Anacardiaceae (Mango family)
 Milky or resinous sap/
poisonus, cause irritation to
the skin
 Important source of edible
fruits and nuts
 Other important uses related
to its resinous property
 Resin/sap basic ingredient for
making lacquer and turpentine
Annonaceae (Anonas family)
 Large family of tropical trees
and shrubs, used for their fruit
 Simple leaves, alternate,
simple & entire
 Fruits, attracted to bats
squirrels and monkeys
 Provide aromatic oils for
perfumery
 Acts as a trap for pollinating
beetles & other insects
Actinidiaceae
 Small trees & climbing shrubs
 Alternate simple leaves &
small flowers
 Flower; axillary, cymose
cluster, hermaphrodite or
perfect
 Fruit; berry or capsule
Apocynaceae (Periwinkle & Oleander)
 Tropical family, tall & smaller
trees, shrubs and lianas &
twinning vines
 Most parts contain milky latex
 Milky sap can be toxic due to
presence of alkaloids
 Leaves; simple, entire opposite
or whorled
 Fruits; paired either fleshy and
dehiscent or dry & splitting
 Seeds; winged w/terminal long
soft hairs at one end
 Yields many useful timbers,
variety medicinal useful
compounds
Araucariaceae
 Conifer family, large evergreen
trees
 Consist of 2 genera
 Araucaria – small needle like
or scale like leaves
 Agathis – broad, large and
leathery leaves & create tall
canopy
Avicenniaceae
 Mangrove family
 Trees or shrubs are found
along mangrove swamps or
tidal streams
 Has highest tolerance for salt
 Sap salty but excess salt is
excreted from leaves
 Useful in areas often flooded
with saltwater
Betulaceae (Birch family)
 Temperate trees & shrubs w/2
genera
 Alnus & Betula
 Introduced by Japanese in
mountain province
 Dioecious plant w/ male and
female flowers separated on
the same plant
 Leaves simple, alternate,
deciduous w/ stipules
 Pollination by wind
Bignoniaceae (Bignonia)
 Consist of trees, shrubs,
mostly lianas or climbing vines
 Nearly all woody, adapted for
climbing in the humid forest
 w/ twinning stems and
terminal leaflet, pinnately
leaved modified into tendril
 compound leaves, opposite,
decussate, w/o stipules
 flower; large, bell or funnel
shaped
 fruit; septicidal or loculicidal
capsule w/ winged seeds
Bixaceae (Achuete family)
 consictng of single tropical
genus (Bixa) of shrubs & small
trees
 leaves; alternate,
simple,entire, palmately
nerved w/ stipules
 long petiole of the leaves
covered w/ tufted hairs
 leaves & stem contain reddish
sap
 flowers; regular, showy &
paniculate
Bombacaceae (Bombax)
 trees or shrubs resinous &
found only in tropical regions
 some yield for timber, majority
yields fragrant oleo-gum-resins
used for incense & perfumes
 leaves; alternate or opposite,
odd pinnate
 fruits; drupe like, indehiscent,
pulp usually thin, endocarp
bony, often 3-angled 1-3
seeded
 in Philippines, well known for
famous fruit/nut (Pili)
Casuarinaceae
 distinctive family of trees &
shrubs adopted to dry habitats
 mostly tall trees
 weeping habit caused by
jointed branches w/ short
internodes
 flower; reduced usually
unisexual
 fruit; enclosed in hard
bracteoles, which open and
release the seeds
 species member are mostly
Australian origin, some are
Malayan and Polynesian
 leafless trees, reduced scale-
like leaves borne on a
modified stem (clododes)
 good wind breakers due to
deep root system
 several species extremely hard
and valued for furniture
manufacture
Celestraceae (Spindle tree)
 Spindle tree Euonymous
europeus
 trees & shrubs, many climbing
or twinning
 leaves; opposite or alternate,
simple, entire
 flowers; small, greenish and
regular in cymose
inflorescence
 fruit; loculicidal or indehiscent
capsule w/ many scattered
seeds
  seed; covered by brightly
colored aril
 yields useful products, fine
grained wood used for turnery
& wood craving & source of
charcoal
 seed yield an oil used in soap
& yellow dye for coloring
butter
 Celastrus, Euonymus,
Elaeodendron, Pachystima &
Maytenus cultivated as
ornamentals
Celtidaceae
 Mainly tropical & subtropical ,
Shrubs or trees
 Leaves; simple, alternate or
toothed
 Inequilateral and watery sap
 Produced timber (Aphanante
& Celtis), fiber (Celtis & Trema)
and forage (Celtis)
 Anabiong, one of the most
common pioneer species in
the Philippines
 Fruit; nut-like known as
achene and mostly
disseminated by wind
 Flower; either bisexual or
unisexual, typically green &
insconpicous, borne in cluster
 Fruit; samara, drupe or nut
containing single seed w/ little
endosperm
Chrysobalanaceae (Coco plum)
 Trees & shrubs, some
important as fruit trees
 Restricted in lowland tropics &
subtropics
 Leaves; simple alternate, w
stipules
 Flowers; hermaphrodite, rarely
male
 Fruit of tabon-tabon is
cultivated widely in Mindanao
for important food condiments
 Oil may be extracted from the
seeds of many species
Clusiaceae (Mangosteen)
 Trees and shrubs, produce
timber, drugs, dyes & fruits
 Leaves; simple, usually
opposite w/ entire leaves
 Exudes white to yellowish or
brightly colored resinous sap
 Flowers; unisexual or bisexual
grouped in cymose or thyrsoid
inflorescence
 Fruit; capsule but may be berry
or drupe-like
 Seed; sometime winged or
with an aril
 Glandular secretions are
produced in canals within
stem, leaves and floral parts
(consist of essential oils, fats,
anthocyanins & resins)
 Source of; durable wood
(Cratoxylum, Calophyllum),
drugs & dyes from bark
(Calophyllum), gums,
pigments & resins from stem
(Garcinia, Clusia), drugs &
cosmetics (Mesua ferrea),
edible fruits (Garcinia
mangostana), fats and oils
from seeds (Calophyllum,
Garcinia)
Combretaceae
 Tropical trees, shrubs, lianas
(plants of economic &
ornamental interest)
 Large trees & lianas dominated
the forested areas while
shrubs are common in
grassland
 Leaves; entire, alternate or
opposite w/o stipules
 Flower; small, regular &
clustered in globular or
elongated heads
 Fruit; dehiscent & indehiscent
w/ winged for dispersal
 Genus Terminalia important
source of timber for export
 Quisqualis indica climbing
species grown as ornamental
either outdoor or indoor
 Lagerstroemia speciosa
Banaba used locally as
medicine
 Other species yield fruit used
in tanning like Myrobalans
Cornaceae
 Small family of trees and
shrubs rarely herbs
 Woody shrubs or trees
 Simple, alternate or opposite,
entire leaves w/o stipules
 Inflorescences are usually
corymbs or umbels,
sometimes surrounded by
large showy bracts
 Pollination; by insect
 Fruit; drupe or berry w/ 1-4
locules & 1-2 stones
 Wood of several species
(Cornus) used as furniture,
agricultural implements &
bobbins & shuttles for weaving
 Some species are widely
grown as ornamental plants
Datiscaceae
 Small family of tropical &
subtropical trees of little
economic value
 It comprises trees ( Octomeles,
Tetrameles or perennial herb
(Datisca)
 Flower; bisexual often bear
staminodes
 Fruit; membraneous capsule
bearing seeds w/ little or no
endosperm
 Datisca species used
sometimes as cultivated
ornamentals
 Leaves, roots & stem of D.
cannabina yield a yellow dye
used for dyeing silk
Dilleniaceae (Katmon)
 Tropical trees, shrubs and
climbers
 Have deciduous alternate
leaves, simple entire or
toothed & prominent lateral
veins, petioles often sheating
w/ or w/o stipules
 Flowers; white or yellow borne
solitary or cymes
 Fruit; fleshy, indehiscent or
berry-like
  One to few arillate seeds, w/
rusty seed coat, fleshy
endosperm and small embryo
 Some species are used as
decorative climbers or trees,
others eaten raw (KATMON)
 Genus Dillenia, used for
general construction & boat
building
Dipterocarpaceae
 Trees of this family are, main
source of valuable timber
 Dominates lowland rainforest
Asia, grandest, major source of
hardwood
 Found mainly in the forest of
Indo-Malaysian region
 In Philippines there are 43
known species
 Resinous, Species like
Dipterocarpus and shorea
species yield woodresin (balau
and dammar) used for
varnished manufacture
 Seed w/c is two- winged “di”
(two), “ptero” (winged) &
“carpus” (carpel)
 Leaves; thick or leathery w/
petioles mostly thickened
below the blade
 Flowers; regular borne in
racemes & adapted for insect
pollination, larged and showy
and often scented
 Seed; with or w/o albumen
and fleshy cotyledons
 Most species the seed is filled
w/ starch or oil or both
Ebenaceae
 Source of important wood for
woodcarving
 Lustrous and reddish to
blackish wood
 Yield edible fruits
 Trees or shrub have alternate,
entire, coriaceous leaves
 Outer bark is usually black,
gritty and charcoal-like
 Flowers; unisexual
 Fruit; fleshy berry, globose or
ovoid bearing few to many
seeds
 Philippines, represented by
Diospyros species (Kamagong,
Ebony, Anang)
 Best known for the black, hard
heartwood, ebony of
commerce produced by most
but not all species of Diospyros
 Fruits of several species are
eaten, in all species the fruits
is extremely astringent until it
is very ripe
Simple - Leaf w/ only single blade
attached a single stalk
Pinnate – compound leaves where in
the leaflets arise along elongated axis
Decussate – leaves arranged in an
opposite form where two consecutives
pairs at right angles to each other
Whorl – two or more leaves arising at
the same node arranged in circle
around the twig or stem
Fascicle – cluster of leaves arising from
the same point
Spiral – leaves inserted succeeding
around the stem
Glabrous – surface of leaf is smooth
and no hair at any sort
Glandular – surface of leaf w/
numerous superficial glands w/
embedded oils or resin
Scabrous – short briskly hair (sand
paper) leaf surface
Pubescent – fine leaf covering of short
hairs
Succulent – soft & fleshy, usually thick
leaf texture
Coriaceous – leaf texture,
characterized having a leathery, thick
and tough
Hyaline - leaf texture, characterized
having a thin & transparent or
translucent
Membraneceous - leaf texture,
characterized having a thin,
translucent and fine membrane
Oblong – leaf shape, having a longer
than broad w/ sides nearly parallel
Subulate - leaf shape, having a very
short, sharp pointed w/ broad base
Acicular - leaf shape, having a needle-
like or very short sharp pointed w/
broad base
Linear – leaf shape, having a number
of times longer, very narrow w/ nearly
straight sides
Ovate – Egg-shape with the broadest
part near the base
Spatulate – spoon-shape, broad and
rounded at the apex and tapering
toward the base
Elliptic – ellipse-like or broad at the
middle and tapering equally towards
the base and apex
Lanceolate – lance-shape, arrow or the
base but tapers toward the apex
Entire – smooth without lobes or teeth
Revolute – rolled inward at the lower
surface
Serrate – with sharp teeth pointing the
apex
Dentate – with sharp teeth pointing
outward
Lobed – divided into lobes separated
by round sinuses more than half way
Auriculate – with ear like appendages
formed by the two projecting sides
diverging laterally
Cuneate – redge-shape, tapering
evenly to a narrow, acute base
Peltate – petiole attached at the
undersurface of the leaf blade
Truncate – nearly square of forming an
angle of about 180 degrees
Connate – base of two opposite leaves
seems to have fused around the stem
Sheating – base of petiole more or less
expands and surrounded the stem
Perfoliate – sessile and clasps the stem
which appears to extend through it
Acute – shape like an acute angle and
tapering more broadly to a sharp
point
Cuspidate – ending with sharp, rigid
point or cusp
Obtuse – blunt, the side forming and
angle have more than 90 degrees
Mucronate – abruptly tipped with a
hair like
Dichotomous – veins that is forking
Arcuate – when the second veins
curve and run almost parallel to the
leaf
Candle bark – The surface is
completely smooth all over although it
may have scanty lenticels displayed
irregularly by sloughed portion
Pimpled – Minute lenticels or corky
pustules discernible only through close
examination predominate surface
Pocked – The surface is roughened by
distinctly large raised corky postulates
observable even at a distance
Scarry – Bark which flakes or scales
into regular or irregular shapes and
when sloughed leaves mark or scars,
deep or shallow on the surface
Flaky – Bark that has large, irregular or
rectangular sheets, more than 3 inches
or flakes of dead crock that are long
persistent
Papery – Bark that flakes into regular
or irregularly shaped thin paper like
sheets
Scaly – Bark dehiscing into regular or
irregular square like sheet, less than 3
inches or may be more or less circular
to resemble a fish scale
Fissured – Bark with longitudinal
indentation or cracks that are much
narrower than raised part (ridges)
between
Spiny – Bark armed with stiff, long,
narrow, sharp wood processes
Grid cracked – Bark that dehisces or
splits longitudinally and transversely
into minute or large, square-like to
rectangular shapes.
Ridged – Bark with longitudinal
indentation of cracks wider or as wide
as the raised part (ridges) between.
Arcuately veined – with secondary
veins curved and running almost
parallel to the leaf margin for some
instance
Palmately veined – having a
prominent midrib with secondary veins
branching off at intervals
Truncate – as through abruptly cut off
transversely and forming an angle or
approximately 180 degrees
Bulbel – a small bulb produced from
base of larger bulb
Bulbil – a small bulb or bulb like body
produced on above ground parts
Bulb – a short, erect, underground
stem surrounded by fleshy leaves
Bulblet – a small bulb, irrespective of
origin
Stolon – above ground prostrate stem,
rooting at nodes forming with buds,
forming new plants
Tendril – long slender coiling branch
adapted from climbing
Rhizome- a horizontally flattened
underground stem
Runner – horizontally cylindrical
underground stem
Simple fruit – develops from one ovary
of a single flower
Compound fruits – develop from
several ovaries of one or more flower
Acessory fruit –form from ovary
together with the non-essential parts
of the flower
Hesperidium – citrus type of berry
fruits with thick leathery rind and
numerous oil glands in the exocarp
and the mesocarp; the pulp sacs or
vesicles which, contain the juice are
actually outgrowth of the endocarp
wall
Drupe - also called stone fruits; simple
fleshy fruits derived from a single
carpel, usually one seeded; the
exocarp is thin, the mesocarp is fleshy
and the endocarp is stony.
Follicle – a pod like fruit opening along
one suture; splits down the ventral
side
Legume or Pod – a pod fruit that splits
along two sutures at the junctions of
two contiguous and fused parts
Silique – pod like fruit that develops
from two carpels, separating at
maturity leaving persistent partition
wall between carpels
Capsule – develops from two or more
carpels dehiscing in four different ways
Nut – one seeded fruit with a thick
hard, stony pericarp
Schizocarp – paired fruit that develops
from multiloculate ovaries that split
into two one-halves or achenes.
Grain or caryopsis – seed inseparable
Samara – winged fruit with one or two
seeds; the wing is an extension or
outgrowth to pericarp
Monocarpellate – when the
gynoecium is composed of a single
carpel
Apocarpous – it is composed of two to
many carpels free and separate from
one another
Placenta- the part of ovary to which
the ovules are attached
Laminar or superficial – the ovules are
attached all over the inner surface of
the carpel
Parietal – the ovules are attached near
the center of the ovary at the junction
or axis of the partition that divide the
syncarpous into compartment
Free-central – the ovules are attached
to a central column arising from the
base of the ovary locule and reaching
to the top of the ovary.
Marginal or submarginal – the ovules
are attached to the inner wall (usually
near or confined to the ventral
surface) of the ovary. It occurs in
solitary of free carpels
Calyx- the collection of sepals that
enclose the organs in the bud
Androecium - the collective term for Micropyle- the minute pore through
stamens which the pollen tube (or pollen)
enters the ovule
Corolla - the collection of petals inside
the calyx and forming the showy part Hilum – the scar left on the seed at the
of the flower point where the funiculus was
attached
Gymnoecium - the central organ of the
flower , composed of one or more Funiculus – the stalk of an ovule
(free or united) carpels
Pneumatophores- respiratory roots
Dioecious- when the unisexual flower arising vertically from underground
occurs on separate plants root, common in mangrove species
Complete flower – when the four Fibrous roots- a number of slender
major floral parts ( sepals, petals, roots arranged in cluster from the base
stamens, gynoecium) are present or from nodes of the stem
Incomplete flower – when one or Tap root – a main root , extension of
more of these major parts is lacking radicle of embryo, growing downward
from which branch roots arise
Monoecious - when the flower is
unisexual and both present on the Spadix- a densely flowering spike with
same plant a fleshy and thickened axis a large
subtending or enclosing spathe
Stigma- the pollen receptive part as
the top, either simple or lobed or Cyme – An inflorescence consisting of
branched often hairy or viscid a central rachis bearing a number of
pedicelled flowers
Fascicled roots – several tuberous
roots arranged in cluster from the base Catkin- A flexible, usually inverted,
of stem, approximately equal in size scaly typically pendulous spike bearing
Hypogynous – the sepals, petals, and
stamens inserted around the base of
the gynoecium and free from it, ovary
superior
Perigynous- the sepals, petals and
stamens inserted on the rim of a
shallow or deep cuplike hyphanthium (
or receptacle) which arises at the base
of the gynoecium and either free from
or adnate to it ovary either superior,
half interior, or interior.
Epygenous- the perianth and the
stamen arise directly from the summit
of the ovary anf the hypanthium grows
up around the ovary and adnate to it;
ovary superior