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A BSRIA Guide www.bsria.co.uk

Life Safety and Firefighting


Power Supplies

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By Tony Mayo

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This publication was written by Tony Mayo of Hilson Moran and was
designed and produced by Joanna Smith of BSRIA.

BSRIA would like to thank the following organisations and individuals for
participating in the project:

Jeremy Hodge ACI


Keith Elves BC Fire Safety Ltd.
Chris May Cudd Bentley
Nigel Clark Hilson Moran
Ian Kershaw Hilson Moran

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Jeremy Smith Power Wise Systems (UK) Ltd.
Steve Walsh Skanska
Sam Grigg SPP Pumps
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BSRIA would also like to thank the following organisations that kindly
provided the photographs or diagrams which have made the illustrated
guide possible:

ABB
AEI Cables
BSI
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E+I Engineering Ltd.
Eland Cables Ltd.
Fire Protection Ltd.
Grundfos Pumps Ltd.
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GR Electrical Services Ltd.


Hampshire Fire & Rescue Service
LPA Connection Systems
Prysmian Group
Thorne & Derrick
WEG (UK) Ltd.

The guidance given in this publication is correct to the best of BSRIA’s knowledge. However,
BSRIA cannot guarantee that it is free of errors. Material in this publication does not constitute
any warranty, endorsement or guarantee by BSRIA. Risk associated with the use of material from
this publication is assumed entirely by the user.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying,
recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher.

© BSRIA ISBN 978-0-86022-756-4 February 2017 (amended March 2017)

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DEFINITIONS

Supply Voltage
The AC voltage definitions utilised within this guide are in accordance
with BS EN 50160[48] and BS 7671[22]:

Extra Low Voltage (ELV) 50 V or less

Low Voltage (LV) 50 V to 1 kV

Medium Voltage (MV) 1 kV to 36 kV

High Voltage (HV) 36 kV to 150 kV

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Extra High Voltage (EHV) more than 150 kV

Note that BS EN 50160 uses the term Low Voltage for anything below
1 kV and BS 7671 uses the term High Voltage for anything above 1 kV.
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Also, some documents, including BS 8519[29], use the terms Medium
Voltage and High Voltage interchangeably.
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PREFACE

The correct design, specification, installation and testing of life safety and
firefighting installations are fundamental to protecting human life; both for
the building occupants required to evacuate in the event of a fire and for the
firefighters required to enter the building to deal with the incident. These
systems depend on the integrity of their electrical supplies to operate when
required to do so.

Many of the principal standards relating to the design of these critical


building services power supplies are either currently under technical
review, due for review shortly or have recently been republished following
an update. The number of related standards continues to grow, as new
European Standards are published and adopted in the UK, which can create

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fundamental conflicts between the various standards.

This guide has been prepared by the author to share the knowledge gained
from working in the construction industry for almost 40 years and from
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his involvement with BSI on various related British Standard drafting
committees. It has been compiled to assist those responsible for the design,
installation, commissioning and maintenance of life safety and firefighting
systems that are required to maintain their operation during a fire. These
include sprinkler pumps, wet riser pumps, smoke control systems,
firefighting lifts and escape lifts. The continuous operation of these systems,
enabling the safe evacuation of the occupants and subsequent firefighting
activities, is dependent on the security and integrity of their power supplies.
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The aim was to produce a guide that will have a wide appeal to all those
with an interest in the life safety and firefighting installations within
buildings, including:
• Designers (architects and engineers)
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• Installers (electrical contractors)


• Manufacturers
• Developers
• Regulators
• Owner-occupiers
• Fire and rescue services
• Third-party test houses

This guide should also have an international appeal, where British Standards
are recognised, such as in the Middle East and Europe.

Tony Mayo is a Chartered Electrical Engineer and has worked for Hilson
Moran for 18 years, prior to which he worked for 22 years for a large M&E
Contractor, Matthew Hall. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering
and Technology (IET) and the Chartered Institution of Building Services
Engineers (CIBSE). He has been working with organisations such as BSI
(British Standards Institution) and BCO (British Council of Offices) for
close to 20 years.

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CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION 4
3 SECONDARY SOURCE OF SUPPLY 7
3.1 Life safety generator 7
3.2 Secondary utility supply 8

4 SWITCHGEAR REQUIREMENTS 10
4.1 ATS requirements 10
4.2 Motor control panels 12

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4.3 Variable speed drives 12

5 CABLE DISTRIBUTION
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6 CABLE SELECTION 16
6.1 Cable types 20
6.2 Cable support systems and fixings 22
6.3 Cable joints and junction boxes 28

7 FIRE-RESISTANT CABLE ENCLOSURES 30


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8 FIRE-RESISTANT BUSBAR 37
9 LIFE SAFETY AND FIREFIGHTING APPLICATIONS 42
9.1 Sprinkler and wet riser pumps 42
9.2 Smoke control systems 57
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9.3 Firefighting and evacuation lifts 59

APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF RELEVANT STANDARDS 61


APPENDIX B APPROVED CABLES INITIATIVE 71
APPENDIX C CONTAINMENT SIZING CALCULATION 72

REFERENCES 78

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INTRODUCTION 1

1 INTRODUCTION

Building Regulations in all parts of the UK include requirements


concerning fire safety. These are supported by approved guidance, which
is generally applicable to common building types. For more complex
building types, the approved guidance refers to various parts of BS 5588[11],
however these have all been superseded by BS 9999[35]. This guide
therefore focuses on the large and/or complex buildings referred to in
BS 9999, although the general principles are applicable to a much wider
range of building types and applications.

This guide aims to draw together in a single document, the various


power supply requirements outlined in many product and application
specific standards. It also provides further detailed guidance on the specific

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applications, such as sprinkler and wet riser pumps, firefighting and escape
lifts and smoke control systems, making reference to the appropriate
standards. It identifies some of the key issues that should be considered by
the electrical designer when locating the critical plant in the building and
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when selecting/specifying the appropriate switchgear and generators.

This guide is intended to give a clear understanding of the evolution of


the many standards relating to life safety and firefighting equipment and
their associated power supplies. It outlines the development of both British
and European Standards, as well as other related documents, such as LPC
Rules[1] TB210. It identifies where conflicts exist between documents and
attempts to provide guidance on how they should be addressed.
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Where fundamental inconsistencies exist between related standards,
these are identified. This includes situations where one standard has
been recently revised to incorporate latest best practice guidance or new
recommendations originating from IEC or EN standards.
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This guide not only refers to current and past standards, but also attempts
to provide an indication of potential future developments of relevant
standards currently under review in the UK and Europe.

This guide identifies the performance requirements demanded from


the materials and products, including cables, cable enclosures, busbars
and switchgear and describes the test methods used to assess their fire
performance and survival time under defined fire conditions.

A logical format is used for this guide, covering the electrical installation
from the source of supply, through switchgear, generators, automatic
transfer switches (ATSs), and cable distribution to the life safety and
firefighting equipment. Major components of life safety and firefighting
equipment and their power supplies are illustrated in Figure 1, together
with the standards applicable to these components and the sections of this
guide where they are covered. A generic layout is indicated for a non-
specific building. Note that the symbols used in Figure 1 are not the same
as those used in Figures 2 and 3 or 34.

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CABLE SELECTION 6

Medium Voltage Cables


When installing MV cables in a fire-resistant enclosure, it is important the
designer/installer considers not only the thermal protection the enclosure
offers the cable, but also the support and restraint the cable requires both
in the horizontal and vertical routing of the cable. The cable should be
secure under both normal and fault conditions.

The fire-resistant cable enclosures referred to in BS 8519 are generally


intended to replace the need for cable tray or cable ladder to be installed
and should therefore offer the equivalent level of support and restraint to
the cables installed within the containment system.

The cable manufacturer’s technical literature should be consulted regarding


the fixing centres required by the cable and its minimum bending radius.

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The cable enclosure should incorporate suitable means to secure the
appropriate cable cleats at the recommended fixing centres. The cable
cleats are required to provide restraint against the electromechanical forces
created under fault conditions.
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The cable cleats selected for installation within the fire-resistant cable
enclosure should be suitable for a minimum operating temperature of
250°C for the fire survival time of 2 hours.

The cable cleats selected should comply with the requirements of


BS EN 61914[60].

Low Voltage Cables


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Enhanced fire-resistant cables should be secured in accordance with
the cable manufacturer’s installation instructions in order to ensure the
performance of the cable is not compromised under fire conditions by the
cable’s own weight.
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Figure 13:  Cast iron cable cleats

Picture courtesy of Prysmian Group

The cable is required to be supported in such a way that it is not exposed


to undue mechanical strain and so that there is no appreciable mechanical
strain on the terminations.

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8 FIRE-RESISTANT BUSBAR

The test method requires the busbar configuration under test to


be representative of the manufacturer’s recommended installation
arrangement. The test specimen should include the manufacturer’s
standard jointing materials, assembled strictly in accordance with
manufacturer’s instructions. It should be secured within the furnace
utilising the manufacturer’s recommended fixing assemblies, installed in
accordance with their installation instructions.

Figure 27:  Busbar sample being tested in a fire test furnace (based on BS 8602)

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>500

Key
1. Firestopping
2. Furnace roof 5. Suspension device
3. Busbar trunking specimen 6. Joint
4. Fire-resistant tap-off unit (if applicable) 7. Furnace wall
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Where the busbar is to be installed in a riser with tap-off boxes, they


should be incorporated as part of the fire test assembly including a length
of fire-resistant cable to simulate the feed from the tap-off unit.

A detailed description of the complete assembly should be included as


part of the fire test report. Where the busbar components include the
installation of supplementary fire-resistant material required to achieve the
specified fire performance, these materials and their method of application
should be fully detailed in the fire test report. It is the responsibility
of the designer to establish the extent of any de-rating required under
normal operating conditions resulting from the application of the
secondary material. A separate test report should be provided to cover
the temperature rise performance of the material under normal ambient
conditions.

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C CONTAINMENT SIZING CALCULATION

Option 1b: Non-life safety cables installed on one tray and life safety
cables on a separate tray

Note that only the containment for the life safety cables is dealt with here.
The sum of the diameters of the three cables is 108 mm, therefore a 150 mm
cable tray should be used.

W = weight of cables per metre = 10.5 kg/m (summated from Table 14)
Lh = distance between hanger supports = 2 m (from Table 15)
WT = weight of 150 mm cable tray = 1.24 kg/m (from manufacturer’s data)
Wb = weight of bearers per metre = 2.88 kg/m (from Table 15)
Lb = length of bearer = 0.25 m (0.1 m longer than the width of the cable
Wr = weight of drop rods per metre = 0.6 kg/m
h = height of drop rod = 1.5 m

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ςmax = maximum allowable tensile stress = 10 N/mm2

(10.5 × 2 + 1.24 × 2 + 2.88 × 0.25 + 0.6 × 1.5) × 9.81 = 12.3 mm2


A=
PL 2 × 10

Minor diameter of threaded rod = 2 × √(12.3/π) = 4.0 mm

From the information in Table 16 on the previous page, the threaded rod
with a minor diameter greater than 4.0 mm is M5. Therefore the minimum
size of threaded rod required to support the non-life safety and life safety
cables on a common cable tray in the above example under fire conditions
for two hours would be two M5 rods per bearer, with the bearers at 2 metre
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centres.

Worked example 2
This second example is based on the reduced maximum tensile strength of
6 N/mm2 for a fire survival time of 2 hours quoted in BS EN 1366[6]. All
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other input data remains the same as in worked example 1.

Option 2a: Non-life safety and life safety cables installed on a single
cable tray

(77.8 × 2 + 5.5 × 2 + 2.88 × 0.7 + 0.6 × 1.5) × 9.81 = 138.6 mm2


A=
2×6

Minor diameter of threaded rod = 2 × √(138.6/π) = 13.3 mm

From the information in Table 16 above, the threaded rod with a minor
diameter greater than 13.3 mm is M16. Therefore the minimum size of
threaded rod required to support the non-life safety and life safety cables
on a common cable tray in the above example under fire conditions for
two hours would be two M16 rods per bearer, with the bearers at 2 metre
centres.

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