Blasphemy

Blasphemy is the act of insulting or showing contempt or lack of reverence to a deity, or sacred things, or toward something
considered sacred or inviolable.[1][2][3][4]

Some religions consider blasphemy to be a religious crime.[5] As of 2012, anti-blasphemy laws existed in 32 countries, while 87
nations had hate speech laws that covered defamation of religion and public expression of hate against a religious group.[6] Anti-
blasphemy laws are particularly common in Muslim-majority nations, such as those in the Middle East and North Africa,[6] although
they are also present in some Asian and European countries.

Contents
Etymology
Blasphemy laws
Christianity
Catholic prayers and reparations for blasphemy
Punishment
Disputation of Paris
Hinduism
Islam
Judaism
Sikhism
The United Nations
Colloquial usage
Blasphemy Day
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Etymology
The word "blasphemy" came via Middle English blasfemen and Old French blasfemer and Late Latin blasphemare from Greek
βλασφημέω, from βλάπτω "injure" and φήμη "utterance, talk, speech". From blasphemare also came Old French blasmer, from
which English "blame" came. Blasphemy: 'from Gk. blasphemia "a speaking ill, impious speech, slander," from blasphemein "to
speak evil of."'[7] "In the sense of speaking evil of God this word is found in Ps. 74:18; Isa. 52:5; Rom. 2:24; Rev. 13:1, 6; 16:9, 11,
21. It denotes also any kind of calumny, or evil-speaking, or abuse (1 Kings 21:10LXX; Acts 13:45; 18:6, etc.)."[8]

Blasphemy laws
In some countries with a state religion, blasphemy is outlawed under the criminal code. Such laws have led to the persecution,
[9][10]
lynchings, murder or arrest of minorities and dissident members, after flimsy accusations.
As of 2012, 33 countries had some form of anti-blasphemy laws in their legal
code.[6] Of these, 21 were Muslim-majority nations – Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain,
Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, the Maldives, Morocco,
Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Turkey, the UAE and the
Western Sahara. The other twelve nations with anti-blasphemy laws in 2012 were
Denmark (abolished in 2017),[11] Finland, Germany, Greece, India, Ireland
(referendum expected October 2018), Italy, Malta (abolished in 2016), the Local restrictions
Netherlands (abolished in 2014), Nigeria, Poland and Singapore.[6] Blasphemy was Fines and restrictions
treated as a capital crime (death penalty) in some Muslim nations.[5]
Prison sentences
Other countries have removed the ban of blasphemy. France did so in 1881 to allow Death sentences
freedom of religion and freedom of the press and blasphemy was abolished or
repealed in Sweden in 1970, England and Wales in 2008, Norway with Acts in 2009
[11]
and 2015, the Netherlands in 2014, Iceland in 2015, Malta in 2016 and Denmark in 2017.

Where blasphemy is banned, it can be either some laws which directly punish religious blasphemy,[12] or some laws that allow those
who are offended by blasphemy to punish blasphemers. Those laws may condone penalties or retaliation for blasphemy under the
labels of blasphemous libel,[13] expression of opposition, or "vilification," of religion or of some religious practices,[14][15] religious
insult,[16] or hate speech.[17]

Christianity
Christian theology condemns blasphemy. It is spoken of in Mark 3:29, where blaspheming the Holy Spirit is spoken of as
unforgivable—an eternal sin. However, there is dispute over what form this blasphemy may take and whether it qualifies as
blasphemy in the conventional sense; and over the meaning of "unforgivable". In 2 Kings 18, the Rabshakeh gave the word from the
king of Assyria, dissuading trust in the Lord, asserting that God is no more able to deliver than all the gods of the land.

In Matthew 9:2–3, Jesus told a paralytic "your sins are forgiven" and was accused of blasphemy.

Blasphemy has been condemned as a serious, or even the most serious, sin by the major creeds and Church theologians (apostasy and
infidelity [unbelief] were generally considered to be the gravest sins, with heresy a greater sin than blasphemy, cf. Thomas Aquinas'
Summa Theologiae).[18]

Thomas Aquinas says that “[if] we compare murder and blasphemy as regards the objects of those sins, it is clear
that blasphemy, which is a sin committed directly against God, is more grave than murder
, which is a sin against
one's neighbor. On the other hand, if we compare them in respect of the harm wrought by them, murder is the graver
sin, for murder does more harm to one's neighbor , than blasphemy does to God.”[19]
The Book of Concord calls blasphemy “the greatest sin that can be outwardly committed”. [20]

The Baptist Confession of Faithsays: “Therefore, to swear vainly or rashly by the glorious and awesome name of
God…is sinful, and to be regarded with disgust and detestation. …For by rash, false, and vain oaths, the Lord is
provoked and because of them this land mourns.” [21]

The Heidelberg Catechism answers question 100 about blasphemy by stating that “no sin is greater or provokes
God's wrath more than the blaspheming of His Name”. [22]

The Westminster Larger Catechismexplains that “The sins forbidden in the third commandment are, the abuse of it
in an ignorant, vain, irreverent, profane...mentioning...by blasphemy ...to profane jests, ...vain janglings, ...to charms
or sinful lusts and practices.”[23]
Calvin found it intolerable “when a person is accused of blasphemy , to lay the blame on theebullition of passion, as
if God were to endure the penalty whenever we are provoked.” [24]

Catholic prayers and reparations for blasphemy

In the Catholic Church, there are specific prayers and devotions as Acts of Reparation for blasphemy.[25] For instance, The Golden
Arrow Holy Face Devotion (Prayer) first introduced by Sister Marie of St Peter in 1844 is recited "in a spirit of reparation for
blasphemy". This devotion (started by Sister Marie and then promoted by the eVnerable Leo Dupont) was approved by PopeLeo XIII
in 1885.[26] The Raccoltabook includes a number of such prayers.[27] The Five First Saturdays devotions are done with the intention
in the heart of making reparation to the Blessed Mother for blasphemies against her
, her name and her holy initiatives.

The Holy See has specific "Pontifical organizations" for the purpose of the reparation of blasphemy through Acts of Reparation to
.[28]
Jesus Christ, e.g. the Pontifical Congregation of the Benedictine Sisters of the Reparation of the Holy Face

Punishment
The most common punishment for blasphemers was capital punishment through hanging or stoning, justified by the words of
Leviticus 24:13–16.

Then the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, “Bring out of the camp the one who cursed, and let all who heard him lay their
hands on his head, and let all the congregation stone him. And speak to the people of Israel, saying, Whoever curses
his God shall bear his sin. Whoever blasphemes the name of the Lord shall surely be put to death. All the
congregation shall stone him. The sojourner as well as the native, when he blasphemes the Name, shall be put to
death."

The last person hanged for blasphemy in Great Britain was Thomas Aikenhead aged 20, in Scotland in 1697. He was prosecuted for
denying the veracity of the Old Testament and the legitimacy of Christ's miracles.[29]

Blasphemy (and blasphemous libel) remained a criminal offence in England & Wales until 2008. In the 18th and 19th centuries, this
meant that promoting atheism could be a crime and was vigorously prosecuted.[30] It was last successfully prosecuted in the case of
Whitehouse v Lemon (1977), where the defendant was fined £500 and given a nine-month suspended prison sentence (the publisher
was also fined £1,000). It ended with the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 which abolished the common law offences of
blasphemy and blasphemous libel.

Disputation of Paris
During the Middle Ages a series of debates on Judaism were staged by the Roman Catholic – including the Disputation of Paris
(1240), the Disputation of Barcelona(1263), and Disputation of Tortosa (1413–14)- and during those disputations, Jewish converts to
Christianity, such as Nicholas Donin (in Paris) and Pablo Christiani (in Barcelona) claimed the Talmud contained insulting references
to Jesus.[31][32][33]

The Disputation of Paris, also known as the Trial of the Talmud, took place in 1240 at the court of the reigning king of France, Louis
IX (St. Louis). It followed the work of Nicholas Donin, a Jewish convert to Christianity, who translated the Talmud and pressed 35
charges against it to Pope Gregory IX by quoting a series of alleged blasphemous passages aboutJesus, Mary or Christianity.[34] Four
rabbis defended the Talmud against Donin's accusations. A commission of Christian theologians condemned the Talmud to be burned
and on June 17, 1244, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were set on fire in the streets of Paris.[35][36] The
translation of the Talmud from Hebrew to non-Jewish languages stripped Jewish discourse from its covering, something that was
resented by Jews as a profound violation.[37]

Between 1239 and 1775 the Roman Catholic Church at various times either forced the censoring of parts of the Talmud that were
theologically problematic or the destruction of copies of the aTlmud.[38]

Hinduism
In Manusmriti 11.56, if a Hindu forgets, rejects or criticizes his/herDharma (duty) or Veda that they believe in, it is a sin according to
Hinduism. It is said to be equivalent to committing one of the five grave sins or the Maha Patkas in Hinduism[39] If a person commits
[40]
any of the Maha Patkas, the sin shall never leave them until their death, ultimately leading them to hell.
Islam
Blasphemy in Islam is impious utterance or action concerning God, Muhammad or
anything considered sacred in Islam.[42][43] The Quran admonishes blasphemy, but
does not specify any worldly punishment for blasphemy.[44] The hadiths, which are
another source of Sharia, suggest various punishments for blasphemy, which may
include death.[44][45] However, it has been argued that the death penalty applies only
to cases where there is treason involved that may seriously harm the Muslim
community, especially during times of war.[46] Different traditional schools of
jurisprudence prescribe different punishment for blasphemy, depending on whether
the blasphemer is Muslim or non-Muslim, a man or a woman.[44] In the modern
Muslim world, the laws pertaining to blasphemy vary by county, and some countries
prescribe punishments consisting of fines, imprisonment, flogging, hanging, or
beheading.[47] Blasphemy laws were rarely enforced in pre-modern Islamic
societies, but in the modern era some states and radical groups have used charges of
blasphemy in an effort to burnish their religious credentials and gain popular support
at the expense of liberal Muslim intellectuals and religious minorities.[48] In recent
years, accusations of blasphemy against Islam have sparked international
controversies and played part in incidents of mob violence and assassinations of
prominent figures.
Sufi teacher Mansur Al-Hallaj was
Judaism executed in Baghdad amid political
intrigue and charges of blasphemy in
In Leviticus 24:16 the punishment for blasphemy is death. In Jewish law the only 922.[41]
form of blasphemy which is punishable by death is blaspheming the name of the
Lord.[49]

.[50]
The Seven Laws of Noah, which Judaism sees as applicable to all people, prohibit blasphemy

In one of the texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls, called the Damascus Document, violence against non-Jews (also called Gentiles) is
[51]
prohibited, except in cases where it is sanctioned by a Jewish governing authority “so that they will not blaspheme.”

Sikhism
[52]
Sikhism's holy scripture does not provide ordinations and canonical punishments but is written in the form of poetic aphorisms.

According to the Sri Guru Granth Sahib1st (832/5/2708),[53]

He is a swine, a dog, a donkey, a cat, a beast, a filthy one, a mean man and a pariah (low caste), who tuns his face
away from the Guru.

In the Guru Granth Sahib, Page 1381-70-71,[54]

Fareed: O faithless dog, this is not a good way of life. You never come to the mosque for your five daily prayers.Rise
up, Fareed, and cleanse yourself; chant your morning prayer. The head which does not bow to the Lord - chop off and
remove that head.

In the Guru Granth Sahib, page 89-2,[55]

 Chop off that head which does not bow to the Lord. O Nanak, that human body, in which there is no pain of
separation from the Lord-let that be to the flames.

Further In the Guru Granth Sahib page 719,[56]

Even if someone slanders the Lord's humble servant, he does not give up his own goodness.

It would be erroneous to deduce prescriptions for blasphemy in a strict canonical sense from the Guru Granth Sahib as it is written in
Shabad of 2, 6, 8, 16 sections/parts called Padas, Slokas which are short compositions of two or more verses, and Pauri which are a
rung of a ladder or steps and hence the essence behind must be constructed from the preceding and following verses. [57] Blasphemy
is considered as the submission to the vanity of theFive inner thieves and especially excessive egoistical pride.[58]

The United Nations

In the early 21st century, blasphemy became an issue in the United Nations. The United Nations passed several resolutions which
[59]
called upon the world to take action against the "defamation of religions".

The campaign for worldwide criminal penalties for the "defamation of religions" had been spearheaded by Organisation of Islamic
Cooperation on behalf of the United Nations' large Muslim bloc. The campaign ended in 2011 when the proposal was withdrawn in
Geneva, in the Human Rights Council because of lack of support, marking an end to the effort to establish worldwide blasphemy
strictures along the lines of those in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. This resolution had passed every year since 1999, in the United
.[60]
Nations, with declining number of "yes" votes with each successive year

In July, 2011, the UN Human Rights Committee released a 52-paragraph statement, General Comment 34 on the International
[61] Paragraph 48 states:
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICCPR) 1976, concerning freedoms of opinion and expression.

Prohibitions of displays of lack of respect for a religion or other belief system, including blasphemy laws, are
incompatible with the Covenant, except in the specific circumstances envisaged in article 20, paragraph 2, of the
Covenant. Such prohibitions must also comply with the strict requirements of article 19, paragraph 3, as well as such
articles as 2, 5, 17, 18 and 26. Thus, for instance, it would be impermissible for any such laws to discriminate in favor
of or against one or certain religions or belief systems, or their adherents over another
, or religious believers over non-
believers. Nor would it be permissible for such prohibitions to be used to prevent or punish criticism of religious
leaders or commentary on religious doctrine and tenets of faith.

Colloquial usage
Blasphemy has been used to mean "irreverence" in a non-religious context. Sir Francis Bacon uses "blasphemy" in this way in
Advancement of Learning, where he speaks of "blasphemy against teaching".

The word "blasphemy" may be used as a substitute for "profanity" or "cursing" as it is used in this sentence: "With much hammering
and blasphemy, the locomotive's replacement spring was finally fitted."

In contemporary language, the notion of blasphemy is often used hyperbolically. This usage has garnered some interest among
[62]
linguists recently, and the word 'blasphemy' is a common case used for illustrative purposes.

Blasphemy Day
International Blasphemy Day encourages individuals and groups to openly express criticism of religion and blasphemy laws. It was
founded in 2009 by the Center for Inquiry.[63] A student contacted the Center for Inquiry in Amherst, New York to present the idea,
which CFI then supported. Ronald Lindsay, president and CEO of the Center for Inquiry, said, regarding Blasphemy Day, "[W]e
think religious beliefs should be subject to examination and criticism just as political beliefs are, but we have a taboo on religion", in
an interview with CNN.[64]

Events worldwide on the first annual Blasphemy Day in 2009 included an art exhibit in Washington, D.C. and a free speech festival
in Los Angeles.[65]

See also
Apostasy
Blasphemy law
Blasphemous libel
Heresy
Impiety
Irreligion
Minced oath
Profanity
Gerard Reve
Sacrilege
Category:People executed for blasphemy

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Further reading
Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression (ISSN US 0363-3659)
Levy, L. Blasphemy. Chapel Hill, 1993.
Comprehensive academic study comparing global legal approaches to blasphemy in light of the Jyllands-Posten
controversy
 Dartevelle, P., S Borg, Denis, Ph., Robyn, J. (eds.). Blasphèmes et libertés. Paris: CERF
, 1993
Plate, S. Brent Blasphemy: Art that Offends(London: Black Dog Publishing, 2006)ISBN 1904772536

External links
The Rational Response Squad:The Blasphemy Challenge
A More4 news film report on how insulting the prophet Mohammed in Pakistan is a capital fence,
of and defiling the
Koran carries life imprisonment.
review of laws relating to blasphemy and sacrilege in various jurisdictions
John Webster Melody (1913). "Blasphemy". In Herbermann, Charles.Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert
Appleton Company.
Jewish Encyclopedia – Blasphemy
"Blasphemy". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.

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