Man is “Body and soul”
“We are only trapped in a body” (illusion)
all according to Pluto
Socrates: “know thyself” (discover truth
within us)
Aristotle: “man is social animal”
Descartes: tried to prove if man is real,
doubted everything. Believed he is the only
one real. Did not identify what was real and
what was not
St. Agustin: “we can only achieve happiness
(reality) if we are one with God”
God is not who we say/think he/she/it is
Death is greatest equalizer
Subject have the ability to define things
(instinct)
Object things/beings that don’t have ability
to define
Soul spiritually: leaves body after death
Philosophically: it is 1. Essence, 2. Mind
Body is ever-changing, existence
Fallacies
Something that weakens an argument
Ad Hominem attacking person instead of
the argument
Appeal to Emotion (ad Misericordiam)
appealing to emotions/energy of crowd
instead of being logical
Appeal to Nature appealing that something
natural is right, correct
Black or White giving only 2 choices
Anecdotal misleading an argument through
giving a personal story instead of going
within the premises
Strawman oversimplifying/misinterpreting
argument so it would be easier to attack
Ambiguity use of double
meaning/ambiguities of the language to
mislead
Slippery Slope when something happens,
you automatically assume something will
happen
Appeal to Authority appealing to authority
Middle Ground/In Between not choosing
between two extreme truths, settling on
middle
Appeal to Crowd/People (ad populum)
using majority
Body is bad, existence, what body senses
Soul is good, essence, mind, ability to think
and rationalize
Essence and existence define our whole
phenomena
Human being “I”, ego, essence and
existence, focus on only self
Human Person relationships of others and
you (ex: mother and child)
Human Being & Human Person always
together, same
Soul anima (consciousness = mind)
Spirituality believes soul goes out and
roams around
Philosophy soul is essence and cannot be
changed
Man good in nature
Human God’s greatest creation
Rene Descartes always doubting, “cogito
ergo sum” (I think therefore I am), “I”
Thinking, doubting, existing
Believes he is only subject, others are
objects
Animals have no souls because they don’t
have ability to rationalize, have no essence
In a spiritual perspective souls are life from
God, to God
Morality is either: Matthew Heidigger ontology (study of
Deontological (value-on it’s own) being). Attempted to access being (stein) by
Teleological (value-end/goal) analysis of human existence (Dasein)
Michael Buber: I thou (person to person)
(subject to subject)
Suicide immoral, against 5th commandment
Anthropocentrism man is center & natural law, escape social responsibility,
(anthropology is study of humans) un-natural
Panthropocentrism animal in center
Biocentrism living beings (things) Anxiety is a response and/or the
Holism the whole nervousness towards an imprecise or
unknown threat, while Fear is a response to
Deontological Immanuel Kant a definite threat, or nervousness to a certain
World is made of phenomenas threat. They are both responses to danger;
Our mind can conceive however, anxiety is from an imagined threat
2 faculties mind: while fear is real.
 a priori pure reason, imagination
 a posteriori experience
Teleological telos (goal, result, ending)
Example: Utilitarianism highest good
(happiness)
Bonum is highest good
Jummun
* suma greatest
* magna highest
* Laude praise/honor
* cum with

Death end of life/all/world, greatest

equalizer, new start, happiness
The ceasing of respiratory, circulatory,
neurons, etc. system

We do good because it is our responsibility

Friedrich Nietzche nihilism pathetic, doesn’t

care, existentialism question existence:
“who am I?”, said God is dead

Sigmund Freud everything leads to

destruction, pleasure (sexual)