Humanities

Ancient
Civilizations in
Asia and Africa
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Before we begin!!!!!
• Political: Who controls what? What type of
government is there? Anything to do with
laws or war.
• Economic: What type of economy? How do
people make a living?
• Geography: Where is it? Is the land
mountainous? Desert? Oceanic?
• Social: Religious, intellectual, artistic

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Ancient River Valley Civs

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ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
• Oldest known
civilization
• Cradle of Human
Civilization
• Old Testament
• Nebuchadnezzar
• Ziggurat (right)
• Hanging gardens

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Geography
• This civ rose in the

valleys between the
Tigris and
Euphrates rivers.
• Some say this
Fertile Crescent
was the real Garden
of Eden.

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In what modern day country was
the Fertile Crescent?

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Ur, the capital city of
Mesopotamia

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Political:What was the earliest kingdom
in Mesopotamia? The second?

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Social
• This is cuneiform.
• Babylonians wrote
using this “wedge-
shaped” writing on
clay tablets.
• The Sumerians
invented writing.

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More cuneiform writing

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More ziggurats

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Hanging gardens of Babylonia

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The ancient city of Babylon, under King
Nebuchadnezzar II, must have been a wonder to the
traveler's eyes. "In addition to its size," wrote
Herodotus, a historian in 450 BC, "Babylon
surpasses in splendor any city in the known world."
Herodotus claimed the outer walls were 56 miles in
length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide
enough, he said, to allow a four-horse chariot to
turn. The inner walls were "not so thick as the first,
but hardly less strong." Inside the walls were
fortresses and temples containing immense statues
of solid gold. Rising above the city was the famous
Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that
seemed to reach to the heavens.

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Another painting of the hanging
gardens with Tower of Babel in back

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Economic: trade and farming
• Sumerians
(Mesopotamians) were
known to trade with
the Egyptians and the
Indus Valley
civilizations.
• In later years, these
trade routes became
Silk Road.

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Sumerians invented the wheel!
• The wheel was
invented by 6000 BC!
• It helped military,
farming and trade.
• At right, this is made
of wood.

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Political:Mesopotamian Law
• Code of Hammurabi
• “eye for an eye
tooth for a tooth”

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Mesopotamia Quiz
• Political:What law system did Sumerians
use? Hint: It can be summed: eye for eye;
tooth for tooth.
• Economic: How did Mesopotamians earn a
living?
• Geography:Between what 2 rivers did the
Fertile Crescent appear?
• Social:What type of writing did they use?

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ANCIENT EGYPT
• Nile River
• Mummies
• Pharaohs
• Rameses
• King Tutankhamen
• Hieroglyphics

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Egyptian civilization
• Egyptian civilization
arose a bit after
Mesopotamia.
• Geography: It was
centered around the
Nile River.

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The Nile River

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Goal: Why did the Ancient Egyptians believe the
Nile River was a gift?
Do Now: Answer the following

questions based on the diagram
below.
Which is the tallest pyramid?
Which is taller, Khufu or the
Washington Monument?
What is the length of the side
of the Menkaure pyramid at its
base?

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Ancient Egypt
3200-500 BC
I. Location
1. North Africa
2. Natural barriers:
Mediterranean Sea, Sahara
Desert, Red Sea
A. Result = less prone to
invasion.

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Ancient Egypt
3200-500 BC
II. Nile River
1. World’s widest river (4000 miles)
2. “Gift of the Nile” annual flooding that
deposits rich soil.
3. Benefits
A. Easy communication.
B. Transportation.
C. Ample water supply.

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Egyptian Society
I. Egyptian Kingdoms become one.
1. Menes: Unified Lower & Upper Egypt
around 3100 BC.
II. Religious Beliefs
1. Polytheistic: belief in many gods
controlling earth.
2. Mummification: process of preserving the
dead.
A. Afterlife Happy Field of Food or
Devourer of Souls
3. Pharaohs: god-kings of Egypt.
4. Chief gods: Isis, Osiris, Amon-Re, Anubis

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III. Kingdoms of the Nile
Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom

2650-2134 BC 2040-1640 BC 1550-1070 BC
Achievements Built enormous Land drained for Traded with lands

tombs & pyramids. farming. along the Red &
Mediterranean Sea.
Decline Power struggles, Hittites invaded & Nubians, then

crop failures, & conquered. others, invaded.
cost of pyramids.

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IV. Social Order
Pharaohs
.
Priests
Nobles/Warriors
Scribes
Merchants
Peasants/Slaves

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Pyramids
• These are the Giza
pyramids, the most
famous.
• Pyramids were tombs
for the kings.
• These were built in
3500 B.C.E.
• How old are they?

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Political:Egyptian Pharaohs
• Egyptians were led by
Pharaohs.
• They were priest-kings
• King Tut is the most
famous
• Using computers, this
image was
reconstructed using
his remains

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Tutankhamun

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Tutankhamun on the throne

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Abu Simbel was built by Ramseses II

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Mummies
• Egyptians who could
afford to do so would
have themselves
mummified.
• They believed in a
better afterlife if their
body was preserved.

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The Egyptians took out all of the internal organs, except
the heart. When they removed them the organs were put in
canopic jars, that were put in the tomb with the mummy.
They did not take out the heart because it was believed to
be the intelligence and emotion of the person. The
Egyptians
thought the brain had no significant value, so they took it
out through the nose. The body was packed and covered
with natron (a salty drying agent). After this the body was
left
for 40-50 days.

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Mummies

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Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphics

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Hieroglyphics

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What did Egyptians write on?
• Ancient Egyptians
used papyrus, a
substance derived
from the plant of
the same name

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The Great Sphinx is located on
the Giza plateau, about six
miles west of Cairo.

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The Great Sphinx

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Egyptian economy
• Although Egypt looks
really sophisticated,
the economy is a
traditional economy
based on farming and
trade.
• Egyptians traded up
and down the Nile,
with Mesopotamians
and sometimes with
Indus Valley (in
Pakistan)

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Egypt Quiz
• 1.What river is the basis for Egyptian
civilization?
• 2.What “paper” did Egyptians write on?
• 3. What is an Egyptian ruler called?
• 4.What writing system did Egyptians use?
• 5. What type of economic system did Egypt
have?

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Indus River Quiz
• P: Why do we know so little of the power structure
in the Indus Valley?
• E: How did the Indus make a living?
• G:In what modern day country are the settlements
of the Indus River Valley civilization?
• G:Why did the cities have so many walls?
• S: How do Indus artifacts demonstrate that the the
the Indus Valley was sophisticated?

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Indus Valley civilization

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G:What modern day countries was
the Indus Valley civ in?

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Indus River Valley
• This civ is still
mysterious.
• The writing has not
been translated.

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Indus River civilization
• We do know the cities
were sophisticated
enough to have brick
walls surrounding
them for protection
against flooding from
the Indus River.

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Various artifacts found

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What are artifacts?

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Indus Economy
• Just like the other river
valley civs, the Indus
river valley people
were mostly farmers.
• Traditional economy
• They did trade with
Chinese and with
Sumerians
(Mesopotamians).

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Indus River Quiz
• P: Why do we know so little of the power structure
in the Indus Valley?
• E: How did the Indus make a living?
• G:In what modern day country are the settlements
of the Indus River Valley civilization?
• G:Why did the cities have so many walls?
• S: How do Indus artifacts demonstrate that the the
the Indus Valley was sophisticated?

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Based on these visual sources, how would you describe an Indus Valley
city to someone who had never seen it?
HARAPPA

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Based on these visual sources, how
would you describe an Indus Valley city to
someone who had never seen it?
•physical setting in a plain surrounded by
agricultural fields; the major river at the top of the
picture; its large size; and the grid layout of its
streets.
•Individual features of the city: walls and gates;
the large, separately walled complex to the left of
the drawing; the suburbs that cluster next to this
separate walled enclosure; the river port at the
center top of the drawing; and the large open
space within the walls of the city toward the
center top of the image.

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• How might a
prominent
landowner, a
leading official, a
clan head, or a
merchant make
use of such a
seal?
• What meaning
might you attach
to the use of
animals as totems
or symbols of a
particular group
or individual?

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How might a prominent landowner, a
leading official, a clan head, or a
merchant make use of such a seal?
• The seal might be used to mark

ownership of trade goods destined for
transport; or to represent a specific
clan, a high official, or a prominent
individual.
• Other possibilities decoration, for
financial or commercial contracts, or as
a symbol of authority.

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What meaning might you attach to the
use of animals as totems or symbols of
a particular group or individual?
• Animals possess symbolic meanings in the
Indus Valley civilization.
• Specific animals may have been associated
with specific professions, clans, or people.
• Animals may have been used as totems,
and their inclusion on seals was designed
to protect or safeguard the item attached to
the seal.
• Animals provided a simple written language

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• What specific
features of
this figure can
you point out?
• What possible
indication of
elite status
can you
identify?

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What specific features of this
figure can you point out?
• The specific features that stand out are
its headband, armband, and clothing
pattern.
• The facial features of the figure are also
pronounced, as is his beard.

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What possible indication of elite
status can you identify?
• The headband and armband may be
signs of elite status.
• The pattern on his clothing may imply
wealth and status.
• His beard may also be a sign of elite
status.

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What features of this statue may
have provoked such observations?
• her body posture and facial features,
which convey confidence
• her bracelets and other jewelry, which
might speak to her status and perhaps
her profession

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How do you react to this statue?
What qualities does she evoke?
• Two possible reactions :artistic qualities and
beauty; and interest in its purpose and
meaning
• Several scholars have noted that the statue
evokes confidence and perhaps talent; it
might also evoke a sense of impatience on
the part of the dancer.

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Ancient China Quiz
• P: In China, according to the dynastic cycle,
what happened to “bad kings”?
• E: How did the Chinese earn a living?
• G: What river was the earliest Chinese
civilization centered around?
• S: What technological advancements did the
Chinese have?

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ANCIENT CHINA
• Great Wall
• Began 2000 B.C.
• Mandate of
Heaven
• Dynasties
• Silk
• astronomy

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As in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and along the Indus River,
Chinese civilization began within a major river valley.
Modern China itself is a huge geographical expanse.
Around 4000 BC, this huge area contained an almost
infinite number of ethnic groups and languages. This
history, in which a vast area populated by diverse ethnic
groups became, over time, a more or less single culture,
began in the Yellow River Valley.

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Yellow River
Civilization
• G:Ancient China was
formed around the
Yellow River.
• The color yellow
symbolized
“centrality”, as in
China is the center of
the world.

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Chinese accomplishments
• During the Zhou and
Shang periods, the
Chinese made
remarkable
achievements in
astronomy and
bronzework, learned to
make silk and create
books, and developed a
complex system of
writing

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E:Chinese invented silk
• Silk was exotic and
expensive, so it was
good for trading with
the rest of the world.
• It is made from silk
worms.
• Silk also makes
“paper”

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Silk worm

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S:Chinese astronomy
• 2137 BC - Chinese book records the earliest known solar eclipse on October
22.
• 2000 BC - Chinese determine that Jupiter needs 12 years to complete one revolution
of its orbit.
• 1400 BC - Chinese record the regularity of solar and lunar eclipses and the earliest
known solar variation日珥.
• 1200 BC - Chinese divide the sky into twenty eight regions 二十八宿 for recognitions
of the stars.
• 1100 BC - Chinese first determine the spring equinox 黄赤交角.
• 776 BC - Chinese make the earliest reliably record of solar eclipse.

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PAPER
➢In the Middle Ages the Arabs made known
throughout Muslim Spain a material which
was to replace all its predecessors. This was
paper, whose manufacture they imported
from far distant and mysterious realm of
China.
➢The first paper appeared in China about 200
BC. Its name is derived from papyrus. Silk
was transformed into paper by a process of
pasting, but because silk was expensive, wool
and cotton came to be used instead. This
invention was attributed to Ts'ai Lun.

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In the picture above, the manufacturing
process used by the Chinese. They
steeped mulberry or bamboo bark in
water, then kneaded it to produce a
paste from which they obtained smooth
thin sheets of paper.

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According to Chinese political theory, every
dynasty goes through the so-called
dynastic cycle:
1. A new ruler unites China and founds a new dynasty.
2. China, under the new dynasty, achieves prosperity
and a new golden age.
3. The royal family of the dynasty begins to decay,
corruption becomes rampant in the imperial court,
and the empire begins to enter decline and instability.
4. The dynasty loses the Mandate of Heaven, their
legitimacy to rule, and is overthrown by a rebellion.
The Mandate of Heaven is then passed to the next
dynasty

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Ancient China

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Chinese pyramids!!!!

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The Great Wall of China was
built to keep the Mongols out.

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Many died building it, and their
bodies were used as filler for it.

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Ancient China Quiz
• P: In China, according to the dynastic cycle,
what happened to “bad kings”?
• E: How did the Chinese earn a living?
• G: What river was the earliest Chinese
civilization centered around?
• S: What technological advancements did the
Chinese have?

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MARGIN
REVIEWS

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#1 What were the sources of state
authority in the First Civilizations?
• Citizens recognized that the complexity of cities or
densely populated territories required some authority
• authorities frequently used force to compel obedience.
• Authority in early civilizations was often associated
with divine sanction.
• Writing and accounting gave states authority by
defining elite status, conveying prestige on the literate,
providing a means to send out propaganda,
strengthening the state by making accurate record and
giving weight to orders, regulations, and laws.

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#2 MESOPOTAMIA EGYPTIAN
• outlook on life viewed • cheerful and hopeful outlook on
humans as caught in an the world, rebirth of the sun
disorderly world, subject to each day and of the river every
the whims of quarreling year assured Egyptians that life
gods. would prevail over death.
• environment deforestation, • more sustainable agricultural
soil erosion, and salinization system that lasted for thousands
of the soil. This ecological of years and contributed to the
deterioration weakened continuity of its civilization.
Sumerian city-states, • Rural while cities were
• Urban centered cities governmental or religious based
• civilization, consisted of • a strong divine right system.
independent states that While over time the pharaohs
frequently warred among declined in real power, the
themselves and were subject political tradition helped Egypt
to unexpected attack to maintain unity for 3,000 yrs.

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#3 When and where did the
First Civilizations emerge?
• 1. Sumer in Mesopotamia, by 3000 B.C.E.
• 2. Egypt in the Nile River valley, by 3000
B.C.E.
• 3. Indus Valley civilization in the Indus and
Saraswati river valleys of present-day
Pakistan, by 2000 B.C.E.
• 4. China, by 2200 B.C.E.

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#4 What was the role of cities in the
early civilizations?
• political and administrative centers
• centers of culture including art, architecture,
literature, ritual, and ceremony
• marketplaces for both local and long-
distance exchange
• centers of manufacturing activity

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#5 What accounts for the initial
breakthroughs to civilization?
• 1. The growing density of population,
producing more congested and
competitive societies, was a fundamental
motor of change.
• 2. Such settings provided incentives for
innovations, such as irrigation or plows
that could produce more food

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#5 What accounts for the initial
breakthroughs to civilization?
• 3.These same environments generated
intense competition among rival
groups that led to repeated warfare.
• 4. Since losers could not easily flee to
new lands, they were absorbed into
the winner’s society as slaves.

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# 6 In what ways was social inequality
expressed in early civilizations?
• wealth
• avoidance of physical labor
• clothing
• houses
• manner of burial
• class-specific treatment in legal codes

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#7 MESOPOTAMIA EGYPTIAN
PATRIARCHY PATRIARCHY
• law codified and sought to
• Women in Egypt were
enforce a patriarchal family recognized as legal equals to
life.
men. They were able to own
• respectable women, those property, sell land, make their
under the protection and own wills, sign their own
sexual control of one man marriage contracts, and initiate
• nonrespectable women, such their own divorces.
as slaves and prostitutes, • Royal women occasionally
who were often forbidden to exercised significant political
wear a veil. power as queens.
• goddesses were gradually • Women were not veiled in
relegated to home and Egypt, and art depicting
hearth, to be replaced by marrage as equal partners.
male deities,

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#8. In what ways have historians tried
to explain the origins of patriarchy?
• Transition from digging-stick agriculture
(mostly women) to more intensive
agriculture with animal-drawn plows and
more intensive large-herd pastoralism (men
better perform)
• The growing population of civilizations
meant that women were more often
pregnant and even more deeply involved in
child care than before.

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#8. In what ways have historians tried
to explain the origins of patriarchy?
• •Men, because they were less important in
the household, were available to take on
positions of economic, religious, and
political authority as societies grew more
complex. From these positions men shaped
the values and practices of their societies in
a manner that benefited them at the
expense of women.

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# 9 Meso & Egypt Neighbor Interaction
• agriculture relied on wheat and barley
adopted from Mesopotamia
• gourds, watermelon, domesticated
donkeys, and cattle from Sudan.
• Egypt’s step pyramids and system of
writing were stimulated by Mesopotamian
models.
• divine kingship” most likely derived from
traditions

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# 9 Meso & Egypt Neighbor Interaction
• Indo-European pastoralists influenced both as
they migrated into the region. They brought
with them the horse and chariot technology,
which proved effective on the battlefield. Both
incorporated both the horse and chariot into
their armies.
• With the invasion of the Hyksos into Egypt,
Egyptian civilization also adopted new kinds of
armor, bows, daggers, and swords; improved
methods of spinning and weaving

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Ancient

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• This civ rose in the

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https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

Do Now: Answer the following

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom

Achievements Built enormous Land drained for Traded with lands

Decline Power struggles, Hittites invaded & Nubians, then

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

• The seal might be used to mark

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM

https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/71846644_435762043991968_833604034048609…_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=da06d957de073c57c6166c63855880f5&oe=5DCFF3E7&dl=1 11/15/19, 9:34 AM