Science, Technology, and Society (Midterm Lecture) b) Ego (unconscious) - Once experiences are processed through the
 Module 2: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society
- Intellectual Revolution or Scientific Revolution opened the minds of
people during those times.
A. Freudian Revolution (Sigmund Freud)
- This is about Sigmund Freud’s “Theory of Personality”
- This theory focus on many additions, modifications, and various
interpretations given to its core points.
- Sigmund Freud is Father of Psychiatry and one of kind thinker
- Human Personality- The adult personality emerges as a composite of
early childhood experiences, based on how these experiences are
consciously and unconsciously processed within human developmental
stages, and how these experiences shape the personality. When a
person doesn’t complete the necessary tasks of every developmental
stage, the result can be a mental condition requiring psychoanalysis to
proper functioning.
- Freud placed emphasis on the Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
and as a child passes through these stages, unresolved conflicts
between physical and social expectation may arise.
a) Oral Stage (0-1.5 y/o): Fixation on all things oral. If not satisfactorily
met there is the likelihood of developing negative oral habits or
behaviors.
b) Anal Stage (1.5- 3 y/o): As indicated this stage is primarily related to
developing healthy toilet training habits.
c) Phallic Stage (3-5 y/o): The developments of healthy substitutes for
the sexual attraction boys and girls have toward a parent of the
opposite gender.
d) Latency Stage (5-12 y/o): The development of healthy dormant
sexual feelings for the opposite sex.
e) Genital Stage (12-adulthood): All tasks from the previous four stages
are integrated into the mind allowing for the onset of healthy sexual
feelings and behaviors.
- According to Freud while there is interdependence among these three
(id, ego, superego) levels, each level also serves a purpose in personality
development.
a) Id (subconscious) - The egocentric center of the human universe.
Freud believed that within this one level, the id is constantly fighting
to have our way in everything we undertake.
superego and the id they fall into the ego to mediate a satisfactory
outcome. Freud originally used the word ego to mean a sense of
self, but later revised it to mean a set of psychic functions such as
judgment, tolerance, reality testing, control, planning, defense,
synthesis of information, intellectual functioning, and memory.
c) Superego (conscious) - Functions at a conscious level and it serves
as a type of screening center for what is going on. It is at this level
that society and parental guidance is weighed against personal
pleasure and gain as directed by ones id. Obviously, this puts in
motion situations ripe for conflict.
- “Psychoanalysis” refers to the treatment regarding to the illness that
place the id in the forefront decision making. It does present a client
with the structure and time to resolve neurotic issues. However, there is
always expressed concern over the cost. Being that it does take time for
psychoanalysis to be effective there is an associated cost that can be
prohibitive.
B. Darwinian Revolution (Charles Darwin)
- Evolution, or change over time, is the process by which modern
organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
- A scientific theory is a well-supported testable explanation of
phenomena that have occurred in the natural world.
- Charles Darwin was not an atheist and he never asserted/stated that
human beings came from monkeys, and “survival of the fittest”.
- These are the 4 monkeys drawn by Darwin that can be found in the
Galapagos Island: (Ateles Marginatus, Cebus Capucinus, Cebus
Vellerosus, Semnopithecus crisatus)
 The Voyage of Beagle
- The Voyage of Beagle
- Dates: February 12, 1831
- Captain: Charles Darwin
- Ship: H.M.S. Beagle
- Destination: Voyage around the world
- Findings: Evidence to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about how
life changes over time.
 Patterns of Diversity
- Darwin visited Argentina and Australia which had similar grassland
ecosystems.
- Neither Argentina nor Australia was home to the sorts of animals
that lived in European grasslands.
 Living Organisms and fossils
- Darwin collected the preserved remains of ancient organisms called
“fossils”.
- Some of those fossils resembled organisms that were still alive
today.
 The Galapagos Island
- The smallest, lowest islands were hot, dry, and nearly barren-Hood
Island-sparse vegetation.
- The higher islands had greater rainfall and a different assortment of
plants and animals (Isabela Island had rich vegetation)
- Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from one island to
another.
- The shape of a tortoise’s shell could be used to identify which island
a particular tortoise inhabited.
- Animals found in the Galapagos: Land Tortoises, Darwin Finches,
Blue-footed Booby, and Marine Iguanas.
 The Journey Home
- Darwin observed that the characteristics of many plants and
animals vary greatly among the islands.
- Hypothesis: Separate species may have arisen from an original
ancestor.
 Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
a) James Hutton- 1795 Theory of Geological Change: it forced the
change regarding to the shape of Earth’s surface; the changes are
slow; Earth must be older than thousands of years.
b) Charles Lyell- book entitled “Principles of Geography”; geographical
features can be built up or torn down; Darwin thought that if Earth
changed over time, what about life?
c) Lamarck- tendency towards perfection (Giraffe necks); use and
disuse (birds using forearms); inheritance of acquired traits.
d) Thomas Malthus- Population Growth; if population grew, more
babies born than die; insufficient living space; food runs out; Darwin
applied this theory to animals.
- Russel Wallace wrote an essay summarizing evolutionary change
from his field work in Malaysia and it gave Darwin the drive to
publish his findings.
 Natural Selection and Artificial Selection
- Natural Variation- differences among individuals of a species.
- Artificial Selection- nature provides the variation among different
organisms, and humans select those variations they find useful.
- The Struggle for Existence- members of each species have to
compete for food, shelter, and other life necessities.
- Survival of the Fittest- some individuals better suited for the
environment.
- Natural Selection- it results in changes in inherited characteristics of
a population. These changes increase a species’ fitness in its
environment.
 Descent
- Descent with Modification- Each living organism has descended,
with changes from other species over time.
- Common Descent- This were derived from common ancestors.
 Evidence of Evolution
- Geographic distribution of living things (similar environments have
similar types of organisms)
- Homologous body structures (structures that have different mature
forms in different organisms, but develop from the same embryonic
tissue)
- Similarities in early development
- Vestigial organs (organs that serve no useful function in an organism
such as appendix, miniature legs, arms)
 Summary of Darwin’s Theory
- Individuals in nature differ from one another
- Organisms in nature produce more offspring than can survive, and
many of those who do not survive do not reproduce
- Because more organisms are produced than can survive, each
species must struggle for resources
- Each organism is unique, each has advantages and disadvantages in
the struggle for existence
- Individuals best suited for the environment survive and reproduce
most successful. It is important to remember that species change
over time
- Species alive today descended with modification from species that
lived in the past
- All organisms on Earth are united into a single family tree of life by
common descent.
 Darwin and the Galapagos
- Three classes of facts gradually convinced him that evolution was
true, but only after his return: First, Darwin had been deeply
impressed by discovering in the Pampean formation great fossil
animals covered with armor like that on the existing armadillos;
 Second, the closely allied animals replace one another in proceeding
Southwards over the continent; Third, South American character of
most of the productions of the Galapagos archipelago, and
especially by the manner in which they differ slightly on each island.
 The Origin
- The real title of his book is “On the Origin of Species” which means
“where do species come from?”
 Monkeys
- Darwin asserted that monkeys, apes, and humans must have a
common ancestors because of our great similarities compared onto
other species
- Survival of the fittest is a misleading concept and it was not coined
by Darwin but by the philosopher Herbert Spencer.
- Those who will survive are those who are capable to respond in
change, not those who are the strongest and the most intelligent
(those who are able to adapt to the drastic change)
 False Quotation
- Darwin never wrote his phrase “It is not the strongest species that
survive, nor the most intelligent, but the ones most responsive to
change.”
C. Copernican Revolution (Nicolaus Copernicus)
- “Finally, we shall place the Sun himself at the center of the universe. All
this is suggested by the systematic procession of events and the
harmony of the whole universe, if only we face the facts with both eyes
open” (this was stated by Nicolaus Copernicus in his work entitled “De
Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium”)
- Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) studied to be a physician, which, at
the time included the study of astronomy, because doctors used
astrology to decide on treatments.
- He wrote the first draft of De Revolutionibus in 1513 but because of
worries about how it would be received, he delayed publication until
1543 when he was on his death bed.
 What else was going on at the beginning of the 16th Century?
- Europe was coming out of the dark ages, rediscovering Greek and
Roman learning and exploring the world.
- Explorers were sailing to Africa and Asia. Columbus discovered
America while Copernicus was studying at the university. Magellan
circumnavigated the globe.
- Printing was becoming common and a man of modest means, like
Copernicus, could own books. He had 2 copies of the Almagest.
- There was an explosion in artistic activity (Michaelangelo’s “David”
1501-1504; Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” 1503-1506; Donatello;
and Raphael)
 King Henry VIII 6 wives
- Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves,
Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr, Mary I of England, Elizabeth I of
England, Edward VI of England.
 Copernicus’ Solar System
- The Sun is in the center
- Simpler than Ptolemy’s Model (Ptolemy made the model and
Aristotle made the idea)
- Circular orbits are assumed.
- Ptolemy’s Geocentric System was codified in the “Almagest” which
is a book where Copernicus studied the observation of Ptolemy.
 Occam’s Razor
- William of Ockham (1285-1349) was a Franciscan monk and
philosopher who espoused the virtues of simplicity and poverty in
science and in life. Suggesting that the Pope conform to the latter
got him excommunicated.
- “One should not increase, beyond what is necessary, the number of
entities required to explain anything.”
- If you have two theories that are equally successful in explaining a
phenomenon, the simpler one is better.
 Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
- Inclined to the discovery of a new star by him
- Tycho argued that the new star must be in the celestial sphere
because it exhibited no parallax.
- This discovery showed that the heavens were not perfect and
unchanging.
- Tycho caught the attention of King Fredrick II of Denmark. With
royal funds, he built the ultimate observatory.
- He designed and tested instruments, compiling the most
comprehensive planetary observations ever, with accuracy of 1ᵒ,
about x better than before.
- Uraniborg was a Danish astronomical observatory and alchemy
laboratory established and operated by Tycho Brahe.
 Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
- Kepler joined Tycho a year before Tycho’s death (1600).
- Assuming Tycho’s position, Kepler inherited the records of Tycho’s
observations.
 - From this, Kepler knew that planets did not travel on circles and
devised a new way to describe planetary motion.
- Kepler searched for a single physical explanation to planetary
motion (a force between planets and the sun).
- Kepler aimed to explain Tycho’s observations which showed that
planets do not move in circles.
- He noted that planets closer to the Sun in Copernicus’ model moved
faster that those further out.
- A force must therefore act and he thought it was magnetic.
- He believed that a simple set of laws existed by which all planets
move.
- He was influenced by William Gilbert’s De Magnete.
- These are Kepler’s Three Laws:
a) Planets move about the Sun in elliptical orbits with the Sun at
one focus.
b) The line joining a planet to the Sun sweeps over equal areas in
equal intervals of time.
c) The square of the time of one revolution of a planet about the
Sun is proportional to the cube of the orbit’s semi major axis.
- For nearly 2,000 years, civilization and astronomy was dominated by
the Aristotle and Ptolemaic model of the universe.
- Those views bean to change with Nicolaus Copernicus’ model.
- He was raised in the Roman Catholic Church, and feared
persecution and heresy.
- Astronomy of that time was based on Ptolemy’s model of Aristotle’s
universe.
- The Copernican model was heliocentric where the Sun is centered.
- In his book entitled “On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres” published
after his death in 1543, Copernicus outlined his argument that the Sun,
not the Earth was the center of the universe.
- His model explained the retrograde motion of some planets from
Earth’s perspective. This was because the Earth’s perspective. This was
because the Earth orbits the Sun faster than some planets and slower
than others.
- Copernicus still believed in the theory of uniform circular motion, like
Aristotle, even though he recognized it did not precisely describe
planetary motion.
- Copernicus’ hypothesis that the universe was heliocentric was correct.
- Even though it was different from what we not know to be correct.
- The Copernican Revolution was a gradual recognition that the Earth was
not the center of the universe.
- It changed the paradigm scientists used (Paradigm is a set of scientific
ideas and assumptions.)
- This revolution has helped change our views of our place in the
universe, by making us not necessarily the most important part of it,
and helping humanity realize that we are a part of the universe, but not
the biggest part.
D. Asian Revolution (China)
- Compass was invented more than 2,000 years ago
- First compasses were made of lodestone, a naturally magnetized stone
of iron, in Han Dynasty China (202 BC-220AD)
- The compass was later used of navigation during the Chinese Song
Dynasty
- Magnetized needles and compasses were first described in medieval
Europe by the English theologian Alexander Neckam (1157-1217 AD)
- Dry compasses begin appearing around 1300 in medieval Europe and
the Medieval Islamic World. This was replaced in the early 20th century
by liquid-filled magnetic compass.
- Early mechanical compasses are referenced in written records of the
Chinese, who began using it for navigation sometime between the 9th
and 11th Century (sometime before 1050, possibly as early as 850)
- The first recorded of the use of the compass in Europe is earlier than in
Muslim world, as a description of a magnetized needle and its use
among sailors occurs in Alexander Neckam’s De naturis rerum
- Early compasses were used to choose areas suitable for building houses,
growing crops, and to search for rare gems (divinity)
- The first mention of a spoon, speculated to be a lodestone, observed
pointing in a cardinal direction is a Chinese work composed between
70n and 80 AD (the device described by Wang Chong has been widely
considered to be the earliest form of magnetic compass.
- Compasses were later adapted for navigation during the Song Dynasty
in the 11th Century.
- Based on Krotser and Coe’s discovery of an Olmec hematite artifact in
Mesoamerica, radiocarbon dated to 1400-1000 BC, astronomer Jhn
Carlson hypothesized that the Olmec might have used the geomagnetic
lodestone earlier than 1000 BC for geomancy, which if true, predates
the Chinese use of magnetism for feung shui by a millennium.
- The magnetic compass was first invented as a device for divination as
early as the Chinese Han Dynasty. The compass was used in Song
 Dynasty China by the military for navigational orienteering and was
used for maritime navigation by 1111 to 1117
- The compass was invented in China during the Han Dynasty between
the 2nd Century BC and 1st Century AD, where it was called the “south-
governor
- The China was able to locate the different trading systems of the
different countries through the use of the compass that was invented by
them.
- Global Positioning System (GPS) was influenced by the compass.
 Module 3: Science, Technology, and Nation Building
- Jose Rizal was able to achieve lots of professions and those are the
following:
- Doctor
- Entomologist (branch of zoology that focus on the study of insects)
- Botanist (study of plants)
- Zoologist (study of behavior, physiology, classification, and
distribution of animals)
- Geologist (study of Earth’s physical structure)
- Anthropologist (study of human societies, cultures, and their
development)
- Ichthyologist (branch of zoology that focus on the fishes)
- Conchologist (study of mollusk shells)
- Pharmacologist (study of the uses, effects, and modes of actions of
drugs)
- Marine Technologist (focus on the utilization, protection, and
intervention in the marine environment)
- Horticulture Farmer
- Physician (person who is qualified to practice medicine)
- Psychiatrist (specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental
illness)
- Food Technologist (study of the techniques and principles in
processing and preserving food substances)
- Archeologist (study of human history and prehistory)
- Ethnologist (study of the characteristics of people and the
differences and relationships between them)
- Sanitary Engineer (application of engineering methods to improve
sanitation of human communities)
- Cartographer (draws or produces maps)
- The main managing agency which is responsible for science and
technology is the Department of Science and Technology
- Numerous national scientist have contributed in different fields of
science including:
- Fe del Mundo (Pediatrics)
- Eduardo Quisumbing (Plant Taxonomy)
- Gavino Trono (Tropical Marine Phycology)
- Maria Orosa (Food Technology); and many more people
- The following people are the Notable Personalities in Philippine Science
and Technology:
a) Juan S. Salcedo, Jr. (Nutrition and Public Health)
- A medical doctor and scientist whose research studies in
biochemistry, nutrition, and physiology, furthered the cause of
health of the Filipino people.
- An administrator, policy maker, and science promoter.
b) Alfredo C. Santos (Chemistry and Natural Products)
- Father of Natural Products Research in the Philippines
- Devoted his career to the study of chemistry and natural
products, and the search for medicinal properties in local plant
species.
c) Gregorio Y. Zara (Engineering)
- Patented 30 devices and equipment including the two-way
television telephone or videophone (1955) a.k.a. Photo Phone
Signal Separator Network.
- Had a research on solar technology.
- Discovered the physical law of electrical kinetic resistance called
“Zara Effect”.
d) Eduardo A. Quisumbing (Botany)
- A botanist and taxonomist and published original articles on
Philippine flora and identified new orchid species.
e) Fe Del Mundo (Pediatrics)
- The first woman admitted at Harvard Medical School and
founder of the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines.
- Authored the first local textbook on pediatrics.
- Developed an incubator made from bamboo that became a
staple in rural health centers without electricity.
f) Diosdado Banatao (Information Technology)
- Developed the first 10-Mbit Ethernet CMOS with silicon coupler
data-link control and transceiver chip, system logic chip set for
IBM’s PC-XT and the PC-AT, and the local bus concept and the
first Windows graphics accelerator chip.
 - Introduced the world’s first single-chip Graphical User Interface
(GUI) accelerator which eliminates the bottleneck in graphics
subsystem.
g) Oscar Ibarra (Information Technology)
- Researcher on design and analysis of algorithms.
- Pioneered a very powerful method called the padding of
“translational” technique which is now used in complexity
theory.
h) Lourdes J. Cruz (Biochemistry)
- Isolation and characterization of peptides from Conus venoms.
 History of Science and Technology in the Philippines
a) Pre-Spanish Era
- Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic
properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from
herbs.
- They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and
measuring system and a calendar.
- Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining, and
weaving.
- The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of
engineering by pre-Spanish era Filipinos.
b) Spanish Colonial Era
- The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering in the
islands by constructing government buildings, churches, roads,
bridges, and forts. In this era, Biology is given focus
- Contributors to science in the archipelago during the 19th Century
were :
a. Botanist (Fr. Ignacio Mercado, Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, and
Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero)
b. Chemist (Anacleto del Rosario)
c. Medicine Scholars (Dr. Manuel Guerrero, Dr. Jose Montes, and
Dr. Elrodario Mercado)
- The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial
economy.
- The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to
the Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to study in Europe
who was probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific
ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment.
c) American Period
- On July 1, 1901, The Philippine Commission established the Bureau
of Government Laboratories which was placed under the
Department of Interior.
- The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was
established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with
the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects.
- On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was
replaced by the Bureau of Science and on December 8, 1933, the
National Research Council of the Philippines was established.
- The Bureaus of Science became the primary research center of the
Philippines until World War II.
- Science during the American period was inclined towards
agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine, and pharmacy.
- In 1946, the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of
Science.
- In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, The
Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which
established the National Science Development Board.
d) Post Commonwealth Era
- Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article 15 Section 1, the
government’s role in supporting scientific research and invention
was acknowledged.
- In 1974, a science development program was included in the
government’s four-year development plan which covers 1974-1978.
Funding for science was also increased. The National Science
Development Board was replaced by the National Science and
Technology Authority under Executive Order No. 784
- A scientific career in the civil service was introduced in 1983.
- In 1986, during Corazon Aquino’s presidency, the National Science
and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of
Science and Technology, giving science and technology a
representation in the cabinet. Under the Medium Term Philippine
Development Plan for the years 1987-1992, science and
technology’s role in economic recovery and sustained economic
growth was high lightened.
- During Corazon’s State of the Nation Address in 1990, she said that
science and technology development shall be one of the top three
priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.
 - In August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task
Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first
Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP.
- The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly
industrialized country status by the year 2000.
- The Senate Committee on Science and Technology was one of the
committees that handle the least amount of bills for deliberation.
- Former Science and Technology secretary, Ceferin Follosco,
reported that the budget allocation for science and technology was
increased to 1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from the previous year’s
464 million pesos.
- However, due to the Asian financial crisis, budget allocation for the
years 1990 and 1991 were trimmed down to 920 and 854 million
pesos respectively. Budget allocation was increased to 1.7 billion
pesos in 1992.
 Personalities in Philippine Science and Technology
1. Juan S. Salcedo, Jr. (Nutrition and Public Health)
- A medical doctor and scientist, his numerous research studies in
biochemistry, nutrition, and physiology furthered the cause of
health of the Filipino people.
2. Alfredo C. Santos (Chemistry and Natural Products)
- Devoted his career to the study of chemistry and natural products,
and the search for medicinal properties in local plant species.
3. Gregorio Y. Zara
- His pioneering research on solar energy before there was an energy
crisis showed his forward-looking perspective in science.
- Invented the two-way television telephone or videophone (1955)
patented as a “photo phone signal separator network".
- He also discovered the physical law of electrical kinetic resistance
called the Zara effect.
4. Eduardo A. Quisumbing (Botany)
- A botanist and taxonomist par excellence, he published original
articles on Philippine flora and identified new orchid species.
- His book on medicinal plants was the forerunner of research studies
on these plants in the Philippines.
5. Geminlano T. de Ocampo (Opthalmology)
- Pioneer in modern ophthalmology.
- Established the first eye hospital in the country and introduced
corneal transplantation and also designed an ophthalmological
instrument known as the “de Ocampo corneal dissector”
6. Casimiro del Rosario (Physics)
- His research on ultraviolet light, on the effect of radioactive
radiation on “Euglena”, on high voltage discharges in high vacuum,
and much more earned for himself and his country lasting honor
and distinction.
- Contributed immensely to the study of algae over 30 years of his
life.
- Taught and developed generations of Filipino biologists. He
pioneered in Philippine phycology (the scientific study of algae),
particularly on Myxophyceae.
7. Fe Del Mundo (Pediatrics)
- She trained physicians, paramedics, and lay health workers in
childcare.
- She was the first woman admitted at Harvard Medical School and
founder of the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines.
- She authored the first local textbook on pediatrics and developed
an incubator made from bamboo that became a staple in rural
health centers without electricity.
8. Francisco M. Fronda (Animal Husbandry)
- He was instrumental in the development of the poultry industry in
Southeast Asia.
9. Francisco O. Santos (Human Nutrition and Agricultural Chemistry)
- Made comprehensive investigations on the nutritive value and
chemical composition of Filipino foods and on Philippine nutrition
problems.
- Established the anti-beriberi content of sweet potato and
demonstrated the food value of this crop.
10. Carmen C. Velasquez (Parasitology)
- Her pioneering research on trematodes described 32 new specles
and 1 genus from Philippine foods, fishes, birds, and mammals.
- Capallira philippinensis from the human intestine was the first to be
reported in the world.
- Her book “Diagenetic Trematodes of Philippine Fishes”, the first in
Southeast Asia, became a regional reference for fish parasitology
and aquaculture management.
11. Luz Oliveros-Belardo (Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
- An expert on the chemistry of natural products and essential oils
from Philippine plants, she extracted and identified 33 new
essential oils.
- New flavors and herbal medicines resulted from her research.
12. Alfredo V. Lagmay (Experimental Psychology)
- Recognized for his studies on the experimental analysis of behavior,
behavior modification relaxation and related states, and hypnosis.
13. Discoro L. Umali (Agriculture and Rural Development)
- He improved varieties of food grains, legumes, fruits, and
ornamental plants.
- His writings paved the way for programs in rainfed agriculture,
social forestry environmental conservation, and rural poverty
reduction.
14. Paulo C. Campos (Nuclear Medicine)
- He did outstanding research on nuclear medicine, insulin action, red
blood cells, and goiter.
- He established the first medical radioisotope laboratory and thyroid
clinic in the Philippines.
15. Pedro B. Escuro (Genetics and Plant Breeding)
- Provided leadership in the development, isolation, and release of
many rice cultivars.
- His classic C4-63 became the standard for high-quality rice in the
Philippines as well as many other rice-growing countries.
16. Clara Y. Lim-Syllanco (Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry)
- Her numerous discoveries of environmental mutagens culminated
in the designation of her laboratory as an international training
center for the detection of chemical mutagens, and her
appointment to the International Advisory Committee on Anti-
mutagens.
17. Hilario D.G. Lara (Public Health)
- His exhaustive studies on the epidemiology of cholera, typhoid
dysentery, measles, and diphtheria led to the control of these
diseases in the country.
18. Dolores A. Ramirez (Biochemical Genetics)
- Her research on the genetic system controlling the makapuno
endosperm of coconut, the genetics of chemical resistance factors
against cercospora leaf spot (fungal plant disease), and the hybrids
of rice with related wild species have contributed to the
improvement and understanding of important crops in the
Philippines.
19. Jose R. Velasco (none)
- His pioneering research on plant mineral nutrition, photoperiodism,
chemical weed control, and plant growth provided the basis for
important crop production management, practices and research
directions.
20. Bienvenido O. Juliano (Cereal Chemistry)
- Improved rice and rice food products, their nutritional values, and
the means to evaluate rice quality - making a relevant
socioeconomic impact in many rice-eating countries of the world.
21. Clare R. Baltazar (Entomology)
- She discovered and named over 100 species and 9 new genera of
parasitic wasps, and identified effective biological controls.
- Known as the "First Filipina Entomologist," she set the standard of
excellence for all Filipino entomologists.
22. Benito S. Vergara (Plant Physiology)
- He popularized the scientific basis of growing rice.
- He was behind the creation of IRRI Riceworld and the Philippine
Science Heritage Center, two science centers that extol science-
oriented culture.
23. Oscar Ibarra (Information Technology)
- A leading researcher on design and analysis of algorithms.
- He pioneered a very powerful method called the padding" of
"translational" technique, which is now widely utilized in complexity
theory.
24. Diosdado Banatao (Information Technology)
- He pioneered graphics acceleration, introducing the world's first
single-chip graphical user Interface (GUI) accelerator, which
eliminates the bottleneck in the graphics subsystem.
25. Lourdes J. Cruz (Biochemistry)
- Isolation and characterization of peptides from Conus venoms.
 Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies
1. Pili Nut
- It is endemic to the Bicol Region and these nuts are made into
delicate sweets, while the pulp can be boiled and eaten.
- The resin from the tree, Manila elemi, is used for varnish, lacquers,
plastics perfumes, and printing ink and it is a significant contribution
of the Philippines to the important plants of the world.
2. Nata de coco
- A century-old Filipino product first discovered In Laguna and it is
formed by a microorganism growing on top of the piña (pineapple
extract).
- In 1949, Teodula K. Africa used coconut water as an alternative
medium. It was a success, and people started using coconut water
 from then on. When dried, the nata forms a strong, pure, cellulosic
material with great potential for development in materials science.
3. Makapuno
- A coconut mutant found in the Philippines and the taste is unlike
that of normal coconut.
- It is used in making Filipino delicacies such as preserves, ice cream
flavoring, pastillas, yema, etc.
4. Abaca
- Abaca (Musa textiles) is similar to the banana plant. The fibers from
abaca are used in making jusi, sinamay, t'nalak, rugs, doormats,
bags, etc.
- The fine fibers are made into lens tissue, tea bags, and numerous
other Items, Abaca is also used as a component in papermaking.
5. Waling-waling
- Waling-waling (Vanda sanderiana) was discovered In Mindanao in
1880. It is one of the most beautiful orchids in the world. Most
commercial Vanda hybrids contain genes from waling-waling.
6. Ilosone
- llosone is a broad-spectrum antibiotic discovered by Abelardo
Aguilar from a soil in Iloilo. It was later called Erythromycin.
7. C4-63
- Quality rice is essential in Asia, where most people consume this
food daily sometimes with nothing else to go with it.
- C4-63, was developed by Pedro B. Escuro, a rice breeder.
8. Tiki-tiki
- Children are especially vulnerable to Beriberi which is a disease
caused by a vitamin deficiency.
- In the Philipplnes, a good source of this vitamin was found in rice
bran. The extract was called “tiki-tiki”.
- Manuel Zamora, a Fillpino pharmacist, made tiki-tiki stable and
readily available in small bottles.
9. Quink
- These needed ink that is permanent, dries easily, and does not run
out of the pen or across the paper when you write.
- In 1923, Francisco Quisimbing, a Filliplno chemist, formulated such
an ink known as Quink (short for Quisimbing’s ink) which is still in
use today.
10. Conotoxin
- Conus shells produce toxin that is lethal to humans but has been
proven useful in research on neuroscience, as a tool for,
determining cancer, and possibly as a drug for patients who have
suffered a stroke.
11. Sex reversal in Tilapia
- Rafael Guerrero III found that the male tilapia grows faster and
blgger than the female so he suggested that only male tilapia be
grown.
- To overcome the difficulty of selecting male tilapia, Guerrero used a
sex hormone fed to the fry, converting females into males.
12. Pure Makapuno Tree
- Emerita de Guzman conducted research to produce a coconut tree
bearing 100% makapuno nuts.
- It took de Guzman 14 years to finally produce more makapuno-
bearing trees from artificially cultured embryos.
 DOST Harmonized National Research and Development Agenda 2017-
2022
- Its purpose is to ensure that results of Science and Technology
endeavors are geared towards and are utilized in areas of maximum
economic and social benefit for the people.
- The formulation of the HNRDA is in line with the DOST’s mandate of
providing central direction, leadership and coordination of the scientific
and technological efforts in the country.
- The HNRDA is aligned with “AmBisyon Natin 2040: Matatag, Maginhawa
at Panatag na Buhay para sa lahat”
- 3 Pillars: Malasakit, Pagbabago, and Kaunlaran.
- AmBisyon Natin 2040 and the three pillars form the foundation for
more inclusive growth, a high-trust and resilient society and a globally
competitive knowledge economy.
- HNRDA 5 Sectors: Basic Research; Agriculture Aquatic and Natural
Resources; Health; Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology; and
Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation.
 Module 4: The Human Person Flourishing in terms of Science and
Technology
- “Flourishing” in plants refers to a vigorous and healthy growth. It is also
defined as developing rapidly and successfully thriving.
- But in humans, philosophers defined it as “eudaimonia” which came
from a Greek word “eudaimon” that means the state of being happy
and contented. Martin Heidegger believes in human flourishing and he
also believes in technology and not against it. In fact, his concern is to
use technology in a proper way.