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- Equipotential surfaces
- Potential Gradient
0. Review
b
b
Work: Wa →b = ∫ F ⋅ dl = ∫ F ⋅ cos ϕ ⋅ dl
a a Potential energy
Work-Energy: K a + U a = K b +U b
Wa →b = F ⋅ d = q0 Ed
Wa →b = −∆U → U = q0 E ⋅ y
- Test charge moving from height ya to yb:
qq0 1 1
rb rb
1 qq0
Wa →b = ∫ Fr ⋅ dr = ∫ 2
⋅ dr = −
ra ra
4πε 0 r 4πε 0 ra rb
qq0 1 1 qq0
Wa →b = − = −∆U → U=
4πε 0 ra rb 4πε 0 r
1 qi q j
U=
4πε 0
∑
i< j rij
2. Electric Potential
U
Potential energy per unit charge: V = V is a scalar quantity
q0
Units: Volt (V) = J/C = Nm/C
Wa →b ∆U Ub Ua
=− = − − = Va − Vb = Vab Voltage
q0 q0 q0 q0
Vab = work done by the electric force when a unit charge moves from a to b.
U 1 q
Single point charge: V= =
q0 4πε 0 r
U 1 qi
Collection of point charges: V = =
q0 4πε 0
∑i r
i
1 dq
4πε 0 ∫ r
Continuous distribution of charge: V =
b b
∫ F ⋅ dl ∫ q0 E ⋅ dl
b
W b
Vab = Va − Vb = a →b = a
= a
= ∫ E ⋅ dl = ∫ E cos ϕ ⋅ dl
q0 q0 q0 a a
- Moving with the electric field W>0 Va>Vb V decreases.
- Moving against E W<0 V increases.
Review of units:
Electric charge: C
Electric potential energy: J (1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J)
Electric potential: V = J/C = Nm/C
Electric field: N/C = V/m
Conducting sphere: 1 q 1 q
Vsurface = Esurface =
4πε 0 R 4πε 0 R 2
Max. potential to which a spherical conductor can be raised: Vm = R Em
Ex2: if R very small (sharp point, thin wire) E = V/R will be large, even
a small V will give rise to E sufficiently large to ionize air (E>Em). The
resulting current and “glow” are called “corona”.
b
b
= ∫ E ⋅ dl = ∫ E ⋅ cos ϕ ⋅ dl = 0 → cos ϕ = 0 → E , F ⊥ dl
Wa →b
a a
- If electric field uniform field lines straight, parallel and equally spaced.
equipotentials parallel planes perp. field lines.
- At each crossing of an equipotential and field line, the two are perpendicular.
- Important: E does not need to be constant over an equipotential surface.
Only V is constant.
- E is not constant E=0
in between the two
charges (at equal
distance from each one),
but not elsewhere within
the same equipotential
surface.
Equipotentials and Conductors:
Demonstration:
E= 0 (inside conductor) E tangent to surface
inside and out of conductor = 0 otherwise
charges would move following rectangular path.
E ┴ to conductor surface
Equipotentials and Conductors:
Demonstration: (1) prove that each point in cavity must have same V
If P was at different V, one can build a equip. surface B.
− dV = E x dx + E y dy + E z dz
∂V ∂V ∂V
Ex = − Ey = − Ez = −
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂V ˆ ∂V ˆ ∂V ˆ
E = − i+ j+ k = −∇V
∂x ∂x ∂x