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EVALUATION NOTES
While students may work in groups, each student must submit their own original work.
PART 1 – Basic Knowledge [ 34 marks ]
Rationale: In this section you are required to answer content specific questions. These
questions are very similar in structure and style to Test 2 questions and will therefore be
excellent study practice.
Instructions:.
Answer in the spaces provided
Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
For multiple choice/multi-select questions, indicate your answer(s) using the highlighter tool
For short answer and matching questions please answer using red font colour
H. Mucosa
A. Common bile duct I. Muscularis
B. Duodenum J. Pancreatic duct
C. Epiglottis K. Peristalsis
D. Ileocecal sphincter L. Pyloric sphincter
E. Ilium M. Serosa
F. Lower esophageal sphincter N. Submucosa
G. Jejunum O. Uvula
__K___ Rhythmic, wave-like contractions of smooth muscle
__H___ Inner layer of digestive (GI) tract
__C__ Flap of skin that covers the trachea when swallowing
___B__ Part of the small intestine that the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder secrete into
4. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following statements is TRUE? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Digestion of proteins begins in the mouth
b. Trypsin is produced by the stomach and the pancreas
c. Pepsin is inactive when hydrochloric acid is present
d. Nuclease is a brush border enzyme secreted by the small intestine
e. Peptidase breaks smaller polypeptides into amino acids
5. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following represents the correct order of
feces through the large intestine? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
b. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
c. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, transverse
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
d. Anal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, ileocecal sphincter, anus
DONOR RECIPIENT
What antigens are present Donor only provides What antigens are present Which antibodies are
on the RBC? red blood cells NO on the RBC? present in the plasma?
antibodies are given.
A and B yes A Anti-B
a) Will an antibodies in the recipient’s blood bind to antigens on the donor’s RBCs?
Yes
b) Will agglutination occur?
Yes
c) Will this blood transfusion be safe?
No
8. (2 marks) Match the descriptions with an appropriate term. Answers are used only
once.
A. Hemoglobin
B. Heme
C. Hemolysis
D. Hematopoiesis
___B___ Molecule found in hemoglobin that works with iron to bind oxygen.
___C___ Destruction of red blood cells in the liver and spleen.
___D___ Creation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
___A___ Protein found in red blood cells that binds oxygen.
Artery Vein
Carries blood away from the heart Carries blood towards the heart
Found deep within the body Found closer to the surface of the skin
Similarity:
Transport blood throughout the body
10. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following is/are TRUE concerning alveoli? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. They are sacs in the lungs
b. It is a location where gas exchange takes place via diffusion
c. They are surrounded by capillaries
d. Only A and C are correct
e. A, B and C are correct
11. (1 mark) Multiple choice – What is the role of chemoreceptors during ventilation? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. They detect when pH is low within the blood
b. They communicate with the medulla oblongata to decrease breathing rate
c. They eventually cause you to breathe if you try to hold your breath for as long as possible
d. Only A and C are correct
e. A, B and C are correct
Instructions:
Answer in the spaces provided
Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
For multiple choice/multi-select questions, indicate your answer(s) using the highlighter tool
For short answer and matching questions, please answer using red font colour
Unfortunately, the past few weeks have taken their toll on Mary’s mental health and she is feeling
extremely burned out. Her stress levels are at an all-time high and she is struggling to manage the
demands of school, caring for her young son, Andrew, and working part-time 20 hours per week. All of
this exhaustion has caused her digestive disorder (lactose intolerance) to flare up despite the fact that
she can normally manage it very well with diet and medication. Specifically she has been forgetting to
restock her supply of Lactaid medication (an over-the-counter-drug) and has picked up the habit of
eating cheap, frozen pizzas that contain high quantities of starch and lactose. This has left her with
extreme bloating, nausea, and pain and has forced her to make regular emergency trips to the bathroom
while at school and at work.
13. (1 mark) Multiple choice – People with lactose intolerance cannot digest . Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Lactose
b. Lactase
c. Maltase
d. Maltose
e. Amylase
14. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Medications like Lactaid contain , a digestive enzyme
that is normally made by the . Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Maltase, small intestine
b. Amylase, pancreas
c. Lactose, small intestine
d. Lactase, small intestine
e. Lactase, pancreas
15. (9 marks) Track a piece of pizza through Mary’s digestive system by drawing a simplified
sketch of how various biological molecules are processed by Mary’s digestive system. Start
with the pizza entering through the mouth and show how the various enzymes break it down
into nutrients that can be absorbed within the body. For this question, you may assume that
the only biological molecules in the pizza are polysaccharides, from the starch-filled dough,
and lactose, from the cheese. You may ignore any other molecules that might be present.
You should also assume that Mary did NOT take her Lactaid medication when eating the
pizza.
Your drawing can be done by hand on paper or made digitally as long as a clear photo or a
screenshot of your work is pasted into this document (not submitted as an additional file).
A reminder that your image must be original – i.e. it is not copied directly from course
resources (E.g. lecture slides) or the internet.
17. (3 marks) Untreated lactose intolerance leads to inflammation within the gut that prevents key
nutrients from being absorbed. Explain how carbohydrate monomers normally get absorbed
into the body. Provide at least THREE details using correct terminology.
Carbohydrates are digested starting at the mouth but aren’t fully digested until reaching the small
intestine when amylase begins the process of breaking down carbohydrates into smaller chains.
The small intestine contains many transport protiens which help get the monosaccharides and
other nutrients into the blood.
Carbohydrates that aren’t digested enter the large intestine where water, vitmains and minerals
are absorbed.
Scenario: As Mary continues the semester, stress continues to take its toll on Mary’s body. While not
life threatening, Mary has noticed that she experiences constant outbreaks of acne, despite having a
history of clear, blemish-free skin. After doing a bit of research and chatting with her Biology professor,
she learns that stress can aggravate sebaceous glands in the skin and cause acne.
a. (1 mark) Where are sebaceous glands located in the body? Be as specific as possible.
In the dermis layer of the skin
b. (1 mark) What is the difference between a sebaceous gland and a sudoriferous gland?
Sebaceous glands are oil glands and Sudoriferous glands are sweat glands.
d. (2 marks) Explain in detail how an excess of sebum can lead to the production of acne.
Excess sebum can break down cellular walls in your pores and causes bacteria to grow.
19. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – If Mary is experiencing a heart attack, what blood circuit is mostly
likely compromised? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Coronary
b. Systemic
b. Hepatic
c. Pulmonary
d. None of the above
20. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – Which component of blood is IV fluid meant to mimic? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Electrolytes
b. Blood plasma
c. Erythrocytes
d. A and B only
e. All of the above
Globulin – important role in liver function, blood clotting and fighting infections
Fibrinogen – responsible for normal blood clotting
Albumin – keeps fluid in your blood stream and carries substances throughout
your body including hormones, enzymes and vitamins.
22. While in the ambulance, the additional oxygen that Mary receives enters her nasal cavity and
travels through the respiratory system until it reaches the blood. From there, it travels to her
heart so that it can be pumped to the various cells in her body.
a. (5 marks) List the respiratory structures IN ORDER that carry oxygen from the nasal
cavity to the alveoli. List at least FIVE structures.
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
b. Once absorbed into the blood at the alveoli, oxygen is then transported through the blood
via the red blood cells within the blood.
ii. (1 mark) During hypoxia, what hormone would be released to increase the
number of red blood cells within the blood?
Erythropoietin
iv. (4 marks) What features do a red blood cell have that allows it to effectively
move through the blood and transport oxygen? List at least FOUR features
and explain how they help RBCs carry out their functions.
23. (8 marks) An echocardiogram is an ultrasound test that allows the heart to be imaged and blood
tracked through the heart. In the space below, map the pathway of blood through the heart. Start
with blood entering the heart via the vena cava and finish with blood leaving the heart through
the aorta. Be sure to list all chambers, valves, and blood vessels that the blood passes through IN
ORDER. Don’t forget to answer in your own words and use the checklist below as a guide.
4 heart valves are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
4 heart chambers are listed in the pathway (2marks)
4 blood major blood vessels attached to the heart are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
All structures are listed in the correct chronological order (1mark)
All names are written in FULL (no acronyms) with no spelling errors (1mark)
24. (1 mark) Which of the following are able to increase the speed of the cardiac cycle? Select
ALL that apply using the highlighter tool.
a. Sympathetic nervous system
b. Parasympathetic nervous system
c. Epinephrine
d. Norepinephrine
Scenario: After several more hours, Mary is discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of “acute
panic attack.” Before leaving, she is told to rest and consider booking an appointment with a professional
psychologist for talk therapy. She is also told that if her panic attacks persist to try a variety of breathing
techniques and investigate various medications like cannabidiol (CBD) oil, an extract from the Cannabis
sativa plant that has been linked to anxiety reduction [Source]. Mary goes home and practices the
suggested breathing techniques. One of them, the “calming breath,” recommends taking a long, slow
breath in through the nose, holding your breath for 3 seconds, and exhaling slowly through pursed lips.
25. (5 marks) While performing these breathing exercises, describe IN YOUR OWN WORDS how
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles assist Mary’s inspiration and expiration.
During inspiration:
Your diapragm and intercostal mucles contract which causes your rib cage to expand
which expands the thoracic cavity and increases your lung volume which causes air to
be drawn into the lungs.
During expiration:
Your diapragm and intercostal muscles relax and your thorax contracts which allows air
to be exhaled.
26. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – What term is used to describe the amount of air moved with 1
breath at rest? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Inspiratory reserve volume
b. Expiratory reserve volume
c. Tidal volume
d. Vital capacity
e. Residual volume
27. (4 marks) Perform a quick Google search of CBD oil and digestive health. Is there any
CREDIBLE evidence to suggest that CBD can help manage inflammation within the
gut? Justify your answer and provide the link to your source.
TIP 2: You will not be marked on if your answer is right or wrong. Instead, it is your
job to formulate a clear response and back up your answer with credible evidence.
Answer:
There is evidence that CBD oil has a natural pain relief element as well as anti-
inflammatory properties. It is said that with its interaction with cannabinoid receptors in
the digestive and immune systems, CBD oil can reduce inflammation in the digestive
tract and improve the gut’s immune response. The cannabinoid boost inhibits the
intestinal mobility and by activating CB1 receptors in the colon it can serve as a self-
protective function against inflammation.
https://www.cbdoil.org/cbd-oil-for-gi-issues/