Frequently Misunderstood Wind

Provisions
Enclosure Classification

Analysis Methods

Torsional Effects
Clarifying Frequently
Misunderstood Wind Provisions Canopies

Corner Zones

Effective Wind Area

By Emily Guglielmo, SE
Rooftop Solar/ PV
Martin/Martin, Inc.
ASCE 7-10
2

Enclosure Classification (26.2):

Open Building: A building having each wall at least 80% open.
Ao≥0.8Ag

Ao=A1+A2+A3
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, Open? Ag=W x H

3 4

Enclosure Classification (26.2):

Enclosure Classification (26.2):
Partially Enclosed Building: A building that complies with both of the
following conditions: Enclosed Building: A building that does not comply with the
1. The total area of openings in a wall > the sum of the openings in the balance of the requirements for open or partially enclosed buildings.
building envelope (walls and roof) by >10%.
Ao≥1.10Aoi

2. The total area of openings in a wall exceeds 4ft2 (or 1% of area of that wall), and the % of
openings in the balance of the building <20%.
Ao>4 ft2 OR >0.01Ag (Whichever is smaller)
Aoi
≤ 0.20
Agi

5 6

1
 Enclosure Classification (26.2):
Question: What constitutes an opening?
Answer: Doors, operable windows, air intake exhausts, operable louvers, anything
designed to be open during design winds.

Question: What about windows in wind-borne debris

regions?
Answer: Category II, III, IV buildings in wind-borne
debris regions to be protected with impact resistant
glazing, impact protective systems.

7 8

Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, Open?

10
9

Open Building: A building having each wall at least 80% open. Partially Enclosed Building: A building that complies with both of the conditions:
1. The total openings in a wall exceeds the sum of the openings in the balance of the building envelope
by >10%.
2. The total area of openings in a wall exceeds 4ft2 or 1% of area of that wall, and the percentage of
openings in the balance of the building envelope ≤ 20%.
11 12

2
Partially Enclosed Building: A building that complies with both of the conditions:
1. The total openings in a wall exceeds the sum of the areas of openings in the balance of the building Enclosed Building: A building that does not comply with the requirements
envelope by >10%.
for open or partially enclosed buildings.
Windward wall Balance of building
200 ft × 25 ft = 5,000 ft 2 > 1.10[2(100 ft × 30 ft )] = 6,600 ft 2
13 14

Partially Enclosed Building: A building that complies with both of the conditions:
Partially Enclosed Building: A building that complies with both of the conditions: 2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds 4ft2 or 1% of
1. The total openings in a wall exceeds the sum of the areas of openings in the balance of the building area of that wall, and the percentage of openings in the balance of the building envelope is less than
20%.
envelope by >10%.
75 ft × 30 ft × 2
= .18 < .20
75 ft × 30 ft × 2 + 200 ft × 25 ft + 200 ft × 75 ft
200 ft × 25 ft = 5,000 ft 2 > 1.10[2(75 ft × 30 ft )] = 4,950 ft 2 15 16

Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, Open?

Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, Open?

17 18

3
 Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, Open?
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, Open?

19 20

Ac= 10 ft2

Ab= 15 ft2
Ad= 20 ft2

Aa=50 ft2
“Don a plane projected
perpendicular to the
direction being
consideredD”

[ ]
50 ft 2 > 1.10 15 ft 2 + 10 ft 2 + 20 ft 2 = 49.5 ft 2
21 22

“Don a plane projected perpendicular to the “Don a plane projected perpendicular to the
direction being consideredD” direction being consideredD”

23 24

4
 ASCE
7-05
Wind
Wind Design Methods Loads

Method Method Method

Question: What is the difference between all the Methods (analytical, simplified, 1: 2: 3: Wind
directional, envelope, wind tunnel, all-heights) for calculating wind loads? Which Simplified Analytical Tunnel
Procedure Procedure Procedure
one should I use? Section 6.4 Section 6.5 Section 6.6

Answer:
Enclosed/ Solid Other
MWFRS C&C Open
Partially Walls/ Structures
•Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS) v. Components & Cladding (C&C) 6.4.2.1 6.4.2.2 Enclosed Signs
6.5.13
•Building Height < 60 ft v. Building Height > 60 ft 6.5.12 6.5.14 6.5.15

•Enclosed v. Partially Enclosed v. Open

•Flexible v. Rigid Building
•Parapet v. Wall/ Roof MWFRS C&C MWFRS C&C

•Building v. Sign/ Mechanical Equipment/ Rooftop Structures 6.5.12. 6.5.12. 6.5.13. 6.5.13.
2 4 2
•Regular v. Irregular Building 3

•Roof Configuration
•Simple Diaphragm
Low-Rise Alternate
Buildings Flexible Parapets Low-Rise H> 60 feet Design Parapets
Buildings
of All Buildings Buildings 60 ft<h<90
(h<60
Heights h<60 feet ft
feet)
6.5.12.2.1 6.5.12.2.3 6.5.12.2.4 6.5.12.4.1 6.5.12.4.2 6.5.12.4.4
6.5.12.2.2 6.5.12.4.3
26
25

Summary of ASCE ASCE

7-05
Summary of 7-05
Methods: Wind Methods: Wind
Loads Loads

Method Method Method Method Method Method

1: 2: 3: Wind 1: 2: 3: Wind
Simplified Analytical Tunnel Simplified Analytical Tunnel
Procedure Procedure Procedure Procedure Procedure Procedure
Section 6.4 Section 6.5 Section 6.6 Section 6.4 Section 6.5 Section 6.6

Enclosed/ Solid Other Enclosed/ Solid Other

MWFRS C&C Open MWFRS C&C Open
Partially Walls/ Structures Partially Walls/ Structures
6.4.2.1 6.4.2.2 Enclosed 6.5.13
Signs 6.4.2.1 6.4.2.2 Enclosed Signs
6.5.13
6.5.12 6.5.14 6.5.15 6.5.12 6.5.14 6.5.15

MWFRS C&C MWFRS C&C MWFRS C&C MWFRS C&C

6.5.12. 6.5.12. 6.5.13. 6.5.13. 6.5.12. 6.5.12. 6.5.13. 6.5.13.

2 4 2 3 2 4 2 3

Low-Rise Alternate Low-Rise Alternate

Buildings Flexible Parapets Low-Rise H> 60 feet Design Parapets Buildings Flexible Parapets Low-Rise H> 60 feet Design Parapets
Buildings Buildings
of All Buildings Buildings 60 ft<h<90 of All Buildings Buildings 60 ft<h<90
(h<60 (h<60
Heights h<60 feet ft Heights h<60 feet ft
feet) feet)
6.5.12.2.1 6.5.12.2.3 6.5.12.2.4 6.5.12.4.1 6.5.12.4.2 6.5.12.4.4 6.5.12.2.1 6.5.12.2.3 6.5.12.2.4 6.5.12.4.1 6.5.12.4.2 6.5.12.4.4
6.5.12.2.2 6.5.12.4.3 6.5.12.2.2 6.5.12.4.3
27 28

Summary of ASCE Summary of ASCE

7-05 7-05
Methods: Wind Methods: Wind
Loads Loads

Method Method Method Method Method Method

1: 2: 3: Wind 1: 2: 3: Wind
Simplified Analytical Tunnel Simplified Analytical Tunnel
Procedure Procedure Procedure Procedure Procedure Procedure
Section 6.4 Section 6.5 Section 6.6 Section 6.4 Section 6.5 Section 6.6

Enclosed/ Solid Other Enclosed/ Solid Other

MWFRS C&C Open MWFRS C&C Open
Partially Walls/ Structures Partially Walls/ Structures
6.4.2.1 6.4.2.2 Enclosed 6.5.13
Signs 6.4.2.1 6.4.2.2 Enclosed 6.5.13
Signs
6.5.12 6.5.14 6.5.15 6.5.12 6.5.14 6.5.15

MWFRS C&C MWFRS C&C MWFRS C&C MWFRS C&C

6.5.12. 6.5.12. 6.5.13. 6.5.13. 6.5.12. 6.5.12. 6.5.13. 6.5.13.

2 4 2 3 2 4 2 3

Low-Rise Alternate Low-Rise Alternate

Buildings Flexible Parapets Low-Rise H> 60 feet Design Parapets Buildings Flexible Parapets Low-Rise H> 60 feet Design Parapets
Buildings Buildings
of All Buildings Buildings 60 ft<h<90 of All Buildings Buildings 60 ft<h<90
(h<60 (h<60
Heights h<60 feet ft Heights h<60 feet ft

6.5.12.2.1
feet)
6.5.12.2.3 6.5.12.2.4 6.5.12.4.1 6.5.12.4.2 6.5.12.4.4 6.5.12.2.1
Directional
feet)
Approach
6.5.12.2.3 6.5.12.2.4 6.5.12.4.1 6.5.12.4.2 6.5.12.4.4
6.5.12.2.2 6.5.12.4.3 6.5.12.2.2 6.5.12.4.3
29
29 30

5
 ASCE
Summary of 7-05
Methods: Wind
Loads

Method Method Method 2011 NCSEA provided a survey to 9500 engineers.

1: 2: 3: Wind
Simplified Analytical Tunnel 980 responses (~10%)
Procedure Procedure Procedure
Section 6.4 Section 6.5 Section 6.6 “Which provisions do you use for wind design?”
90% 81%
80%
Enclosed/ Solid Other 70%
MWFRS C&C Open Method 1: Simplified
Partially Walls/ Structures
60%
53%
6.4.2.1 6.4.2.2 Enclosed
6.5.13
Signs Method 2: All-Heights
6.5.12 6.5.14 6.5.15 50%
Method 2: Low-Rise
40%
Method 3: Wind Tunnel
30% 17%
20%
10% 2%
MWFRS C&C MWFRS C&C
0%
6.5.12. 6.5.12. 6.5.13. 6.5.13.
2 4 2 3
ASCE 7 ASCE 7 ASCE 7 ASCE 7
Method 1: Method 2: Method 2: Method 3:
Simplified All-Heights Low-Rise Wind
Provisions Provisions Provisions Tunnel
Buildings
Low-Rise
Flexible Parapets Low-Rise H> 60 feet
Alternate
Design Parapets Provisions
Buildings
of All Buildings Buildings 60 ft<h<90
(h<60
Heights h<60 feet ft
feet)
Envelope6.5.12.2.4
Approach
6.5.12.2.1
6.5.12.2.2
6.5.12.2.3 6.5.12.4.1 6.5.12.4.2
6.5.12.4.3
6.5.12.4.4

31
Responses were consistent across all regions of country32

Summary of
ASCE
Methods: 7-10 ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10
Wind
Loads

Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

27: 28: 29: 30: 31:
MWFRS MWFRS MWFRS C&C Wind
Tunnel
Directional Envelope Other Procedure
Structure/
Procedure Procedure Building
Appurtenances

Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 5: Part 6:

Part 4:
Enclosed, Enclosed
Partially Simple Enclosed Enclosed Building
Enclosed, Diaphragm and Partially Simple Appurtenanc
Buildings
Open Buildings Enclosed Diaphragm Low-Rise es, Rooftop
with h≤160 ft
Buildings All With h ≤160 Low-Rise Low- Rise Low-Rise Buildings Buildings Open Structures,
(Simplified)
Heights ft Buildings Buildings Buildings (Simplified) with h>60 ft Buildings Equipment

34

ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10

35 36

6
 ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10 Wind Design Methods

Question: What’s the difference between Analytical (Method 2)/ Simplified (Method
1) [ASCE 7-05] and Directional/ Envelope [ASCE 7-10]?

Answer:

Analytical/ Method 2 Simplified/ Method 1

(ASCE 7-05) = Directional (ASCE 7-05) = Envelope
(ASCE 7-10) Chapter 27 (ASCE 7-10) Chapter 28

Pressure coefficients reflect Pressure coefficients

actual loading on each represent “pseudo” loading
surface as a function of that envelope the desired
wind direction. moment, shearD

37 38

ASCE
Wind Design Methods 7-10
Wind
Loads

Simplified/ Method 1
(ASCE 7-05) = Envelope
Enclosed
(ASCE 7-10) Chapter 28

Pressure coefficients Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

represent “pseudo” loading 27: 28: 29: 30: 31:
MWFRS MWFRS MWFRS C&C Wind
that envelope the desired Tunnel
Directional Other Procedure
moment, shearD Procedure
Envelope
Procedure
Structure/
Building
Appurtenances

Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 5: Part 6:

Part 4:
Enclosed, Enclosed
Partially Simple Enclosed Enclosed Building
Enclosed, Diaphragm and Partially Simple Appurtenanc
Buildings
Open Buildings Enclosed Diaphragm Low-Rise es, Rooftop
with h≤160 ft
Buildings All With h ≤160 Low-Rise Low- Rise Low-Rise Buildings Buildings Open Structures,
(Simplified)
39 Heights ft Buildings Buildings Buildings (Simplified) with h>60 ft Buildings Equipment

ASCE ASCE
7-10 7-10
Wind
Loads
Partially Wind
Loads
Open
Enclosed
Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter
27: 28: 29: 30: 31: 27: 28: 29: 30: 31:
MWFRS MWFRS MWFRS C&C Wind MWFRS MWFRS MWFRS C&C Wind
Tunnel Tunnel
Directional Envelope Other Procedure Directional Envelope Other Procedure
Structure/ Structure/
Procedure Procedure Building
Procedure Procedure Building
Appurtenances Appurtenances

Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 5: Part 6: Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 5: Part 6:
Part 4: Part 4:
Enclosed, Enclosed Enclosed, Enclosed
Partially Simple Enclosed Enclosed Building Partially Simple Enclosed Enclosed Building
Enclosed, Diaphragm and Partially Simple Appurtenanc Enclosed, Diaphragm and Partially Simple Appurtenanc
Buildings Buildings
Open Buildings Enclosed Diaphragm Low-Rise es, Rooftop Open Buildings Enclosed Diaphragm Low-Rise es, Rooftop
with h≤160 ft with h≤160 ft
Buildings All With h ≤160 Low-Rise Low- Rise Low-Rise Buildings Buildings Open Structures, Buildings All With h ≤160 Low-Rise Low- Rise Low-Rise Buildings Buildings Open Structures,
(Simplified) (Simplified)
Heights ft Buildings Buildings Buildings (Simplified) with h>60 ft Buildings Equipment Heights ft Buildings Buildings Buildings (Simplified) with h>60 ft Buildings Equipment

7
 ASCE ASCE
7-10 7-10
Wind Wind
Loads Loads

Height>60 ft Height>160 ft
Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter
27: 28: 29: 30: 31: 27: 28: 29: 30: 31:
MWFRS MWFRS MWFRS C&C Wind MWFRS MWFRS MWFRS C&C Wind
Tunnel Tunnel
Directional Envelope Other Procedure Directional Envelope Other Procedure
Structure/ Structure/
Procedure Procedure Building
Procedure Procedure Building
Appurtenances Appurtenances

Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 5: Part 6: Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 5: Part 6:
Part 4: Part 4:
Enclosed, Enclosed Enclosed, Enclosed
Partially Simple Enclosed Enclosed Building Partially Simple Enclosed Enclosed Building
Enclosed, Diaphragm and Partially Simple Appurtenanc Enclosed, Diaphragm and Partially Simple Appurtenanc
Buildings Buildings
Open Buildings Enclosed Diaphragm Low-Rise es, Rooftop Open Buildings Enclosed Diaphragm Low-Rise es, Rooftop
with h≤160 ft with h≤160 ft
Buildings All With h ≤160 Low-Rise Low- Rise Low-Rise Buildings Buildings Open Structures, Buildings All With h ≤160 Low-Rise Low- Rise Low-Rise Buildings Buildings Open Structures,
(Simplified) (Simplified)
Heights ft Buildings Buildings Buildings (Simplified) with h>60 ft Buildings Equipment Heights ft Buildings Buildings Buildings (Simplified) with h>60 ft Buildings Equipment

ASCE ASCE
≠Simple 7-10
Wind
Time to retire?
Move to
7-10
Wind
Loads Appendix? Loads
Diaphragm

Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter
27: 28: 29: 30: 31: 27: 28: 29: 30: 31:
MWFRS MWFRS MWFRS C&C Wind MWFRS MWFRS MWFRS C&C Wind
Tunnel Tunnel
Directional Envelope Other Procedure Directional Envelope Other Procedure
Structure/ Structure/
Procedure Procedure Building
Procedure Procedure Building
Appurtenances Appurtenances

Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 5: Part 6: Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 5: Part 6:
Part 4: Part 4:
Enclosed, Enclosed Enclosed, Enclosed
Partially Simple Enclosed Enclosed Building Partially Simple Enclosed Enclosed Building
Enclosed, Diaphragm and Partially Simple Appurtenanc Enclosed, Diaphragm and Partially Simple Appurtenanc
Buildings Buildings
Open Buildings Enclosed Diaphragm Low-Rise es, Rooftop Open Buildings Enclosed Diaphragm Low-Rise es, Rooftop
with h≤160 ft with h≤160 ft
Buildings All With h ≤160 Low-Rise Low- Rise Low-Rise Buildings Buildings Open Structures, Buildings All With h ≤160 Low-Rise Low- Rise Low-Rise Buildings Buildings Open Structures,
(Simplified) (Simplified)
Heights ft Buildings Buildings Buildings (Simplified) with h>60 ft Buildings Equipment Heights ft Buildings Buildings Buildings (Simplified) with h>60 ft Buildings Equipment

Torsion Torsion
Question: When is torsional ASCE
Question: When is torsional design required when design required? 7-10
performing wind load analysis? Wind
Loads

Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

27: 28: 29: 30: 31:
MWFRS C&C Wind
MWFRS MWFRS
Tunnel
Other Procedur
Directional Envelope Structure/
Procedure e
Procedure Building
Appurtenance
s

Part 1: Part 6:
Part 1: Part 2: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 4: Part 5:

Enclosed, Enclosed
Enclosed Building
Partially Simple Enclosed
and Appurtenan
Enclosed, Diaphragm Simple Buildings
Partially ces,
Open Buildings Diaphragm Low-Rise with h≤160
Enclosed Rooftop
Buildings With h Low- Rise Low-Rise Buildings Buildings ft Open
47 All Heights ≤160 ft
Low-Rise
Buildings Buildings (Simplified) with h>60 ft (Simplified) Buildings
Structures,
Buildings Equipment

8
 Torsion Torsion

Question: When is torsional design Answer: Chapter 27: Directional

required? Procedure Required

49 50

Torsion Torsion

51 52

Torsion Torsion
Question: When is torsional design
required? ASCE
7-10
Wind
Loads

Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

27: 28: 29: 30: 31:
MWFRS C&C Wind
MWFRS MWFRS
Tunnel
Other Procedur
Directional Envelope Structure/
Procedure e
Procedure Building
Appurtenance
s

Part 1: Part 6:
Part 1: Part 2: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 4: Part 5:

Enclosed, Enclosed
Enclosed Building
Partially Simple Enclosed
and Appurtenan
Enclosed, Diaphragm Simple Buildings
Partially ces,
Open Buildings Diaphragm Low-Rise with h≤160
Enclosed Rooftop
Buildings With h Low- Rise Low-Rise Buildings Buildings ft Open
53 All Heights ≤160 ft
Low-Rise
Buildings Buildings (Simplified) with h>60 ft (Simplified) Buildings
Structures,
Buildings Equipment

9
 Torsion Torsion
Question: When is torsional design Answer: Chapter 28: Part 1 Question: When is torsional design Answer: Chapter 28:
required? Required required? Part 1 Required

55

Torsion Torsion
Question: When is torsional design Answer: Chapter 28: Part 1 Question: When is torsional design
required? required? ASCE
Required 7-10
Wind
Loads

Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

27: 28: 29: 30: 31:
MWFRS C&C Wind
MWFRS MWFRS
Tunnel
Other Procedur
Directional Envelope Structure/
Procedure e
Procedure Building
Appurtenance
s

Part 1: Part 6:
Part 1: Part 2: Part 2: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 4: Part 5:

Enclosed, Enclosed
Enclosed Building
Partially Simple Enclosed
and Appurtenan
Enclosed, Diaphragm Simple Buildings
Partially ces,
Open Buildings Diaphragm Low-Rise with h≤160
Enclosed Rooftop
Buildings With h Low- Rise Low-Rise Buildings Buildings ft Open
57 All Heights ≤160 ft
Low-Rise
Buildings Buildings (Simplified) with h>60 ft (Simplified) Buildings
Structures,
Buildings Equipment

Torsion Torsion
Question: When is torsional design Answer: Chapter 28: Part 2 Question: When is torsional design Answer: A new option in ASCE 7-
required? Not Required required? 10D Appendix D.

59 60

10
 Torsion When can I ignore torsion? Torsion
When can I ignore torsion?
D1.2: Controlled by Seismic Design
D1.2.1 Not flexible diaphragms:
D1.1: One and Two Stories • Center of mass +/-15% geometric center, and
• One-story buildings h≤30 ft • Seismic story shear > 1.5 Wind story shear
• Two-story buildings with light-frame construction Seismic Wind
• Two-story buildings with flexible diaphragms Roof Roof
Level 5 Level 5
Level 4
≥ 1.5 times Level 4
Level 3 Level 3
Level 2 Level 2

D1.2.2 Flexible diaphragms:

•Seismic forces in LFRS > 1.5 Wind forces in LFRS

≥ 1.5 times

61 62

Torsion Torsion
When can I ignore torsion? When can I ignore torsion?

D1.3: “Torsionally Regular” Structures D1.4: Flexible Diaphragms Designed for Increased Wind Loading
Scale MWFRS wind load by 1.5

x1.5

∆case2 ∆case1

63 64

Torsion Canopies and Awnings

When can I ignore torsion?
External Pressure Coefficient, Cp
D1.5: Case A, B, C, D, E, F
(well distributed lateral system) • One of the oldest figures of ASCE 7.
• Helps us understand wind behavior.

65 66

11
 Canopies and Awnings Canopies and Awnings

Down-draft effect of wind

flowing down building

Use Cp=0.80 (same as

windward wall) on the top of
canopy

Wind flowing up the face of the

building

Use Cp=0.80 (same as

windward wall) on the bottom of
the canopy plus the roof uplift
Cp=-2.3 on the top.

67 68

Not a corner: Inside

Corners Do Not Cause Air-
Local Effects: Wind Around A Corner (Images from FEMA Multi Hazard Seminar) Corner Zones Flow Separation

a = 10% of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h

(whichever is smaller), but not less than either 4%
of least horizontal dimension or 3 ft.

69 70

Corner Zones? Corner Zones? Not a corner: Angle is >170˚

175˚

71 72

12
Corner Zones? Corner Zones? Not a corner: Inside
Corners Do Not Cause Air-
Flow Separation

73 74

Component and Cladding: Effective Wind Area Component and Cladding: Effective Wind Area

Question: What’s the difference between effective wind area and tributary Question: Roof trusses are 30’ long and are 4’-0” OC. What is the effective
area? wind area?
Answer:
A) 30’x4’=120 ft2

B) 30’x30’= 300 ft2

3

75
76

Component and Cladding: Effective Wind Area Component and Cladding: Effective Wind Area

Question: Roof trusses are 70’ long and are 8’-0” OC. What is the effective Question: Metal decking panels are 20’ long and 2’ wide supported on beams 5’ OC.
wind area? What is the effective wind area?
Answer: Answer:
A) 70’x8’=560 ft2 A) 20’x2’= 40 ft2

B) 70’x70’= 1,633 ft2 B) 5’x2’= 10 ft2

3
C) 5’x5’= 8.3 ft2
3

77 78

13
 Component and Cladding: Effective Wind Area Component and Cladding: Effective Wind Area
Question: Roof trusses span 75’ and are spaced at 10’ OC. What is the effective wind
Question: A masonry wall which is grouted and reinforced at 24” OC is 12’ tall and 80’ area?
long and is supported top and bottom. What is the effective wind area?
Answer:
A) 12’x80’= 960ft2 Answer:
A) 75’x10’= 750ft2
B) 12’x1’= 12ft2
C) 12’x2’= 24ft2 B) 75’x75’= 1,875ft2
3
D) 12’x12’= 48ft2
3 The 750 ft2 tributary
area is > 700 ft2 thus can
be designed with
MWFRS pressures.

79 80

Rooftop Solar/ PV Rooftop Solar/ PV

82
81
http://www.seaoc.org/bookstore/wind-design-low-profile-solar-photovoltaic-arrays-flat-roofs-seaoc-report-pv2-2012

Rooftop Solar/ PV ASCE 7-10

83 84

14
 SPOT THE DIFFERENCES SPOT THE DIFFERENCES

85 86

SPOT THE DIFFERENCES SPOT THE DIFFERENCES

ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

87 88

Reorganization SPOT THE DIFFERENCES

The wind load provisions of ASCE 7-05 (Chapter 6) have ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10
been reorganized into 6 Chapters in ASCE 7-10.
ASCE 7-05: ASCE 7-10:

89

15
 SPOT THE DIFFERENCES SPOT THE DIFFERENCES
ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10

91 92

SPOT THE DIFFERENCES

ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10

Section 26.5: Basic Wind Speeds

New wind speed maps with 2 major changes:

1. Maps provide wind speeds at strength design
level.
2. Maps are provided for different Risk
Categories instead of a single map with
importance factors to be applied.

93 94

SPOT THE DIFFERENCES Hurricane Zone Changes

ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10

New Hurricane Simulation Model

Generally lower design wind speeds.
Reintroduction of Exposure D in hurricane regions.
Research shows that the roughness of ocean does not
continue to increase with increasing wind speed and
Exposure D is valid.
New windborne debris region results
in less areas subject to windborne
debris requirements.

95 96

16
 SPOT THE DIFFERENCES CHANGES TO MINIMUM DESIGN WIND LOADS
Sample Problem:
ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10 L=B=60 feet
hwall=8 ft
Roof angle=10˚

Minimum wind controls using hwall=8 feet

Directional Procedure for V<158 mph,
Envelope Procedure for V<174 mph

97 98 98

“What modifications or additions would you like to NCSEA Recommendations to ASCE 7:

see in the wind design sections of ASCE 7?” 1. Reduce Number of Methods to one (1) Computational Method for All
Buildings and one (1) Tabular Method for Buildings < 60’ in height.

1. Simplify the provisions (45%) 2. Consolidate Wind Provision currently in both ASCE 7 and IBC to ASCE and
1 simplify the provisions.

3. Provide loading criteria for additional commonly encountered conditions, i.e.

2. Go back to UBC type
2 of provisions (9%) Canopies, Tall Parapets, Mechanical Screens and PV Panels.

4. Provide design procedures for RTUs

3. Stop changing
3 (5%) and penthouses on buildings > 60’.

5. Simplify free-standing wall provisions.

4. Improve guidance on open structures, canopies,
4
etc. (5%) 6. Provide guidance for irregular building
configurations.
5. Already done in5ASCE 7-10 (5%)
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ASCE 7-16: ASCE 7-16?

1. Reduce Number of Methods to one Computational Method for All Buildings and Other Items:
one Tabular Method for Buildings < 60’ in height (3)
• Remove low-rise provisions from body of code.
• Determine procedure to combine all heights and
Tornado loads: Commentary
low rise MWFRS methods.
2. Consolidate Wind Provision currently in both ASCE 7 and IBC and simplify (5) Topographic effects on low rise.
• Combine low rise and all heights provisions.
• Partially open classification.
• Simplify exposure.
• Clarify C&C load combinations.
• RTU < 60 foot versus > 60 foot
Wind tunnel update.
3. Provide loading criteria for additional commonly encountered conditions, i.e.
Canopies, Tall Parapets, Mechanical Screens and PV Panels (11) Parapet provisions.
• Multiple building shapes (commentary).
• Open structures.
• PV panel recommendations.
• Mechanical screens versus parapets.
• Tower podium/ stepped buildings.
• Signs Database/ computational fluid
• Non-building structures • Garden roofs.
4. Provide design procedures for Roof Top Units and Penthouses on
mechanics design
Buildings > 60’ (4)
• Establish consistency for <60 feet and >60 feet. • Mechanical screens. • C&C versus MWFRS
Torsion
5. Simplify Free Standing Wall Provisions (0) Update on non-hurricane wind speed
6. Provide guidance for Irregular Building configurations (9)
• Multiple building shapes (commentary). • Hipped roof slopes. • Tower podium/ stepped buildings.
maps.
• Open structures.
• Non-building structures.
• Parapets. • Buildings with courtyards.
Updated commentary.
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Summary:
1) Consider the intent of the code before trying to apply the language.
2) Does maintaining all Analysis Methods help or hurt?
3) There are attempts to simplify the code, make it more user friendly.

Emily Guglielmo
eguglielmo@martinmartin.com
415-814-0030
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