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INTRODUCTION
Fluid Mechanics
By: Jose Antonio E. Rodavia Jr., ME
What is a Fluid?
Fluid: A substance in the liquid or gas phase.
A solid can resist an applied shear stress by
deforming.
A fluid deforms continuously under the influence
of a shear stress, no matter how small.
In solids, stress is proportional to strain, but in
fluids, stress is proportional to strain rate.
When a constant shear force is applied, a solid
eventually stops deforming at some fixed strain
angle, whereas a fluid never stops deforming and
approaches a constant rate of strain.
INTRODUCTION
Mechanics: The oldest physical science that deals
with both stationary and moving bodies under the
influence of forces.
Statics: The branch of mechanics that deals with
bodies at rest.
Dynamics: The branch that deals with bodies in
motion.
Fluid mechanics: The science that deals with the
behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion
(fluid dynamics), and the interaction of fluids with
solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
Stress: Force per unit area.
Normal stress: The normal component
of a force acting on a surface per unit
area.
Shear stress: The tangential component
of a force acting on a surface per unit
area.
Pressure: The normal stress in a fluid at
rest.
Zero shear stress: A fluid at rest is at a
Deformation of a rubber block state of zero shear stress.
placed between two parallel When the walls are removed or a liquid
plates under the influence of a container is tilted, a shear develops as
shear force. The shear stress the liquid moves to re-establish a
shown is that on the rubber— horizontal free surface.
an equal but opposite shear
stress acts on the upper plate.
Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can be approximated as
incompressible (such as liquids, especially water, and gases at low speeds).
Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals with liquid flows in pipes
and open channels.
Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant density
changes, such as the flow of gases through nozzles at high speeds.
Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over bodies such as
aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low speeds.
Meteorology, oceanography, and hydrology: Deal with naturally occurring flows.
Fluid mechanics deals
with liquids and gases in
motion or at rest.
Liquid vs. Gas
In a liquid, groups of molecules can move relative to each other, but the volume remains
relatively constant because of the strong cohesive forces between the molecules. As a
result, a liquid takes the shape of the container it is in, and it forms a free surface in a
larger container in a gravitational field.
A gas expands until it encounters the walls of the container and fills the entire available
space. This is because the gas molecules are widely spaced, and the cohesive forces
between them are very small. Unlike liquids, a gas in an open container cannot form a
free surface.
Unlike a liquid, a gas does not form a
free surface, and it expands to fill the
entire available space.
The normal stress and shear stress at
the surface of a fluid element. For
fluids at rest, the shear stress is zero
and pressure is the only normal
5 stress.
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Fundamental Properties of Fluids

Specific Weight, γ – the ratio of weight of object and volume of
1. Density, Specific weight, Specific Volume and Specific object.

Density, ρ – may be defined as the mass divided by the volume or

reciprocal of specific volume. γ=
𝒎 𝟏
ρ= =
𝑽 𝒗
W – weight of object
V – Volume of object
m – mass of object
V – Volume of object Note:
Note: γH20 = 9.81 KN/m3
ρH20= 1000 kg/m3

Specific Volume, ν – is the volume of a substance divided by its

mass or reciprocal of density. If two or more fluids are mixed together:
Sample problems
𝑽 𝟏 𝜮𝒎 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + ⋯
ν= = ρ𝒎 = = 1. A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1,200 kg and a volume of
𝒎 𝜮𝑽 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽 𝟐 + ⋯ 0.952 cu. m. Find its (a) weight, (b) specific weight (c) mass density,
Specific Gravity, 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 and (d) specific gravity.
𝟏 𝜮𝑽 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽 𝟐 + ⋯ + +⋯
-is a dimensionless ratio of a fluid’s density to some standard reference ρ ρ𝟐 2. What is the specific weight of air at 480 kPa absolute and 210C?
𝒗𝒎 = = = = 𝟏
density. For liquids and solids, the reference density is water at 4 0C (39.2 ρ𝒎 𝜮𝒎 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + ⋯ 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + ⋯ 3. A batch of concrete consisted of 200 lbs fine aggregate, 350 lbs
0F) ρ𝒎 coarse aggregate, 94 lbs cement, and 5 gallons water. The specific
𝑆𝐺 = 𝑺𝑮𝒎 = gravity of the sand and gravel may be taken as 2.65 and that of the
ρ𝑯𝟐 𝑶
cement as 3.10. How much by weight of cement is required to
-In gases, the standard reference to calculate the specific gravity is the produce one cubic yard of concrete?
Where:
density of air. 4. 100 g of water are mixed with 150 g of alcohol (ρ = 790 kg/m3).
ρ𝒎 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜌 What is the specific gravity of the resulting mixtures, assuming the
𝑆𝐺 = 𝒗𝒎 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜌 fluid mixed completely?
𝑺𝑮𝒎 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
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2. Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity Viscosity between two parallel plates (concentric cylinders)
- is the measure of the inherent resistance of a fluid to flow when
Viscosity
no external force is exerted, except gravity.
- Internal stickiness of a fluid. Torque, T – is a measure of force that
- It accounts for the energy losses 𝜇 can cause an object to rotate about an
associated with the transport of fluids in 𝜈= axis
ducts, channels, and pipes. 𝜌
- A property that represents the internal 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑚
resistance of a fluid to motion or the
Viscosity of common fluids
“fluidity”. 2𝜋𝑅 𝐿𝜔𝜇
𝑇=
ℎ
𝑑𝑢 𝑉
𝜏= 𝜇 =𝜇 Where:
𝑑𝑦 ℎ R – moment arm
L – length of the cylinders
Where:
µ - Viscosity of the fluid
τ – shear stress V – Velocity of the moving plate ω – angular velocity
µ - Viscosity h – Distance between the plates h – thickness of the fluid
- velocity gradient

Surface Tension Surface Tension

Sample problem
- Intermolecular cohesive forces that Pressure inside a Droplet of liquid
1. Suppose the fluid being sheared causes formation of membrane or
in the figure shown is SAE 30 oil “skin” on the free surface of a fluid. 2σ
at 200C . Compute the shear 𝑝=
- Surface tension causes bubbles and 𝑅
stress in the oil if V = 3 m/s and droplets to take on a spherical
h = 2 cm. shape Pressure inside a soap bubble
- Surface tension is the reason that
insects are able to sit on water and 4σ
2. A viscometer is constructed with two 30-cm-long concentric cylinders, 𝑝=
a needle is able to float on it. 𝑅
one 20.0 cm in diameter and the other is 20.2 cm in diameter. A torque of
0.13 N-m is required to rotate the inner cylinder at 400 rpm. Calculate the
viscosity
The free-body diagram of
half a droplet or air
bubble and half a soap
bubble.
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Surface Tension Capillary rise in tube Sample Problem

1. (a) What is the difference in pressure between the inside and outside of a
Contact Angles, θ
bubble having a diameter of 0.003 in. if it is equivalent to an air-water
Capillary action
Materials Angle, θ interface having a surface tension of 0.005 lb/ft. (b) Compute the pressure
in kPa. (c) Compute the force due to surface tension.
mercury-glass 1400
- The behavior of the liquid in a
thin-bore tube. Water-paraffin 1070
- The rise or fall of a fluid in a
capillary tube is caused by surface Water-silver 900 2. The diameter of the tube as shown in the figure is 2
mm. The surface tension of water at 200C is equal to
tension and depends on the Kerosene-glass 260 0.0728 N/m. For a water-glass interface θ = 00.
relative magnitudes of the a. Compute the capillary rise in the tube in mm.
4σ𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Glycerin-glass 190
cohesion of the liquid and the ℎ= b. Compute the total force due to surface tension
adhesion of the liquid to the walls 𝛾𝑑 c. Compute the weight of water above the
Water-glass 00
of the containing vessel. surface due to surface tension
Where:
h – capillary rise or depression in m Ethyl alcohol-glass 00
𝛾 – specific weight in N/m3
d – diameter of the tube in m
σ – surface tension in Pa

Compressibility Bulk Modulus of Elasticity, EB Acoustical or Sonic Velocity, c

- Also known as the coefficient of compressibility
- is the fractional change in the volume of a fluid per unit - Expresses the compressibility   𝐸   1
change in pressure in a constant temperature. of the fluid 𝑐= =
𝜌 𝛽𝜌
- It is the ratio of the change in
∆𝑉 𝑑𝑉 unit pressure to the
− −
𝛽= 𝑉 = 1 = 𝑉 corresponding volume change 𝑐=
 
𝑘𝑅𝑇
∆𝑝 𝐸 𝑑𝑝 per unit of volume
Where: 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑝 𝑑𝑝 Where:
ΔV – Change in volume 𝐸 = =− =−
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ∆𝑉 𝑑𝑉 ρ – density of material
V – Original Volume
𝑉 𝑉 k – specific heat ratio
Δp – change in pressure
R – Ideal gas constant
dV/V – change in volume (usually in
T- Absolute temperature
percent)
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Vapor Pressure Typical Vapor pressures

Sample Problem
1. What pressure is required to reduce the volume of water by 0.6 Fluid kPa, 200C
percent? Bulk modulus of elasticity of water, EB = 2.2 Gpa. -Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor
Mercury 0.000173
pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by
a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with Turpentine 0.0534
its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given
2. Water in a hydraulic press, initially at 137 kPa absolute, is
temperature in a closed system Water 2.34
subjected to a pressure of 116,280 kPa absolute. Using EB = 2.5
Gpa, determine the percentage decrease in the volume of water Ethyl alcohol 5.86

Ether 58.9

Butane 218

Freon-12 584

Propane 855

Ammonia 888