Simple Present Tense
Singular subject takes a verb with ‘s’.
Examples:
1. Nina has a new dress.
2. Miss Nancy goes to work by car.
3. Puan Aina waters her flowers
everyday.
4. Pak Jamal feeds his chicken and
ducks with some grains.
5. Bajikly wears a pair of pyjamas at
night.
Plural subject takes a verb with no ‘s’
Examples:
1. The cat and dog always fight with
each other.
2. My family and I have our dinner at
the restaurant tonight.
3. The kittens sleep in a cosy basket.
4. The pupils clean their classroom
every morning.
5. The children play in the
playground every evening.
Present Continuous Tense
Singular subject takes ‘is’ plus a verb with
‘ing’ form.
Examples:
1. Cik Linda is travelling from Kuching
to Sri Aman by express bus.
2. Mr. Smith is paying for the bills
using his credit card.
3. The headmaster is delivering his
speech during assembly.
4. The giraffe is eating some leaves
from the tall tree.
5. Mother is baking some delicious
cakes for Hari Raya Aidilfitri.
Plural subject takes ‘are’ plus a verb with
‘ing’ form.
Examples:
1. Jason and I are fishing by the lake.
2. They are flying kites in the field
during windy day.
3. Mr. and Mrs. Lee are visiting their
son in the college.
4. The bees are producing honey.
5. The athletes are competing in the
race.
Conjunctions
i. or is used to show a choice
Examples:
1. You can eat at the canteen or
bring your own food.
2. The pupils can sign up today or
tomorrow.
ii. so is used to explain or to show
result
Examples:
1. It was raining heavily so the match
was cancelled.
2. It will be the school holidays soon
so we are planning a trip to
Thailand.
iii. and is used to join words, phrases
or sentences of similar functions
Examples:
1. Angelina Jolie is beautiful and rich.
2. Plants need water and sunlight to
grow.
3. Pak Joko rears chickens and cows
in his farm.
iv. because is used to show a reason
Examples:
1. Leonard was absent because he
was sick.
2. He failed his examination because
he did not study well.
 v. Although is used to show contrast
Examples:
1. Although she studied very hard,
she failed the final examination.
2. My uncle still donates a little to
charity although he is poor himself.

vi. but is used to join words, phrases

or sentences that have different or
contrasting meanings
Examples:
1. She wants to take the driving test,
but I stop her.
2. Restaurant Ria sells delicious food,
but it is far from our place.

Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense Adverbs of Manner

It is used to show an action in the past It is used to show: used to describe the verb to show how
Examples: i. an action that had happened at an action is carried out/done
1. Our teacher gave us a test last a particular time or over a period Examples:
week. of time in the past cry sadly, pitilessly,
2. The maid cleaned and washed ii. two actions happening at the loudly
the kitchen last night. same time in the past dance gracefully, joyfully,
3. Miranda picked some flowers in iii. one action happening followed happily, excitedly
the garden. by another action in the past donate sincerely, honestly,
4. She drank a bottle of Coke before Singular subject takes ‘was’ plus a verb willingly
she left for home. with ‘ing’ form drive carefully,
5. The police caught the thief and Examples: carelessly,
brought him to the police station. 1. I was watching the movie at 8 recklessly, slowly
o’clock last night. eat quickly, slowly,
2. Dino was talking to his friend over hurriedly
the phone then.
 3. While she was cutting the laugh loudly, heartily,
vegetables, her sister was boiling joyfully, happily
the soup. listen carefully,
4. The manager was going home attentively,
when he saw smoked coming out anxiously
from a house. play excitedly, happily,
5. Madam Ooi was teaching when noisily
the parent walked in. read silently, loudly,
quietly,
Plural subject takes were plus a verb with expressively
‘ing’ form shout loudly, angrily
Examples: sing sweetly, loudly,
1. They were singing in the hall at softly
noon. sleep soundly, easily,
2. Alicia and I were doing our lightly
homework at that time. speak loudly, clearly,
3. While the children were sleeping, softly
their mother was doing some talk loudly, clearly,
housework. softly, excitedly
4. While the boys were swimming in wait patiently,
the river, their parents were busy anxiously, happily
talking. write neatly, clearly,
5. The workers were having lunch carefully
when the fire started.
Simple Future Tense
It is used to: Future Continuous Tense
i. express a future action It is used to:
ii. refer to a future action in a i. refer to an action that will take
conditional sentence place at a particular time in the
iii. express willingness to do future
something ii. enquire politely
Examples: iii. refer to an indefinite future action
 1. I shall clean the hutch this
weekend.
2. Will you bring me along?
3. Daryl will take part in the chess
competition in Selangor next year.
4. If you run along here, you will fall.
5. Unless you study hard now, you will
fail the exam.
6. Everybody will contribute towards
the fund.
7. The society will help the poor and
the sick.
The Positive degree is used when we
compare two similar things
Examples:
1. She is as fair as her sister.
2. This resort is as cheap as that
resort.
3. Money is as good as gold.
4. My uncle is as strong as my father.
5. The lady is as beautiful as Miss
Cordellia.
Both subjects I and We can take ‘will’ or
‘shall’ plus ‘be’ and a verb with ‘ing’ form
Examples:
1. We shall be having the meeting
today.
2. I shall be bringing the flowers
tomorrow.
3. Will you be joining us for lunch?
4. Shall we be taking a day off?
5. The rich man will be buying the
land.
6. Serinai will be moving to England.
Comparison of Adjectives
The Comparative degree is used when we The Superlative degree is used when we
compare two nouns compare three or more people, things
Examples: and places
1. She is fatter than her mother. Examples:
2. That giraffe is taller than the tree 1. The ostrich is the biggest bird.
2. Tonia is the laziest girl in her family.
By adding ‘more’ before the adjective
without changing the spelling of the By adding ‘most’ before the adjective
adjective without changing the spelling of the
Examples: adjective
1. Tabby Cat is more lovely than Examples:
Tommy Cat. 1. Mr. Tan is the most reckless driver
2. The movie “Avenger: Endgame” is here.
more interesting than the previous 2. Pablo’s painting is the most
one. beautiful in the gallery.
 Comparison of Adverbs
The Positive Degree is used when we The Comparative Degree is used when
compare two similar actions we compare the actions of two different
Examples: nouns
1. She danced as gracefully as her By adding ‘more’ to the adverb and
sister. placing ‘than’ behind the adverb
2. Karen writes as neatly as her sister. Examples:
3. He did as badly as his classmates in 1. The pupils of my class sang more
the final exam. sweetly than the pupils of her class.
4. Sheila answered as wisely as the 2. They shouted more angrily than the
judge. other teams.
5. Mr. Raymond donates as 3. Miss Jane speaks more loudly than
generously as Mr. Ricky to charity. Miss Teng.
4. They did the test more carefully
than before.
5. The soldiers marched more smartly
than the police during the National
Day parade.
The Superlative Degree is used when the
actions of three or more nouns
By adding ‘most’ before the adverb and
placing ‘the’ before word ‘most’
Examples:
1. Chia Hui smiled the most sweetly
among all the contestants.
2. She responded the most wisely
among all her friends.
3. Mr. Lee acted the most foolishly
among all the men in his office.
4. His children played the most
happily among all the children.
5. Mr. Linggam speaks the most loudly
among all the teachers in the
school.

Collective Nouns
are words used to describe a collection
or group of people, animals and things
People Animals Things
An army of soldiers A brood of chickens A batch of bread
A band of musicians A colony of ants A bouquet of flowers
A bevy of ladies A flight of swallows A bunch of bananas/grapes
A board of directors A flock of birds/sheep A bundle of sticks
A choir of singers A gaggle of geese A chest of drawers
A class of pupils A herd of cows/goats/elephants A cluster of diamonds/stars
A company of actors A litter of cubs/kittens A clump of trees
A crew of sailors A nest of ants/mice A collection of pictures/stamps
A field of runners A pack of wolves A comb of bananas
A gang of labourers A pride of lions A crate of fruit
A gang of robbers A school of dolphins A galaxy of stars
A host of angels A shoal of fish A heap of rubbish
A panel of judged A swarm of bees A kit of tools
A patrol of policemen A team of horses/oxen A library of books
A party of friends A troop of monkeys A row of shophouses
A staff of servants/teachers A suit of clothes
A team of footballers A suite furniture
A team of scientists A tray of eggs
A tribe of natives A tuft of grass
A troupe of dancers
A troupe of performers

The Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that replaces a
noun.
Personal Pronoun Possessive Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun
used as a subject/object sentence

I my/mine myself
You your/yours yourself/yourselves
She her/hers herself
He his/him himself
We our/ours ourselves
They their/theirs themselves
It its itself

I have a book. He has a pencil. They have a big house.

This is my book. This is his pencil. The house is theirs.
This book is mine. That pencil belongs to him. That is their house.
The house belongs to them.
We have a car. She has a dress.
The car is ours. That is her dress.
The car belongs to us. The dress belongs to hers.

Modals
Modals are used to add more meaning to a
sentence and is used with the main verb
Modal Verbs

can could will would may might shall should must

Asking with politeness
1. May I go to the toilet, please?
2. Can I have the book, please?

Asking for permission

1. You can have it, if you want it.
2. May I go with them?

Necessary to do something
1. You must help her to do it.
2. You must brush your teeth at least twice a day.

To make a suggestion
1. Shall I help you?
2. Should I come with you?

Asking/giving advice/opinion
1. What shall I give her as a present?
2. What should I do?
Show something is possible
1. They might be going to Cameron Highlands next week.
2. The match might be in Liverpool this year.

Question Tags
A question tag is used to turn a statement into a question. It is used to ask confirmation
We add a negative question tag to a positive statement. We add a positive question tag to a negative statement.
Example: Example:
The meeting has been cancelled, hasn’t it? You don’t have a bicycle, do you?
We can leave before nine o’clock, can’t we? The baby girl isn’t asleep, is she?
It is wrong to cheat, isn’t it? You can’t finish all the food, can you?
Lokman is a friendly boy, isn’t he? Aunt’s friends don’t cook, do they?
We are supposed to attend a meeting tomorrow, aren’t we? The little boy doesn’t wear shoes, does he?
Anis will pay, won’t she? Grandma wasn’t well, was she?
They left early, didn’t they? Anis didn’t speak to him, did she?
The girls talk a lot, don’t they? The guard isn’t young, is he?
The cat eats fish, doesn’t it? Ella doesn’t sing well, does she?