non-toxic 23 a Al, Cu, Au, Fe, Ag b aluminium, period 3, group
13, p block; copper, period 4, 1st transition series, d block; gold,period 6, 3rd
transition series, d block; iron, period 4, 1st transition series, d block; silver, period
5, 2nd transition series, d block c gold and silver d copper, gold, iron and silver
e gold 26 a i Electrons that are not restricted to the region between two atoms.
ii A regular, 3D arrangement of a very large number of positively charged ions.
iii The electrostatic attraction between delocalised electrons and cations.
b The atoms’ valence electrons 27 a Na group 1 period 3; K group 1, period 4;
Ca group 2 period 4 b Na 1s22s22p63s1, K 1s22s22p63s23p64s,
delocalised electrons are more strongly attracted to the Na+ cation than to the
K+ cation; so metallic bonding in Na is stronger and Na has a higher boiling
temperature. ii The charge on the calcium cation is +2 as opposed to that on the
potassium cation which is +1. So the electrostatic attraction between delocalised
electrons and the Ca2+ cations is much stronger, resulting in stronger metallic
bonding and a higher boiling temperature. There are also more delocalised
electrons in a lattice of calcium than in a lattice of potassium. 28 a iron,
aluminium, copper b buildings, bridges, transport c Aluminium was not available
100 years ago. Many alloys are now available.
Chapter 6
2 a Li+ b Na+ c Al3+ d Cs+ 3 a I– b S2– c N3– d F– 4 a 1s22s22p63s23p6 (Ar)
b 1s22s22p6 (Ne) c 1s22s22p63s23p6 (Ar) 5 a M2– b N+ c P3+ d Q– e R+
8 a Na (1s22s22p63s1) + Cl (1s22s22p63s23p5) —h
Na+ (1s22s22p6) + Cl– (1s22s22p63s23p6)
b Mg (1s22s22p63s2) + O (1s22s22p4) —h Mg2+ (1s22s22p6) + O2– (1s22s22p6)
c 2Al (1s22s22p63s23p1) + 3S (1s22s22p63s23p4) —h
2Al3+ (1s22s22p6) + 3S2– (1s22s22p63s23p6)
9 a NaCl b KBr c ZnCl2 d K2O e BaBr2 f AlI3 g AgBr h ZnO i BaO j Al2S3
10 a Na2CO3 b Ba(NO3)2 c Al(NO3)3 d Ca(OH)2 e Zn(SO4)2 f KOH g KNO3
h ZnCO3 i K2SO4 j Ba(OH)2 11 a CuCl b Fe2O3 c CuO d Cr2(SO4)3 e FeO
f Pb(NO3)2 g PbO2 h Sn(NO3)2 12 a potassium chloride b calcium oxide
c magnesium sulfide d sodium fluoride e magnesium hydroxide f potassium
oxide g iron(II) sulfate h barium nitrate i ammonium chloride j sodium
carbonate k copper(II) sulfate 13 a LiCl b CaCO3 c (NH4)2CO3 d Fe2S3
e Na2Cr2O7 14 Pt, Al2O3, ZnO, O, KOH, HgCl2, NaOH 15 a 1s22s22p63s23p6
b group 1 19 a Na+, Cl–; Mg2+, O2– 22 a i –3 ii +1 iii –2 b i Y2SO4 ii K2Z
iii Y3X iv Y2Z 23 a CuNO3 b Ag2O c CrF3 d Li3N e K2CO3 f Mg(HCO3)2
g Ni3(PO4)2 24 a potassium fluoride b lithium hydroxide c zinc chloride
d aluminium nitride e ammonium carbonate f copper(II) nitrate g chromium(III)
bromide 25 a KBr b MgI2 c CaO d AlF3 e Ca3N2 27 a A2B b CD3 c EF d GH
e KL 28 Possible answers are: a MgCl2 or MgF2 b NaCl or CaS c Na2O or K2S
d Na3N or Li3N e AlCl3 or AlF3 f Mg3N2
Chapter 7
E1 a 1s22s2 b 4 2 a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e 1 f 0 5 a CCl4 b NBr3 c SiO2 d HF
e PF3 6 a 0 b 3 c 0 d 1 8 a V-shaped b linear c tetrahedral d pyramidal
e linear 9 a O b C c N d N e F f F 10 a P–F b C–H 11 CH3OH; CH3F
12 CH3OH 13 i a–h ii a, g, h E3 a CH3; C3H8 c CH3CH3; CH3CH2CH3 22 The
O–H bond in water is the most polar bond 28 a CCl4 29 a dispersion forces
b dispersion forces, dipole–dipole interactions c dispersion forces, hydrogen
bonding d dispersion forces e dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding f dispersion
forces 31 Covalent molecular: nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. Covalent network
lattice: silicon 35 b i NH3, HCl, H2O, CHCl3 ii N2, Cl2, O2, CH4, CO2, CCl4 iii NH3, H2O
Chapter 8
E1 CnH2n – 2 E2 C5H8 3 a CH4 5 a CH4, C5H12, C25H52 b C6H12, C5H10 E4 a C2H5OH
b C3H7COOH E6 3 8 a propane b heptane c but-2-ene d 2 methylbutane
e 2,3-dimethylbutane
10 a C5H12(g) + 8O2(g) —h 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
b 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) —h 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
c 2C2H4(g) + 6O2(g) —h 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
11 C3H6(g) + Cl2(g) —h CH2ClCHClCH3(g)
14 a carbon b carbon 18 a alkane b alkene c alkane d neither e alkene
f alkane g neither 21 a alkane b C17H36 c C15H32 d 234 g 22 a 0.742 mol (3
sig. figs) b 4.47 × 1023 molecules 24 a propane b but-2-ene
c 2-methylpropane d 3,3-dimethylpentane
26 a CH4(g) + 2O2(g) —h CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
b C6H14(g) + 192 O2(g) —h 6CO2(g) + 7H2O(g) or
2C6H14(g) + 19O2(g) —h 12CO2(g) + 14H2O(g)
c C3H6(g) + 29 O2(g) —h 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) or
2C3H6(g) + 9O2(g) —h 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
d C4H8(g) + H2(g) —h C4H10(g) 393
27 a CH2 b C3H6 c alkene 28 6250 monomers
Answers
 B—supersaturated, C—unsaturated b i Crystals form ii Crystals form
Chapter 9 17 a 200 g L–1 b 83 g L–1 c 13 g L–1 d 210 g L–1 18 2 g 19 a equal b second
1 a metallic b ionic c ionic d covalent lattice e covalent molecular f metallic solution c first solution d second solution 20 0.67 M 21 a 0.75 mol
g covalent molecular h covalent molecular i covalent lattice j covalent molecular b 0.46 mol c 2.50 x 10-3 mol d 0.07 mol 22 a 12 g b 6.83 g c 2.04 g
k ionic l covalent molecular m ionic 3 3 4 a six b three 6 a mercury d 1.7 g e 336 g 23 a 5.85 g b 546 g c 0.78 g d 4.69 g e 84.8 g
b paraffin wax, Teflon, polyethene 7 a 107 b 109 c 1010 d 1012 e 1 f 1 g 106 24 403 mL 25 0.183 M 26 50 mg/L 27 0.21 g L–1 28 7.5 mL 29 a 0.20 M
h 1012 8 a cube (SA 24 cm2, V 8 cm3, SA/V 3), sphere b 0.93 M 30 a 0.40 M b 1.9 M 32 41.7 mL 33 0.0600 M 34 a 0.63 M
(SA 4πr2 = 23.9 cm2, V 4/3πr3 = 11 cm3, SA/V 2.17), tube (SA 34 cm2, V 8 cm3, b 0.005 M c 0.042 M 35 a 0.20 M b 0.20 M c 0.44 M d 0.46 M
SA/V 4.25) b tube c sphere 9 a i HCl, CaCl2 ii covalent molecular, ionic iii yes; 36 a i 1.3 × 10–3 mol ii 1.3 × 10–3 mol iii 3.9 × 10–3 mol iv 3.1 × 1021 ions
no 10 a diamond b potassium c none d helium, carbon dioxide b i 4.9 × 10–4 mol ii 4.9 × 10–4 mol iii 1.5 × 10–3 mol iv 1.2 × 1021 ions
12 37 7.5 × 10–3 mol
Solid Particles present Forces between Type of solid
substance particles lattice Chapter 12
CaO ions ionic bonds ionic lattice
1 a i magnesium sulfide ii silver chloride iii aluminium hydroxide iv magnesium
NH3 molecules hydrogen bonds and covalent hydroxide
dispersion forces molecular b i K2S(aq) + MgCl2(aq) —h MgS(s) + 2KCl(aq)
Zn zinc cations and metallic bonds metallic lattice ii CuCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) —h 2AgCl(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
delocalised electrons iii AlCl3(aq) + 3KOH(aq) —h Al(OH)3(s) + 3KCl(aq)
SiC atoms covalent bonds covalent lattice iv MgSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) —h Mg(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
2 a i AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) —h AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Unit 1 Area of Study 2 Review
ii Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) —h AgCl(s)
1 B 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 D 7 D 8 C 9 A 10 B 11 A 12 B 13 D 14 D 15 B
b i CuSO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) —h CuCO3(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
16 A 17 A 18 B 19 B 20 B 21 a 1s22s22p2 b 2.8 atoms
ii Cu2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) —h CuCO3(s)
c 4.3 × 1022 atoms 23 a but-2-ene
c i (NH4)2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) —h 2NH4Cl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
c C4H8(g) + 6O2(g) —h 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) e alkene 24 a i silicon dioxide
ii methane iii hydrogen sulfide iv mercury v graphite vi ammonia ii SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) —h BaSO4(s)
25 Cl2, CCl4, NaCl 26 a covalent molecular b metallic c ionic d i K2S(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) —h 2KNO3(aq) + PbS(s)
d covalent network lattice ii S2–(aq) + Pb2+(aq) —h PbS(s)
e i 3CaCl2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) —h Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6NaCl(aq)
ii 3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43–(aq) —h Ca3(PO4)2(s)
Chapter 10 f i 2NaOH(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) —h 2NaNO3(aq) + Pb(OH)2(s)
5 a 141 kJ b 436 J ii 2OH–(aq) + Pb2+(aq) —h Pb(OH)2(s)
6 CH3OH(l) —h CH3OH(aq); C6H12O6(s) —h C6H12O6(aq) 3 a false b false c true d false 4 a flocculation b filtration c ion-exchange
7 HI(s) + H2O(l) —h H3O+(aq) + I–(aq) d Ca2+, Mg2+ e V-shaped E1 a copper, iron, lead b i Cu 4 mg/L, Ca 0.4mg/L,
8 NaNO3(s) —h Na+(aq) + NO3–(aq); Ca(OH)2(s) —h Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) Fe 11mg/L, Pb 17mg/L, Zn 0.6 mg/L ii Pb iii Na2S or Na3PO4
9 A, B, D, E, H 10 A, C, D, E, F, H 11 a Na+/CO32– b Ca2+/NO3– c K+/Br– 6
d Fe3+/SO42– e Cu2+/Cl– E1 a solution b solution c colloid d colloid NaOH KBr Nal MgSO4 AgNO3 BaCl2
e suspension E2 Boil off water and collect sediment. 14 b 63 kJ
21 a Cu2+/NO3– b Zn2+/SO42– c NH4+/PO43– 22 a K+/CO32– b Pb2+/NO3– Pb(NO3)2 Pb(OH)2 PbBr2 Pbl2 PbSO4 PbCl2
c Na+/OH– d Na+/SO42– e Mg2+/Cl– f Fe2+/NO3– g K+/S2– h Fe3+/NO3– Slightly soluble
23 a MgSO4(s) —h Mg2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) b Na2S(s) —h 2Na+(aq) + S2–(aq) KI Agl BaI2
c KOH(s) —h K+(aq) + OH–(aq) d (CH3COO)2Cu(s) —h Cu2+(aq) + 2CH3COO–(aq) CaCl2 Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 AgCl
e Li2SO4(s) —h 2Li+(aq) + SO42–(aq) 24 ammonium sulfate, zinc nitrate, ethylene
glycol 25 ethylene glycol 28 Sodium chromate, silver sulfate, ammonium Na2CO3 MgCO3 Ag2CO3 BaCO3
permanganate and hafnium nitrate are soluble. 29 It is non-polar. Na2S MgS Ag2S BaS
31 a Na3PO4(s) —h 3Na+(aq) + PO43–(aq) b AlCl3(s) —h Al3+(aq) + 3Cl–(aq)
c CuSO4(s) —h Cu2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) d KOH(s) —h K+(aq) + OH–(aq) 7 PO43–, S2– 8 a silver carbonate b lead(II) hydroxide c magnesium sulfide
e Ca(CH3COO)2(s) —h Ca2+(aq) + 2CH3COO–(aq) d none 9 a NH4Cl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) —h AgCl(s) + NH4NO3(aq);
Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) —h AgCl(s)
f (NH4)2SO4 —h 2NH4+(aq) + SO42–(aq) g NaHCO3 —h Na+(aq) + HCO3–(aq)
b Fe(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) —h 2NaNO3(aq) + FeS(s);
Fe2+(aq) + S2–(aq) —h FeS(s)
Chapter 11 c Fe(NO3)2(aq) + 2KOH(aq) —h 2KNO3(aq) + Fe(OH)2(s);
Fe2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) —h Fe(OH)2(s)
1 a 32°C b 55°C c 68°C 2 a 84 g/100 g b 36 g/100 g c 38 g/100 g
d CuSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) —h Na2SO4(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s);
3 a 25 g b 65 g c 100 g 4 a 42 g b 96 g c 184 g 5 14 g 6 no 7 35 g
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) —h Cu(OH)2(s)
9 a 25 g L–1 b 0.60 g L–1 10 a 0.022 mol b 0.0022 mol c 0.000 234
e Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) —h 2NaNO3(aq) + BaSO4(s);
d 0.000 78 mol 11 a 0.48 M b 0.080 M c 0.300 M d 0.0020 M
Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) —h BaSO4(s)
12 a 0.00711 M b 0.0906 M c 0.218 M d 2.04 × 10–4 M 13 a 0.4 M
b 0.075 M c 0.025 M d 0.32 M E1 1.8 g E2 18.5 mL E3 12 g 10 a CuSO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) —h CuCO3(s) + Na2SO4(aq),
E4 a Cl 44 mg, Ca 10 mg, Mg 9 mg, K 1.2 mg E5 a 5 × 105 µg b 5 × 102 mg Cu2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) —h CuCO3(s), Na+, SO42–
c 0.5 g 14 a i 50 g ii 22 g b i 5 g ii 5 g c i none ii none 15 a 60 g/100 g b AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) —h AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq),
b i lead nitrate ii potassium nitrate c 240 g d 200 g e i saturated Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) —h AgCl(s), K+, NO3–
ii supersaturated iii saturated iv unsaturated f 4.5 g g 26 g of ammonium c Na2S(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) —h PbS(s) + 2NaNO3(aq),
chloride would crystallise out of solution (assuming it does not become Pb2+(aq) + S2–(aq) —h PbS(s), Na+, NO3–
supersaturated) h i 14 g ii 27 g i i 53°C ii 9°C 16 a A—saturated,

394
Answers
d FeCl3(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) —h Fe(OH)3(s) + 3NaCl(aq),
Fe3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) —h Fe(OH)3(s), Na+, Cl–
e Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 6KOH(aq) —h 2Fe(OH)3(s) + 3K2SO4(aq)
Fe3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) —h Fe(OH)3(s); K+, SO42–
11 a MgSO4(aq) + Na2S(aq) —h MgS(s) + Na2SO4(aq),
Mg2+(aq) + S2–(aq) —h MgS(s)
b 2KOH(aq) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) —h Cu(OH)2(s) + 2KNO3(aq),
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) —h Cu(OH)2(s)
c 2(NH4)3PO4(aq) + 3ZnSO4(aq) —h Zn3PO4(s) + 3(NH4)2SO4(aq)
3Zn2+(aq) + 2PO43–(aq) —h Zn3PO4(s)
d Cu(CH3COO)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) —h CuS(s) + 2NaCH3COO(aq),
Cu2+(aq) + S2–(aq) —h CuS(s)
e 3NaOH(aq) + Fe(NO3)3(aq) —h Fe(OH)3(s) + 3NaNO3(aq),
Fe3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) —h Fe(OH)3(s)
f AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) —h AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq), Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) —h AgCl(s)
g 2AlCl3(aq) + 3K2S(aq) —h Al2S3(s) + 6KCl(aq),
2Al3+(aq) + 3S2–(aq) —h Al2S3(s)
h Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) —h CaCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq),
Ca2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) —h CaCO3(s)
i 3K2S(aq) + 2Al(NO3)3(aq) —h Al2S3(s) + 6KNO3(aq),
2Al3+(aq) + 3S2–(aq) —h Al2S3(s)
j BaBr2(aq) + (NH4)2SO4(aq) —h BaSO4(s) + 2NH4Br(aq),
Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) —h BaSO4(s)
k Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) —h CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq),
Ca2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) —h CaCO3(s)
l AlCl3(aq) + 3AgNO3(aq) —h 3AgCl(s) + Al(NO3)3(aq),
Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) —h AgCl(s)
m BaCl2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) —h BaSO4(s) + CuCl2(aq),
Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) —h BaSO4(s)
17 a C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) —h 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
b 2H2O(l) —h 2H2(g) + O2(g) c Cl2(g) + H2O(l) —h HOCl(aq) + HCl(aq)
d Mg(NO3)2(s) —h Mg2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
Chapter 13
2 a Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) —h MgSO4(aq) + H2(g);
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) —h Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
b Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) —h CaCl2(aq) + H2(g); Ca(s) + 2H+(aq) —h Ca2+(aq) + H2(g)
c Zn(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) —h (CH3COO)2Zn(aq) + H2(g);
Zn(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) —h 2CH3COO– + Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)
d 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) —h 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g);
2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) —h 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2(g)
3 a magnesium sulfate b calcium chloride c zinc ethanoate
d aluminium chloride
4 a CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) —h CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
b 2LiOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) —h Li2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
c Na2CO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) —h 2NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
d H2SO4(aq) + MgCO3(s) —h MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
e Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) —h CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
f HNO3(aq) + NaHCO3(s) —h NaNO3(g) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
5 i a ZnO(s) + H2SO4(aq) —h ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
b Ca(s) + 2HNO3(aq) —¼ Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)
c Cu(OH)2(s) + 2HNO3(aq) —h Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
d 3FeO(s) + 2H3PO4(aq) —h Fe3(PO4)2(s) + 3H2O(l)
e Mg(HCO3)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) —h MgCl2(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2CO2(g)
f SnCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) —h SnSO4(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
ii a ZnO(s) + 2H+(aq) —h Zn2+(aq) + H2O(l)
b Ca(s) + 2H+(aq) —h Ca2+(aq) + H2(g)
c Cu(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) —h Cu2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)
d 3FeO(s) + 6H+(aq) + 2PO43–(aq) —h Fe3(PO4)2(s) + 3H2O(l)
e Mg(HCO2)3(s) + 2H+(aq) —h Mg2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2CO2(g)
f SnCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) —h Sn2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
6 a HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) —h KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
b H2SO4(aq) + K2CO3(aq) —h K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
c 2HCl(aq) + CuO(s) —h CuCl2(aq) + H2O(g)
d 2HNO3(aq) + CaO(s) —h Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
e 2H3PO4(aq) + 3Ca(HCO3)2(s) —h Ca3(PO4)2(aq) + 6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g)
f 2HF(aq) + Zn(OH)2(s) —h ZnF2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
7 a Fe2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) —h 2FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
b Ca(OH)2(s) + H2SO4(aq) —h CaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
c CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) —h Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
8 a 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) —h K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l); OH–(aq) + H+(aq) —h H2O(l)
b NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) —h NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l); OH–(aq) + H+(aq) —h H2O(l)
c MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) —h MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l);
MgO(s) + 2H+(aq) —h Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l)
d CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) —h CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l);
CuO(s) + 2H+(aq) —h Cu2+(aq) + H2O(l)
e KHCO3(aq) + HF(aq) —h KF(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
HCO3–(aq) + H+(aq) —h H2O(l) + CO2(g)
f Zn(s) + 2HNO3(aq) —h Zn(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g);
Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) —h Zn2+(s) + H2(g)
g CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) —h CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g);
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) —h Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
h NaHCO3(s) + CH3COOH(aq) —h CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g);
NaHCO3(s) + CH3COOH(aq) —h Na+(aq) + CH3COO– + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
9 b i CH3COOH(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) —h CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
ii CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) —h CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
iii 2NaHCO3(aq) + HOOC.CH(OH).CH(OH)COOH(aq) —h
NaOOC.CH(OH).CH(OH)COONa(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2CO2(g)
Chapter 14
1 a Cl– b HSO4– c PO43– d CO32– e NO3– 2 a NH4+ b CH3COOH c H2PO4–
d HCO3– e OH– 4 H2PO4–, HPO42– + H2O
5 a HCO3– + H2O(l) —h H3O+(aq) + CO32–(aq);
HCO3– + H2O(l) —h OH–(aq) + H2CO3(aq)
b HPO42– + H2O(l) —h H3O+(aq) + PO43–(aq);
HPO42– + H2O(l) —h OH–(aq) + H2PO4–(aq)
c HSO4– + H2O(l) —h H3O+(aq) + SO42–(aq);
HSO4– + H2O(l) —h OH–(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
d H2O + H2O(l) —h H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)
6 a HClO4(aq) + H2O(l) —h ClO4–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
b HCN(aq) + H2O(l) CN–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
c CH3NH2(aq)+H2O(l) CH3NH3+(aq)+OH–(aq)
7 H3AsO4(aq) + H2O(l) H2AsO4–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
H2AsO4–(aq) + H2O(l) HAsO42–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
2–
HAsO (aq) + H2O(l)
4 AsO43–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
8 a nitric acid b hydrochloric acid c carbonic acid d ethanoic acid
9 a 10–11 M b 10–9 M c 1.75 × 10–6 M d 2.94 × 10–3 M e 1.53 × 10–13 M
f 4.48 × 10–2 M 10 a 10–8 M b 10–12 M c 10–10 M d 3.52 × 10–10 M e 1.41
× 10–12 M f 1.08 × 10–5 M 11 a 1 b 3 c 2 d 7 e 13 f 11 g 4 h 7 12 a 0.1
M, 10–13 M b 10–3 M, 10–11 M c 10–7 M, 10–7 M
d 2.0 × 10–12 M, 5.0 × 10–3 M 13 a i 0.0010 M ii 0.030 M iii 10–12 M iv 3.16
× 10–5 M v 10–12 M vi 0.049 M vii 5.6 × 10–13 M b i 10–11 M ii 3.33 × 10–13
M iii 0.010 M iv 3.16 × 10–10 M v 0.01 M vi 2.0 × 10–13 M vii 0.018 M
c i 3 ii 1.5 iii 12 iv 4.5 v 12 vi 1.3 vii 12.3 14 a 1 b 12 15 a NH4+ b HCl
c HCO3– d H3O+ e CH3COOH
16 a PO43–(aq) + H2O(l) —h HPO42–(aq) + OH–(aq)
b H2PO4–(aq) + H2O(l) —h HPO42–(aq) + H3O+(aq),
H2PO4–(aq) + H2O(l) —h H3PO4(aq) + OH–(aq)
c H2S(aq) + H2O(l) —h HS–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
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Answers
 17 a Cl– b H2O c OH– d SO42– b 24.5 g c 122 mL 30 a 0.868 g b 0.658 g c 1.11 L 31 2.33 g
21 a 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) — K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l); 32 a CaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) — CaCO3(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) b 0.807g c 0.762 g
OH–(aq) + H+(aq) — H2O(l) 33 a Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) — ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) b 0.565 g c i 0.021 g
b NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) — NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l); OH–(aq) + H+(aq) — H2O(l) ii 0.048 g 34 a i lead nitrate in excess by 0.5 mol ii lead nitrate in excess by
c MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) — MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l); 1.75 mol iii neither in excess b i 1.4 g ii 0.84 g iii 0.83 g
MgO(s) + 2H+(aq) — Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l) 35 a P4O6 by 2.78 g b 3.37 g c 1.26 g d 4.63 g 36 a excess C by 0.449 g
d CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) — CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l); b 20.6 g 37 863 g 38 a 6.82 g b 0.100 g
CuO(s) + 2H+(aq) — Cu2+(aq) + H2O(l) 39 a 0.100 mol CuSO4, 0.0492 mol Zn b 3.13 g c 0.254 M
e KHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) — KCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 40 a K2CO3(aq)+ H2O4(aq) — H2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
H+(aq) + HCO3–(aq) — H2O(l) + CO2(g) b 0.0355 M c 0.0315 M
f Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) — ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 41 a Na2CO3(aq)+ 2HCl(aq) — 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) — Zn2+(aq) + H2(g) b 0.051 25 M c 0.1013 M d approximately half
Not an acid-base reaction 42 a 0.0417 M b 0.0710 M 43 a 0.001 90 mol b 0.019 0 mol c 0.023 8
g CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) — CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g); mol d 0.405 g e 1.74% yes there is less than 4% ammonia 44 a Pb2+(aq) +
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) — Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) MgSO4(aq) — PbSO4(aq) + Mg2+(aq)
h NaHCO3(s) + CH3COOH(aq) — CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g); 45 a CaCO3(aq)+ 2HCl(aq) — CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
NaHCO3(s) + H+(aq) — Na+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) b 0.0334 mol c 267 mL d 0.969 g
22 b 23 Slightly basic, at body temperature the ionisation of water is not
significantly different from that at 25°C 24 a 0.01 M b 0.005 mol 25 100
26 a 3 b 5 c 8.2 d 11.5 e 1.2 f 12.7 27 a 8 b 12 c 10 d 9.45 e 11.9
Chapter 16
f 4.97 28 a 10–3 M, 10–11 M b 10–10 M, 10–4 M c 3.16 × 10–9 M, 3.16 × 10–6 M 1 a oxidation b reduction c reduction d oxidation
d 1.58 × 10–6 M, 6.3 × 10–9 M e 2.5 × 10–10 M, 4.0 × 10–5 M f 3.16 × 10–14 2 a Fe(s) — Fe3+(aq) + 3e–, oxidation b K(s) — K+(aq) + e–, oxidation c F2(g)
M, 0.316 M + 2e– — 2F–(aq), reduction d O2(g) + 4e– — 2O2–(aq), reduction 3 a Fe(s)
29 has been oxidised to Fe2+(aq) b Fe(s) — Fe2+(aq) + 2e– c H+(aq) d H+(aq) has
been reduced to H2 e 2H+(aq) + 2e– — H2(g) f Fe(s)
pH [H+] [OH–] 4 a Magnesium is oxidised, copper ions are reduced.
1.0 1.0 x 10–1 M 1.0x 10–13 M b Mg(s) — Mg2+(aq) + 2e– c Cu2+(aq) + 2e– — Cu(s)
d Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) — Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s) e oxidant Cu2+; reductant Mg
2.6 2.51 x 10 M–3
4.0 x 10–12 M
f The solution loses some of its blue colour due to the loss of Cu2+(aq), which
5.5 3.16 x 10–6 M 3.16 x 10–9 M react to form Cu(s). 5 a Cu2+ b Cu c Fe2+ 6 a CaO b Ca(s)
3 1.0 x 10 M
–3
1.0 x 10–11 M c Ca(s) — Ca2+(s) + 2e– d O2(g) e O2(g) + 4e– — 2O2–(s)
f 2Ca(s) + O2(g) — 2CaO(s) g oxidised, oxygen, oxygen, calcium, reduced,
9 1.0 x 10–9 M 1.0 x 10–5 M calcium, calcium, oxygen
8.6 2.56 x 10 M–9
3.9 x 10–6 M 7 a +4 b +2 c +4 d 0 e –2 f +6 g +5 h –4 i 0 j +5 k –2 l +3 8 a lead
reduced (+2 to 0), magnesium oxidised (0 to +2) b mercury reduced (+2 to 0),
3.72 1.88 x 10–4 M 5.32 x 10–11 M oxygen oxidised (–2 to 0) c oxygen oxidised (–2 to 0), fluorine reduced (0 to –1)
13.7 1.8 x 10–14
M 5.7 x 10–1 M d manganese reduced (+7 to +2), iron oxidised (+2 to +3)
8.5 3.16 x 10–9 M 3.16 x 10–6 M 9 a SO42–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e– — SO2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
b H2O2(aq) — O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e–(aq)
6.1 7.7 x 10 M
–7
1.29 x 10–8 M
c H2S(g) — S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e–(aq)
9.4 3.8 x 10–10 M 2.8 x 10–5 M d MnO4–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 3e– — MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l)
30 i a 10–1 M b 10–13 M c 1 ii a 10–1 M b 10–13 M c 1 iii a 10–13 M b 10–1 M e Ta2O5(s) + 10H+(aq) + 10e– — 2Ta(s) + 5H2O(l)
c 13 iv a 10–13 M b 10–1 M c 13 v a 10–3 M b 10–11 M c 3 vi a 6.25 × 10–12 f SO32–(aq) + H2O(l) — SO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e–
M b 1.6 × 10–3 M c 11.2 vii a 1.5 × 10–5 M b 6.6 × 10–10 M c 4.8 g IO3–(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 6e– — I–(aq) + 3H2O(l)
viii a 1.5 × 10–13 M b 6.8 × 10–2 M c 12.8 33 a 2.3 b 10.3 c 3 10 a 4H2O2(aq) + PbS(s) — PbSO4(s) + 4H2O(l)
34 A, ammonia; B, glucose; C, NaOH; D, HCl; E, ethanoic acid b I2(aq) + H2S(g) — 2I–(aq) + S(s) +2H+(aq)
c 5SO32–(aq) + 2MnO4–(aq) + 6H+(aq) — 5SO42–(aq) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Chapter 15 d 2NO(g) + Cr2O72–(aq) + 6H+(aq) — 2NO3–(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 3H2O(l)
e 3Zn(s) + Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) — 3Zn2+(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
1 1.1 kg 2 14.2 g 3 a 2H2(g) + O2(g) — 2H2O(g) b 80 g 4 a 701.8 g f 5CuO(s) + 2NH3(aq) — 5Cu(s) + 2NO(g) + 3H2O(l)
b 616 g 5 22.0 g, 4.00 g 6 675 mL 7 a 0.840 M b 3.01 g
11 b Mg(s) — Mg2+(aq) + 2e–; Pb2+(aq) + 2e– — Pb(s)
8 a BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) — BaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq) b 0.231 M
13 a no b no c yes d no e yes f no g no
9 a 1 mol magnesium sulfate b 1.5 mol magnesium sulfate
c 2.8 mol lead nitrate 10 a 0.748 mol Ca, 1.67 mol H2O 15 c i Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) — Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
b calcium c 55.4 g 11 a 0.100 mol KOH, 0.065 mol H3PO4; ii Fe(s) + Pb2+(aq) — Fe2+(aq) + Pb(s)
KOH is the limiting reagent b 7.07 g 12 0.1087 M iii Ni(s) + Cu2+(aq) — Ni2+(aq) + Cu(s)
13 a 2HCl(aq) + K2CO3(aq) — 2KCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) b 0.357 M 16 2Fe(s) + O2(aq) + 2H2O(l) — 2Fe2+(aq) + 4OH–(aq);
14 a 19.2 g b 16.7 g 15 a 1889 kg b 333 kg c 1222 kg 16 230 g 4Fe(OH)2(s) + O2(aq) + 2H2O(l) — 4Fe(OH)3(s)
17 a 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) — Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) b 4.1 g 18 40.9 g 18 magnesium and zinc 22 a oxidation b oxidation c reduction d reduction
19 a K2CrO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) — PbCrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq) b 3.6 g 23 a Mg oxidised, Cu2+ reduced b Zn oxidised, Ag+ reduced c C oxidised,
20 a H2S(g) + 2AgNO3(aq) — Ag2S(s) + 2HNO3(aq) b 2.649 g 21 a 2.0 g Pb2+ reduced d Ca oxidised, H+ reduced e Fe oxidised, Pb2+ reduced
b 1.2 g c 0.82 g 22 a 20.1 g b 24.0 g c 10.8 g 23 a 100 tonnes 24 Group A will be oxidised. Group B will be reduced 25 a All are redox
b 120.3 tonnes c 64.0 tonnes 24 62 kg 25 a 16.0 mL b 0.459 M 26 a 40.0 b i C oxidised, CO2 reduced ii Cl2 reduced, H2S oxidised iii H2O2 oxidised and
mL b 1.5 L 27 a 1.96 g b 0.306 g 28 a 27.1 mL b 1.36 g reduced iv Fe2+ oxidised, MnO4– reduced v Cd oxidised, NiO2 reduced
29 a AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) — AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq); vi Fe(OH)2 oxidised, H2O2 reduced 26 a 0 b +2 c +5 d +7 e +2 +6 f +6
Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) à AgCl(s) g +3 h +2 i +7 j 0 27 a +5 b +5 c +4 d +4 e +3 f +2 g +1 h 0 i –2

396
Answers
j –3 k –3 l –3 28 Carbon is reduced; oxygen is oxidised 29 a zinc b Zn(s)
—h Zn2+(aq) + 2e– c H+ ions d 2H+(aq) + 2e– —h H2(g) e H+ f zinc g Zn(s) +
2HCl(aq) —h ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
30 a Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) —h Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) b no reaction c no reaction
d Mg(s) + Pb2+(aq) —h Mg2+(aq) + Pb(s) e no reaction f no reaction
g Al(s) + I2(s) —h AlI3(s) h Mg(s) + Cl2(g) —h MgCl3(s) i no reaction
j Pb(s) + Ag+(aq) —h Pb2+(aq) + Ag(s)
33 a No b Zn(s) + AgNO3(aq) —h Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)
c Zn(s) + SnCl2(aq) —h ZnCl2(aq) + Sn(s)
d Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) —h ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
34 F–, Ag, I–, Cu, Sn, Ni, Mg, Li 35 a all b Nitrogen is oxidised; oxygen is
reduced (nitrogen is also reduced in Stage 3) c Oxidants—oxygen and nitrogen;
reductant—nitrogen 36 b Electrons travel from zinc anode to iron cathode
c anode d Zn(s) —h Zn2+(aq) + 2e– e cathode f Fe2+(aq) + 2e– —h Fe(s)
h Transfer of ions to balance charge 37 Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) —h Fe2+(aq) + Cu(aq)
38 less reactive
39 Cell A: Cu2+(aq) + 2e– —h Cu(s), Ni(s) —h Ni2+(aq) + 2e–,
Ni(s) + Cu2+(aq) —h Ni2+(aq) + Cu(s);
Cell B: Ag+(aq) + e– —h Ag(s), Cu(s) —h Cu2+(aq) + 2e–,
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) —h Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
40 b Nickel anode (–ve), silver cathode (+ve)
c Ni(s) —h Ni2+(aq) + 2e–; Ag+(aq) + e– —h Ag(s)
d Ni(s) + 2Ag+(aq) —h Ni2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
41 a Ag+(aq) + e– —h Ag(s) b Cu(s) —h Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
c Zn(s) —h Zn2+ (aq) + 2e– d 2H+(aq) + 2e– —h H2(g)
42 a NO3–(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2e– —h HNO2(aq) + H2O(l)
b VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e– —h V3+(aq) + H2O(l)
c NO(aq) + 2H2O(l) —h NO3–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 3e–
d Cl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) —h 2HOCl(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e–
e S(s) + 4H2O(l) —h SO42–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 6e–
43 a 3I–(aq) —h I3–(aq) + 2e–, ClO–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– —h Cl–(aq) + H2O(l);
3I–(aq) + ClO–(aq) + 2H+(aq) —h I3–(aq) + Cl–(aq) + H2O(l)
b 2Br–(aq) —h Br2(l) + 2e–, MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e– —h Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l);
10Br–(aq) + 2MnO4–(aq) + 16H+(aq) —h 5Br2(l) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)
c CH3OH(aq) + H2O(l) —h HCOOH(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 4e–
Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e– —h 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
3CH3OH(aq) + 2Cr2O72+(aq) +16H+(aq) —h 3HCOOH(aq) + 4Cr3+(aq)+ 11H2O(l)
d BiO3–(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 2e– —h Bi3+(aq) + 3H2O(l),
Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) —h MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e–
2Mn2+(aq) + 5BiO3–(aq) + 14H+(aq) —h 5Bi3+(aq) + 2MnO4–(aq) + 7H2O(l)
Chapter 17
2 36.7% 3 chlorohydrin route,16.6%; catalytic method, 100% 5 a safer, or no,
solvents b increasing energy efficiency c atom economy, use of solvents d use of
renewable raw materials
Unit 2 Area of Study 1 Review
1 A 2 C 3 D 4 B 5 A 6 C 7 D 8 B 9 D 10 D 11 A 12 A 13 D 14 D 15 D
17 a i C, B, E, D or G, I, A, F or H ii 12.8 b i 1.5 ii 14
19 a CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) —h CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) —h MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(aq) —hAlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
b 0.0449 mol or 4.49 × 10–2 mol c 4.5 L 22 a i O 1s22s22p4, S 1s22s22p63s23p4
iii oxygen iv hydrogen +1 oxygen –2 v covalent bonds vi Hydrogen bonds
exist between water molecules and these require more energy to overcome than
the dipole–dipole attraction between the less polar hydrogen sulfide molecules
b ii Forms hydrogen bonds with water
iv NH3(aq) + H2O(l) —h NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq); NH4+
23 a i 2,8,8,1 or 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 ii 2,8,7 or 1s22s22p63s22p5
b i Metallic lattice of K+ cations surrounded by a sea of electrons ii diatomic
covalent molecule iii Ionic lattice of K+ cations and Cl– anions c i Ions in the
lattice separate ii KCl(s) ——h K+(aq) + Cl–(aq) d Ionic bonds in the KCl lattice
and hydrogen bonds between water molecules e ion–dipole attractions f i 35.0
g/100 g water ii 3.43 mol L–1 g less
i i KCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) —h AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
ii Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) —h AgCl(s) iii silver chloride 24 a 0.84 g
b i HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) —h NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) ii 0.033 M
iii 1.2 g L–1 iv 6.0 × 1020 ions 25 c i Fe(s) —h Fe2+(aq) + 2e–
ii Mg(s) —h Mg2+(aq) + 2e– iii sacrificial anode
iv Magnesium is more reactive than iron
Chapter 18
1 The part that supports life 3 ozone 4 Double bond in O2 is stronger than bonds
in O3. 5 CO2 7 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) —h C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)
8 Very strong triple covalent bond E1 CH4(g) + 2O2(g) —h CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
E2 65.7%,13.2%, 9.88%, 9.52%, 8.67%, 8.31%, 4.58%, 2.65%, 1.20%, 1.20%
E4 noise, large areas needed, visual pollution
UV radiation
11 a O3(g) ———— h O2(g) + O(g)
UV radiation UV radiation
b O2(g) ————h 2O(g); O3(g) ———— h O2(g) + O(g)
c Increased skin cancer; deterioration of plastics, reduction of plant growth
d stratosphere 12 Combustion of fossil fuels; plant decay
13 b carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, nitrogen(I) oxide, CFCs
14 C8H18(l) + 10O2(g) —h 8CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) 16 a 0.92 g, 0.27 g, 0.010 g b 1.2
g c 1.2 g L–1 18 nitrogen fixation
Chapter 19
2 a HNO3(aq) b HNO2(aq) 3 100 times
5 MgCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) —h Mg(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
MgCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) —h Mg2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
6 a O3 8 a nitrogen(II) oxide, nitrogen(IV) oxide, unburnt hydrocarbons
c Ozone, aldehydes and PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate). Eyes and respiratory system
irritants and plant damage.
9 b carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, nitrogen(I) oxide, CFCs
e 42.7%, 12.9%, 0, 55.8%, –66.7%
10 CH4(g) + 2O2(g) —h CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) 11 22. 0 kg
14 a i 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) —h 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
ii 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) —h 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)
15 b insufficient oxygen c carbon dioxide
e C7H16(g) + 10O2(g) —h 5CO2(g) + 2CO(g) + 8H2O(g)
16 a A layer of cold air trapped under a layer of warm air
19 a octane, oxygen, nitrogen
b i 2C8H18(g) + 25O2(g) —h 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)
20 a Change in the rainfall patterns; sea level rise causing flooding b Use
alternative energy sources; reduce the amount of energy generated by fossil fuels
21 a Less dissolves b More is released into the atmosphere and worsening the
greenhouse effect 24 b 2C8H18(g) + 25O2(g) —h 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)
397
Answers
 Unit 2 Area of Study 2 Review
Chapter 20 1 A 2 D 3 B 4 B 5 D 6 D 7 D 8 D 9 C 10 B 11 C 12 B 13 A 14 C 15 C
1 a HNO3 b Cu 2 a (NH4)2SO4 b NH4NO3 c NH3 E1 2.33 kg E2 3.10 g 16 B 17 A 18 C
3 a essential for respiration 20 a 2C8H18(g) + 25O2(g) —h 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)
b C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) —h 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) + energy b 2C8H18(g) + 17O2(g) —h 16CO(g) + 18H2O(l) c N2(g) + O2(g) —h 2NO(g)
4 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) —h 2Al2O3(s) d 2NO(g) + O2(g) —h 2NO2(g) 21 c ii 125 kPa
5 MgCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) —h Mg(NO3) 2 (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 22 a MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) —h MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) b 0.106 mol
6 a does not support combustion or burn, is denser than air b solid carbon c 69.9% 23 4.06 × 106 L
dioxide 7 a dispersion forces 9 a 2H2O2(aq) —h 2H2O(l) + O2(g) 25 a 2H2O2(aq) —h 2H2O(l) + O2(g) b 3.68 L
b catalyst 10 O2(g) —h 2O(g); O2(g) + O —h O3(g) 11 It is slightly soluble c H2O2(aq) + H2O(l) —h HO2–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
13 a CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) —h CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 26 a SO3(g) + H2O(l) —h H2SO4(aq) c i 0.0686 mol ii 0.0457 M iii 1.03
b CaCO3(s) —h CaO(s) + CO2(g) 27 a C2H5 b i 0.0454 mol ii 58 g mol–1 c C4H10
14 Only partially ionises in solution. 28 b Na(g) and Cl(g) or Na+(g) and Cl–(g)
H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3–(aq) + H3O+(aq) 29 a C2H6O(l) + 3O2(g) —h 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) b 1.91 kg c 974 L 30 a 24.3
16 a i 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) —h 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) b Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) —h MgCl2(s) + H2(g) c 0.617 mol d 15.1 L
ii 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) —h 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g) 31 18.36 tonnes
b In incomplete combustion, amount of oxygen is limited so carbon and CO form
instead of CO2.
17 a ZnCO3(s) —h ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
b 2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(s) —h 2NaCl(aq)+ CO2(g) + H2O(l)
c HNO3(aq) + KHCO3(aq) —h KNO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
d 2CO(g) + O2(g) —h 2CO2(g)
e CH4(g) + 2O2(g) —h CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
heat
19 d CaCO3(s) ——h CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Chapter 21
4 Peak of graph would be higher and closer to the y-axis
5 a 1.84 atm, 1.87 × 105 Pa, 1.87 bar b 0.790 atm, 600 mmHg, 0.800 bar
c 3220 mmHg, 4.30 × 10 5 Pa d 900 mmHg, 1.18 atm, 1.20 bar
e 1.40 × 105 Pa f 92 kPa 6 a 2 × 103 mL b 4.5 × 103 mL c 2.25 L
d 0.12 L e 5.6 × 10–2 L f 3.7 × 10–3 m3 g 2.85 × 10–4 m3 h 4.70 dm3,
4.70 × 103 cm3 8 a 25 L b 29 L c 2.3 × 103 cm3 or 2.3 L d 85.3 kPa
9 a 60 mL b 267 mL c 188 mL 10 3.5 mL 11 320 Pa 12 a 373 K
b 448 K c 128 K 13 a i 120 mL ii 55 mL b i 99 K or –174°C
ii 397 K or 124°C 14 a 1600 mol b 25.6 kg 15 7.1 L 16 a 34 L b 25 mL
c 1.2 L 17 a 2.3 g b 65 g c 0.251 g 18 a 13.2 L b 33.3 L
c 35.8 L 19 1023 L 20 160 kPa 21 830°C (to 2 sig. figs) 22 116 kPa
23 16.8 g 24 a 4.5 L b 87 L c 6.23 L 25 31.1°C
26 n(N2) = 0.155 mol n(He)= 0.123 mol. There is more nitrogen 27 a 2.4 L
b 0.54 L c 1.8 mL d 1.6 L 28 a i 61 L ii 37 L b i 14 L ii 8.4 L
c i 0.404 L ii 0.242 L d i 45.9 L ii 27.6 L e i 9500 L ii 5700 L 29 24.2 g
30 0.5 L 31 75 mL 32 10.0 L 40 a 300 kPa b 38 kPa c 7.5 kPa
41 50 kPa 42 8.2 L 43 42°C 44 698 L 45 866 L 46 –200°C 47 1.2 L
48 1.6 × 1024 molecules 49 b Ammonia: hydrogen bonding
51 1.45 × 1023 molecules 52 5.56 L 53 13.8 g 54 770 K 55 a 0.217 mol
b 46.2 g mol–1 56 Container A: 1.65 mol, Container B: 0.0020 mol. Container A
has more oxygen 57 a 8940 mol b 257 kg 58 a 6.1 L b 18.7 g
59 a 1.3 × 1023 b 2.46 × 1024 c 2.4 × 1020 d 2.7 × 1020 e 2.7 × 1025
f 3.8 × 1024 60 a 44 g b 24.5 L c 1.8 g L–1 d greater
61 a 5 L b 10 L c 4.58 g 62 a CaCO3(s) —h CaO(s) + CO2(g) b 0.20 mol
c 4.9 L 63 a 100 mL of oxygen in excess b V(CO2) = 240 mL, V(H2O) = 320 mL
c increase in volume of 80 mL 64 a 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) —h 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
b 0.32 L 65 a 25 L b 44.7 g 66 a 2.5 × 1019 b 6.1 × 109 67 a equal
b oxygen c equal d carbon dioxide e carbon dioxide

398
Answers

Glossary
absolute zero –273°C or 0 K. Molecules and atoms have
minimum kinetic energy at this temperature.
acid Substance capable of donating a hydrogen ion
(proton).
acid rain Rainwater that has reacted with acidic emissions
from industry and has a pH less than 5.5.
acidic oxide an oxide, generally of a non-metal, that either
reacts with water to form an acid or reacts with a base.
acidic solution An aqueous solution in which [H+] > [OH–].
At 25°C, the pH < 7.
actinides The set of elements with atomic number between
90 and 103 in which the 5f-subshell is progressively filled.
addition reaction A reaction in which a molecule binds to
an unsaturated hydrocarbon, forming a single carbon-to-
carbon bond. In this process two reactant molecules become
one.
aliquot A volume of liquid measured by a pipette.
alkali A soluble base.
alkali metals Group 1 metals.
alkanes Hydrocarbons with only single bonds between
carbon atoms; general formula CnH2n+2.
alkenes Hydrocarbons with one double bond between two
carbon atoms; general formula CnH2n.
alkyl group A group obtained by removing a hydrogen atom
from an alkane, with general formula CnH2n+1, e.g. methyl
(–CH3).
allotropes Different physical forms of the same element.
alloy A substance formed when other materials (e.g. carbon,
other metals) are mixed with a metal.
alpha particle A 42He nucleus emitted from the nucleus of
an atom during radioactive decay.
amorphous Without structure.
amount of substance A measure used by chemists for
counting particles; the unit is the mole.
amphiprotic The ability to act as an acid or a base.
anion A negatively charged ion.
annealing Heating a metal to a moderate temperature and
then allowing it to cool slowly to make it softer and more
ductile.
anode An electrode at which an oxidation reaction occurs.
atom The smallest part of an element that can take part in a
chemical reaction.
atom economy A method of tracking the atoms in a reaction
equation to calculate the mass of the atoms of reactants
actually used to form product as a percentage of the total
mass of reactants.
atomic number The number of protons in the nucleus of
an atom.
atomic radius Half the distance between the nuclei in a
molecule consisting of identical atoms.
Avogadro’s constant NA, the number of particles in a mole;
NA = 6.023 × 1023 mol−1.
Avogadro’s law At the same temperature and pressure, equal
volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules.
base A substance capable of accepting a hydrogen ion
(proton).
basic oxide An oxide of a metal which either reacts with
water to form hydroxide ions or reacts with H3O+ ions.
basic solution A solution where [H3O+] < [OH–]. At 25°C,
pH > 7.
biosphere That part of the Earth’s environment that
supports life.
bonding electrons Outer-shell electrons involved in
covalent bonding.
Boyle’s law P α V1 at constant temperature.
brittle Shatters when given a sharp tap.
Brønsted–Lowry theory A theory that defines an acid
as a proton (hydrogen ion) donor and a base as a proton
acceptor.
carbon–oxygen cycle The path taken by carbon and oxygen
atoms as they react to form new compounds and move
around the biosphere.
catalyst A substance that increases the rate of a reaction but
are not consumed in the reaction.
cathode An electrode at which a reduction reaction occurs.
cation A positively charged ion.
Charles’ law V α T at constant pressure.
chlorination Reaction with chlorine.
chlorofluorocarbons Synthetic compounds containing
chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms, e.g. CF2Cl2.
colloids Very small particles spread throughout a liquid,
solid or gas. These particles are bigger than single molecules
but so small that they do not settle on standing.
combined gas equation nP1TV1 = nP2TV2
1 1 2 2
combustion Reaction with oxygen.
compound A pure substance composed of atoms of two or
more elements which have chemically combined in fixed
proportions.
concentration A measure of the amount of solute dissolved
in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
conductivity of electricity Allows an electric current to
pass through.
conjugate acid The conjugate acid of a base contains one
more hydrogen ion (proton) than the base.
conjugate base The conjugate base of an acid contains one
less hydrogen ion (proton) than the acid.
conservation of mass see law of conservation of mass.
core charge the attraction felt by the outer-shell electrons to
the nuclear charge. Core charge can be calculated as ‘atomic
number’ — ‘all electrons except those in the outer shell’.
corrosion The reaction of a metal with oxygen and other
substances in its environment.
covalency The number of electrons an element shares in a
covalent molecular compound.
covalent bond The force of attraction formed when one or
more pairs of electrons are shared between two nuclei.
covalent layer lattice A two-dimensional array of atoms,
held together by covalent bonds. Weak forces operate
between the layers.
covalent molecular lattice An arrangement of molecules
into a lattice; the attractive forces between the molecules
are weak.
399
Glossary