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MORPHOLOGY
There is no doubt that knowledge of grammar rules is essential for the mastery of a
language. Knowing about grammar knowing what a verb is, what the present or past tense is
of limited use unless you know how to put this knowledge to work. Moreover, grammar is just
one area of what is called ‘linguistic competence’, other areas being, for example, knowledge
of vocabulary and of phonology. Linguistic competence, in turn, is just one of a number of
competences that contribute to overall communicative competence. We are required to use our
knowledge of the language system in order to achieve some kind of communicative purpose.
Nevertheless, the grammar of a language is highly generative it is the basis from which
it is possible to construct an infinite number of sentences. Grammatical knowledge (whether
explicitly taught or picked up unconsciously) is probably therefore a necessary though not
sufficient condition for language acquisition.
Grammar is traditionally divided into two different but inter - related areas of study:
morphology and syntax. The word morphology comes from Greek morphé = form + logos =
word (The term is also used in other contexts, e.g. in biology.) Morphology is the study of
how words are formed out of smaller units (traditionally called morphemes). It focuses on the
structure of words, dealing with inflectional endings. Morphology deals with the internal
structure of words, in other words, morphology is the study of morphemes and the way they
are joined together to make words.
A. Morpheme
The term morpheme is used to refer to the smallest, indivisible units of semantic
content or grammatical function which words are made up of. As the smallest linguistic units
they have both form and meaning. The meaning of the morpheme is called sememe. The form
of the morpheme is called formeme. The term morpheme represents an abstract unit. It is the
unit of “langue” of the language system. Its concrete realizations are called morphs. Thus, the
past tense morpheme –ed is found in three different pronunciations /d/ /t/ /id/. Since these
three elements all represent a single morpheme, they are called morphs. If different morphs
represent the same morpheme, they are called allomorphs of that morpheme. There are 2 basic
types of morphemes:
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1. Free morphemes can stand freely by themselves as independent words (e.g. fast, build,
tiger, free)
2. Bound morphemes can´t stand freely and independently, like prefixes and suffixes.
They are bound or connected to free morphemes. Bound morphemes can be further divided
into 2 groups:
a. Derivational morphemes - allow us to make new words in the language and to change
one word class into another( quiet -quietness, mystery - mysterious). They are affixes,
further subdivided into prefixes (re-open, un-happy), infixes (kangaroo – kanga-
bloody-roo, impossible – im-fuckin-possible and suffixes (happi-ness, open-er)
b. Inflectional morphemes - don´t create new words or word classes but they show the
grammatical function of a word. They always come at the end of the word after
derivational morphemes. There are 8 of them.
4 attached to verbs, 2 attached to nouns, 2 attached to Adj
-s (walks) -s (rivers) -er (greater)
-ing (teaching) -´s (boy´s) -est (greatest)
-ed (jumped)
-en (given) - irreg. V
B. Conversion
Lexemes can change their word class without the addition of an affix - a process
known as a conversion. (V to N - to swim, have a swim, Adj to N - national, N to V -
bottle, to bottle, Adj. to V - dirty, empty -to dirty, to empty)
C. Compounds
A compound is a unit of vocabulary which consists of more than one lexical stem.
On the surface, there appear to be two or more lexemes present, but in fact the parts are
functioning as a single item, which has its own meaning and grammar. So, flower-pot
doesn´t refer to a flower and a pot, but to a single object. It is pronounced as a unit, with a
single main stress.
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1. Content words allow us to create an image of some kind in our minds. Thus, if we hear
the word tiger we are able to imagine a picture of a large striped cat. Content words
are nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.
2. Function words serve only to show a relationship to or between content words.
Function words are pronouns, auxiliary verbs, determiners, prepositions and
conjunctions.
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WEEKLY REPORTS
1 Introduction
The term ‘word’ is part of everyone’s vocabulary. We all think we understand what
words are. What’s more, we are right to think this, at some level. In this book not suggest that
our ordinary notion of the word needs to be replaced with something radically different.
After reading this book, you will still go on using the term ‘word’ in talking about language,
both in everyday conversation and in more formal contexts, such as literary criticism or
English language study but, in these more formal contexts, you will talk about words more
confidently, knowing exactly which ingredients of the notion you have in mind at any one
time, and able where necessary to use appropriate terminology in order to make your meaning
absolutely clear.
A good way of teasing apart the ingredients in the notion ‘word’ is by explicitly contrasting
them. Here are the contrasts that we will be looking at, and the chapters where they will be
discussed:
• Words as units of meaning versus units of sentence structure (Chapters 2, 6, 7)
• Words as pronounceable entities (‘word forms’) versus more abstract entities (sets of
word forms) (Chapters 3, 4, 5)
• Inflectionally related word forms (forms of the same ‘word’) versus derivationally
related words (different ‘words’ with a shared base) (Chapters 4, 5)
• The distinction between compound words and phrases (Chapters 6, 7)
• The relationship between the internal structure of a word and its meaning (Chapter 7)
• Productive versus unproductive word-forming processes (Chapter 8)
• Historical reasons for some of the contemporary divisions within English morphology,
especially Germanic versus Romance wordformation processes (Chapter 9).
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2 Words, sentences and dictionaries
When a baby begins to speak, the way the excited mother reports what has
happened is: their baby has said her (or his) first word!’ We would be surprised at a
mother who described little their baby first utterance as a sentence. Sentences come later,
we are inclined to feel, when words are strung together meaningfully. That is not to say
that a sentence must always consist of more than one word. One-word commands such as
‘Go!’ or ‘Sit!’, although they crop up relatively seldom in everyday conversation or
reading, are not in any way odd or un-English. Nevertheless, learning to talk in early
childhood seems to be a matter of putting words together, not of taking sentences apart.
There is a clear sense, then, in which words seem to be the buildingblocks of
language. Even as adults, there are quite a few circumstances in which we use single
words outside the context of any actual or reconstructable sentence. Here are some
examples:
• Warning shouts, such as ‘Fire!’
• Conventional commands, such as ‘Lights!’, Camera!’, ‘Action!’
• Items on shopping lists, such as ‘carrots’, ‘cheese’, ‘eggs’.
The type–token distinction is relevant to the notion ‘word’ in this way. Sentences
(spoken or written) may be said to be composed of wordtokens, but it is clearly not word-
tokens that are listed in dictionaries. It would be absurd to suggest that each occurrence of
the word next in (1) merits a separate dictionary entry. Words as listed in dictionaries
entries are, at one level, types, not tokens – even though, at another level, one may talk of
distinct tokens of the same dictionary entry, inasmuch as the entry for month in one copy
of the Concise Oxford Dictionary is a different token from the entry for month in another
copy.
B. Words with predictable meanings
There are some words whose sound seems to reflect their meaning fairly directly.
These include so-called onomatopoeic words, such as words for animal cries: bow-wow,
5
miaow, cheep, cock-a-doodle-doo. But even here convention plays a large part. sound
symbolism is sets of words in which some similarity in sound (say, in the cluster of
consonants at the beginning) seems to reflect a vague similarity in meaning, such as
smoothness or wetness or both in the set of words slip, slop, slurp, slide, slither, sleek,
slick, slaver, slug.
Any words that are composed of independently identifiable parts, where the
meaning of the parts is sufficient to determine the meaning of the whole word. Here is an
example. Most readers of this book have probably never encountered the word dioecious
(also spelled diecious), a botanical term meaning ‘having male and female flowers on
separate plants’. (It contrasts with monoecious, meaning ‘having male and female flowers,
or unisexual flowers, on the same plant’.) sound symbolism is sets of words in which
some similarity in sound (say, in the cluster of consonants at the beginning) seems to
reflect a vague similarity in meaning, such as smoothness or wetness or both in the set of
words slip, slop, slurp, slide, slither, sleek, slick, slaver, slug.
C. Non-words with unpredictable meanings
Non-word with unpredictable meaning divided int three types that are idiom
collocation and proverb. for example of idiom, red herring is an idiom meaning ‘irrelevant
argument’, so that and mean the same thing. Other noun-like idioms are white elephant
‘unwanted object’, dark horse ‘competitor whose strength is unknown’, Aunt Sally ‘target
of mockery’. Collocation white wine
• White coffee
• White noise
• White man
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7
3 A word and its parts: roots, affixes and their shapes
Morphemes are smaller parts of words. (The area of grammar concerned with the
structure of words and with relationships between words involving the morphemes that
compose them is technically called morphology, from the Greek word morphe ‘form, shape’;
and morphemes can be thought of as the minimal units of morphology.) morphemes can
devide into two kinds, namely free morpheme and bound morpheme.
- Free morphemes is morphemes that can stand on their own.
e.g. : read, hear, large, perform, white and dark
- Bound morpheme is morphemes that can’t stand on their own
e.g. : less, leg, ify, ity
A name commonly given to such bound morphemes is cranberry morpheme. For example
strawberry, blackberry and blueberry.
Kinds of morpheme: root, affix, combining form
1. Root
Root is the basic words which can stand alone without affixes .Example : read,
perform ,brain .
2. Affix
Affix is term form prefixes and suffixes . broadly speaking, for all morphemes
that are not roots . Prefixes is non-morphemes that precede the root.
Example : enlarge = En – large En = prefix Large = root
Suffixes is non-root morpheme which follow the root or placed after the root.
Example : performance Perform = rootMance = suffix
3. Combining form
Combining form is combination of two roots or more to make new words .
Example: Photo+graphy = photo graphy
Micro + film = microfilm
In linguistics, an allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme, that is, when a unit of
meaning varies in sound without changing the meaning. Allomorphs is in English, -ed marks
the past tense, but it doesn’t always have the same pronounciation. Speakers pronounce it as
[t] in helped but [d] in cubed. Past-tense [t] and [d] are simply two allomorphs of the same
morpheme /d/.
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(mainly verbs and words related to them) form a complex network, with what looks like a
prefix–root structure (the root being usually bound), but without any clear consistent meaning
being ascribable to either the prefix or the root. Here is just a small part of that network:
refer prefer confer defer transfer infer
reduce conduce deduce induce
revoke convoke invoke
reserve preserve conserve deserve
relate collate translate
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4 A word and its forms: inflection
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happy happier happiest
long longer longest
pure purer purest
untidy untidier untidiest
good better best
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5 A word and its relatives: derivation
12
-ment : announcement, commitment, development, engagement
-ing : painting, singing, building, ignoring
-((a)t)ion : denunciation, commission, organisation, confusion
-al : refusal, arrival, referral, committal
-er : painter, singer, organiser, grinder
D. Adjectives derived from adjectives
Un- , in-
eatable/uneatable
edible/inedible
readable/unreadable
egible/illegible
lawful/unlawful
legal/illegal
touchable/untouchable
tangible/intangible
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o Entangle, believe disentangle, disbelieve
Intransitive Transitive
LIE (past lay) LAY (past laid)
RISE (past rose) RAISE(past raised)
FALL(past fell) FELL (past felled)
SIT (past sat) SET (past set)
G. Verbs derived from members of other word classes
Nouns Verbs
Bath Bathe
Breath Breathe
House(...s) House(...z)
Wreath Wreathe
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6 Compound words, blends and phrasal words
A. Compound verbs
Verbs formed by compounding are much less usual than verbs derived by
affixation. Nevertheless, a variety of types exist which may be distinguished according
to their structure:
- verb–verb (VV): stir-fry, freeze-dry
- noun–verb (NV): hand-wash, air-condition, steam-clean
- adjective–verb (AV): dry-clean, whitewash
- preposition–verb (PV): underestimate, outrun, overcook
Compound adjectives On the analogy above, here are some examples of right-headed
compound adjectives:
- noun–adjective (NA): sky-high, coal-black, oil-rich
- adjective–adjective (AA): grey-green, squeaky-clean, red-hot
- preposition–adjective (PA): underfull, overactive
B. Compound Nouns
It is with nouns that compounding really comes into its own as a word forming
process in English. Example :
- verb–noun (VN): swearword, drophammer, playtime
- noun–noun (NN): hairnet, mosquito net, butterfly net, hair restorer
- adjective–noun (AN): blackboard, greenstone, faintheart
- preposition–noun (PN): in-group, outpost, overcoat
C. Headed and headless compounds
N-type compound nouns resemble secondary compounds in that the noun at the
right is interpreted as the object of the verb:
- Pickpocket
- Killjoy
- Cutpurse
Nouns consist of a verb and a preposition or adverb:
- Take-off
- Sell-out
- Wrap-up
- Sit-in
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Headless adjectives, there are quite a number consisting of a preposition and a
noun: overland, in-house, with-profits, offshore, downmarket, upscale, underweight,
over-budget.
The word class of these headless compounds is not determined by any element
inside them (that they have no internal ‘centre’, one might say) has led some
grammarians to call them exocentric – that is, having a ‘centre’ outside themselves,
figuratively speaking. According to this approach, headed compounds would be
regarded as having an internal ‘centre’; and, sure enough, they are sometimes called
endocentric.
D. Blends and acronyms
A kind of compound where at least one component is reproduced only partially.
These are known as blends. A straightforward example is smog, blended from smoke
and fog; a more elaborate one is chortle (first used by Lewis Carroll in Through the
Looking Glass), blended from chuckle and snort.
Blends made up of initial letters are known as acronyms, of which well-known
examples are NATO (for North Atlantic Treaty Organisation), ANZAC (for Australian
and New Zealand Army Corps), RAM (for random access memory), SCSI
(pronounced scuzzy, from small computer systems interface), and AIDS (from
acquired immune deficiency syndrome).
E. Compounds containing bound combining forms
The vocabulary of English, especially in scientific and technical areas, includes
a huge repertoire of compounds that are made up of bound roots, known as combining
forms. Example, anthropology, sociology, cardiogram, electrocardiogram, retrograde,
retrospect, plantigrade.
F. Phrasal words
An example of a phrasal word is the noun jack-in-the-box. Structurally this has
the appearance of a noun phrase in which the head noun, jack, is modified by a
prepositional phrase, in the box, exactly parallel to the phrases people in the street or
(a) book on the shelf.
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7 A word and its structure
Many derived words contain more than one affix. Examples are unhelpfulness
and helplessness. Successive processes of affixation (with N, V and A standing for
noun, verb and adjective respectively): (1) help N + -ful → helpfulA un- + helpful →
unhelpfulA unhelpful + -ness → unhelpfulness N (2) help N + -less → helplessA
helpless + -ness → helplessness N
B. More elaborate word forms: compounds within compounds
Compound is a word and that compounds contain words, it makes sense that,
in some compounds, one or both of the components should itself be a compound – and
(8), with its most natural interpretation, shows that this is indeed possible, at least with
compound nouns. For example is window oven cleaner. Window oven cleaner is not
naturally interpreted to mean something that cleans both windows and ovens; rather, it
means something that cleans window ovens (that is, ovens that have a see-through
panel in the door). However these examples are to be analysed structurally, their
existence seems to show that, in derivation and compounding as well as in inflection,
semantic pressures can sometimes enforce the existence of an expression with a
certain meaning, and the expression chosen for that meaning need not be structurally
ideal. The language’s acceptance of this expression, nevertheless, shows that, although
word-structure guides interpretation, it does not dictate it.
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8 Productivity
A. Kinds of productivity
C. Semantic blocking
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Let us define semantic blocking as the phenomenon whereby the existence of a
word (whether simple or derived) with a particular meaning inhibits the morphological
derivation, even by formally regular means, of another word with precisely that meaning.
For a nice illustration of the operation of semantic blocking, consider the nouns
corresponding to the adjectives curious and glorious. The suffix -ous yields a formally
regular base for the suffixation of -ity, so we might expect the corresponding nouns to be
curiosity and ‘gloriosity’. In fact, curiosity is in regular use but ‘gloriosity’ is not. The
reason is that ‘gloriosity’ is blocked semantically by the noun glory, which (so to speak)
pre-empts the relevant meaning. On the other hand, there is no noun such as ‘cury’ that
might block the derivation of curiosity from curious.
D. Productivity in compounding
The semantic irregularity of primary compounds does not entail any formal
irregularity, however. In fact, any two nouns whatever can be juxtaposed in English to
produce a formally acceptable root compound. For example, bóat moon and brídge cloud,
with stress on the first element as indicated, are possible English nouns even though
neither has ever been used (so far as I know) and it is not clear what either of them would
mean except in the vaguest terms (‘moon associated somehow with boats’ and ‘cloud
associated somehow with bridges’).
E. Measuring productivity: the significance of neologisms
A process to be productive, in one sense, it should be a process that can be used to
form brand new lexemes, or neologisms. Such studies shed interesting new light on the
relationship between the familar pair -ity and -ness. In the Cobuild corpus of about
eighteen million English word-tokens (based at Birmingham University and used by the
dictionary publisher Collins), the number of word-types exhibiting -ity (roughly 400) is
not greatly less than the number exhibiting -ness (roughly 500).
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9 The historical sources of English word formation
20
datum data
Hebrew cherub cherubim
kibbutz kibbutzim
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10 Conclusion: words in English and in languages generally
In this chapter explain the previous material from chapter 1-9. Give the conclusion about
all of the chapter that we learn in morphology book.
A. A puzzle : disentangling lexemes, word forms and lexical, in this unit explain about
chapter I.
B. Lexeme and lexical items : possible reasons for their overlap in English.
This unit explain the relationship between lexemes and lexical items. e.g. : sang, sung
C. Lexemes and lexical items : the situation outside English
This unit give the example of words/language that not from English but other kind like
Vietnamese and French.
Example : English French
Teacup Tasse a the (cup to tea)
Tablewin Vin de table (wine of table)
D. Lexemes and word forms : the situation outside English
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MINI DICTIONARY AND PUZZLE
Theme : Social
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Aristocracynoun /ær.ɪˈstɒk.rə.si/ /ˌer.ə two languages equally well
ˈstɑː.krə.si/:a class of people who hold high social
rank
24
same family and have the same name North America, South America).
classnoun /klɑːs/ /klæs/: contributionnoun /ˌkɑːn.trɪ
a group of people within society who have the ˈbjuː.ʃən/:something that you contribute or do
same economic and social position to help produce or achieve something
together with other people, or to help make
something successful
25
depression/dəˈpreSH(ə)n/:noun feelings of destruction or damage.
severe despondency and dejection. developmentnoun /dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/:the proce
despair/dəˈsper/:Noun the complete loss or ss in which someone or
absence of hope. something grows or changes and becomes mo
detente/dāˈtänt/:nounthe easing of hostility or re advanced
strained relations, especially between countries. drastic/ˈdrastik/:adjlikely to have a strong or
descendant/dəˈsendənt/:nouna person, plant, or far-reaching effect; radical and extreme.
animal that is descended from a particular duty/ˈd(y)ooodē/:Noun a moral or legal
ancestor obligation; a responsibility.
26
scientific research, or war friends
epidemic/ˌepəˈdemik/:nouna widespread Failure /ˈfeɪljə/ : when someone or something
occurrence of an infectious disease in a does not succeed
community at a particular time Familiar community /fəˈmɪliə kəˈmjuːnɪti/ : a
epoch/ˈepək/:nouna period of time in history or group of people living in the same place, well
a person's life, typically one marked by notable known from long or close association.
events or particular characteristics. Factors /ˈfæktəz/ : a fact or situation which
era/ˈirə,ˈerə/:nouna long and distinct period of influences the result of something
history with a particular feature or characteristic. Features /ˈfiːʧəz/ : a typical quality or an
important part of something
Female /ˈfiːmeɪl/ : belonging or relating to Government /ˈgʌvnmənt/ : the group of people
women, or the sex that can give birth to young or who officially control a country
produce eggs Guy /gaɪ/ : A man
Findings /ˈfaɪndɪŋz/ : a piece of information that Guideline /ˈgaɪdlaɪn/ : information intended to
is discovered during an official examination of a advise people on how something should be
problem, situation or object done or what something should be
Fire pit /ˈfaɪə pɪt/ : a pit dug into the ground or Graduate / ˈgrædjʊət / : a person who has a
encased in a surrounding structure (as of first degree from a university or college
masonry or steel) in which a fire is kept burning Generation /ʤɛnəˈreɪʃən/ : all the people of
for cooking, warmth, etc. about the same age within a society or within a
Formations /fɔːˈmeɪʃənz/ : the way something is particular family
naturally made or the way it has been arranged Glamorous /ˈglæmərəs/ : attractive in an
Founds /faʊndz/ : to bring something into exciting and special way
existence General /ˈʤɛnərəl/ : involving or relating to
most or all people, things or places, especially
G
when these are considered as a unit
Gossip /ˈgɒsɪp/ : (a) conversation or reports
about other people's private lives which might
H
be unkind, disapproving or not true Habit /ˈhæbɪt/ : something which you do often
Gentleman’s agreement /ˈʤɛntlmənz ə and regularly, sometimes without knowing that
ˈgriːmənt/ : an agreement which is based on you are doing it
trust and is not written down Honeymoon /ˈhʌnimuːn/ : a holiday taken by a
Go between /gəʊ bɪˈtwiːn/ : someone who takes man and a woman immediately after their
messages between people who are unable or marriage
unwilling to meet Happiness /ˈhæpɪnɪs/ : the feeling of being
27
Gains /geɪnz/ : to get something that is useful, happy
that gives you an advantage, or that is in some Have the grace /hæv ðə greɪs/ : to be
way positive, especially over a period of time so aware of what is proper as (to do something)
Gender /ˈʤɛndə/ : the physical and/or social Household /ˈhaʊshəʊld/ : a group of people,
condition of being male or female often a family, who live together
Genealogy /ˌʤiːnɪˈæləʤi/ : (the study of) the Heritage /ˈhɛrɪtɪʤ/ : features belonging to the
history of the past and present members of a culture of a particular society, such as
family traditions, languages or buildings, which still
Grid /grɪd/ : a pattern or structure made from exist from the past and which have a historical
horizontal and vertical lines crossing each other importance
Historical /hɪsˈtɒrɪkəl/ : connected with the Interest /ˈɪntrɪst/ : the feeling of wanting to give
study or representation of things from the your attention to something or of wanting to be
past involved with and to discover more about
Holes /həʊlz/ : a mistake or problem in the something
reasoning of an argument, discussion, plan, Interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃən/ : an explanation
etc or opinion of what something means
Hours /ˈaʊəz/ : a period of 60 minutes Isolation /aɪsəʊˈleɪʃən/ : the condition of being
Hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/ : an idea or alone, especially when this makes you feel
explanation for something that is based on unhappy
known facts but has not yet been proved Isolated /ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd/ : feeling unhappy because of
Honorable /ˈɒnərəbl/ : honest and fair, or not seeing or talking to other people
deserving praise and respect Insecure /ɪnsɪˈkjʊə/ : Insecure people have little
Homely /ˈhəʊmli/ : plain or ordinary, but confidence and are uncertain about their own
pleasant abilities and about whether other people really
Hospitable /ˈhɒspɪtəbl/ : friendly and like them
welcoming to guests and visitors
J
Homely /ˈhəʊmli/ : (of a person) unattractive
in appearance. Juvenile /ˈʤuːvɪnaɪl/ : formal or ilegal relating to
Harmonious /hɑːˈməʊniəs/ : friendly and a young person who is not yet old enough to be
28
Influence /ˈɪnflʊəns/ : the power to have an possible.
effect on people or things, or a person or thing Justice /ˈʤʌstɪs/ : the system of laws in a country
that is able to do this which judges and punishes people
Illustrate /ˈɪləstreɪt/ : to show the meaning or Jobless /ˈʤɒblɪs/ : unemployed
truth of something more clearly, especially by Joined /ʤɔɪnd/ : Link;connect
giving examples Judgmental /ʤʌʤˈmɛnt(ə)l/ : too quick to
Illustration /ɪləsˈtreɪʃən/ : an example that criticize people
explains or proves something Jurisdictional /ʤʊərɪsˈdɪkʃən(ə)l/ : the authority
Implementation /ɪmplɪmɛnˈteɪʃən/ : of an official organization to make and deal with
implementation of the law/agreement especially legal decisions
Indicate /ˈɪndɪkeɪt/ : to show, point or make
clear in another way
29
west around Earth. Loess /ˈloʊ.es/: a fine, yellow soil that is easily
Latin /ˈlæt .ɪn/: the language used by ancient carried by wind and rain, found in China.
Romans and as the language of educated Lookalike audience /ˈlʊk.ə.laɪkˈɑː.di.əns/: In
people in many European countries in the digital advertising, a group of users who are
past. similar to people who already interact with your
legend /ˈledʒ.ənd/: a very old story or set of business online.
stories from ancient times, or the stories, not Longitude /ˈlɑːn.dʒə.tuːd/: distance east or west
always true, that people tell about a famous of the prime meridian measured by a set of
event or person. imaginary lines, or meridians, that run north and
Levee /ˈlev.i/: a wall built along a river bank south from Earth's poles.
tok prevent flooding.
Levy /ˈlev.i/: an amount of money, such as a
tax, that you have to pay to a government or
organization.
Lower /ˈloʊ.ɚ/: the northern part of ancient person through media, speech, gestures, and
Egypt. other forms of communication.
Lurker /ˈlɝː.k.ɚ/: a social media user that Mention /ˈmen.ʃən/: the act of tagging
observes conversations but doesn’t participate
another user’s handle or account name in a
M social media message.
Messenger /ˈmes.ɪn.dʒɚ/: computer
Macedonia /ˌmæs.əˈdoʊ.ni.ə/: an ancient
programmes that mimic conversation with
kingdom ruled by Alexander the Great that
people using artificial intelligence.
conquered Greece and the Persian empire
Messiah /məˈsaɪ.ə/: a special leader the
in the 300s B.C.
Jewish people believe will be sent by God to
Machine Learning /məˌʃiːn ˈlɜ˞ː.nɪŋ/: An
guide them and set up God's rule on Earth;
algorithm that allows software to become
Christians believe Jesus to be the Messiah.
more accurate in predicting outcomes
Metric /ˈmet.rɪk/: a social media metric is a
without being explicitly programmed to do
statistic that measures the performance of
so.
your posts, ads, or overall account.
Mandate /ˈmæn.deɪt/: the that the
Microblogging / ˈMaɪ.kroʊˌblɑː.ɡɪŋ /:
Chinese emperor's right to rule came from
Publishing smaller, more frequent quantities
the gods.
of content to platforms such as Twitter or
Marketing automation /ˈmɑːr.kɪ.tɪŋˌⱭː.tə
30
ˈmeɪ.ʃ ə n /: A combination of tactics and Tumblr.
technology platforms that enable Middle /ˈmɪd.əl/: in Buddhism, a way of life,
automatic delivery of personalized content neither too strict nor too easy, that results
to prospects and customers through a from following the Eightfold Path
variety of online channels. Migrate /ˈmaɪ.ɡreɪt/: to move from one
Map /mæp/: a list of map symbols that place to another to live, especially a large
tells what each symbol stands for group of people
Meme /miːm/: An idea, fashion, or
behavior that is transmitted from person
to
Millet /ˈmɪl.ɪt/: a type of grain that grows Neolithic /ˌniː.oʊˈlɪθ.ɪk/: the period of
in long spikes and has a strong flavor; it is human prehistory that lasted from 12,000
a major food grain in Africa and Asia years ago to about 6,000 years ago, during
Monarchy /ˈmɑː.nɚ.ki/: a government which people still depended mainly on stone
ruled by a king or queen tools and began experimenting with
Monk /mʌŋk/: a man who devotes his life agriculture.
to a religious group, often giving up all he Newsfeed /ˈnuːz.fiːd/: a list of news posted
owns on a particular platform.
Monotheism /ˌmɑː.noʊˈθiː.ɪ.zəm/: a belief New Testament / ˌNuː ˈtes.tə.mənt /: the
in one God second part of the Christian Bibl, containing
Mosey /ˈmoʊ.zi/: a prophet who led the descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus
Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and of his early followers.
Mosque /mɑːsk/: a Muslim place of Nil /nɪl/: the world's longest river, which
worship. flows northward through East Africa into the
Mute /mjuːt/: A Twitter feature that Mediterranean Sea.
allows you to edit users out of your feed Noble /ˈnoʊ.bəl/: member of a ruling family
without them knowing. or one of high rank.
Normalization / ˈNɔːr.məlzeʃ ə n/: in a
N
preservation context, normalization refers to
Native /ˈneɪ.tɪv/: disguised as content,
a preservation strategy that involves the
native advertising is a technique which
imposition of standard formats and rules to
31
incorporates tactics including in-feed create preservable file formats.
sponsored content. North China Plain /nɔːrθ/: a large, lowland
Nazi / ˈNɑːt.si /: a member of the National region of eastern China that is watered by the
Socialist (German Workers') Party, led by Huang River; the "birthplace" of Chinese
Adolf Hitler, which controlled Germany civilization.
from 1933 to 1945. Notification /ˌnoʊ.tə.fəˈkeɪ.ʃən/: a message
or update sharing new social media activity.
Nubile /ˈnuː.baɪl/: A nubile woman is young Pain = /ˈpædʒ.ənt/ a competition for young
and sexually attractive. women in which they are judged on their
beauty and other qualities
O
Pamphlet = /ˈpæm.flət/ a thin book with
Oasis /oʊˈeɪ.sɪs/: a fertile area in a desert
only a few pages that gives information or
that is watered by a spring.
an opinion about something
Ocean /ˈoʊ.ʃən/: a large body of salt water;
Panic = /ˈpæn.ɪk/ a sudden strong feeling of
oceans cover much of Earth's surface.
fear that prevents reasonable thought and
Oceanic /ˌoʊ.ʃiˈæn.ɪk/: relating to oceans.
action
Oligarchy /ˈɑː.lɪ.ɡɑːr.ki/: a type of
Patience = /ˈpeɪ.ʃəns/ the ability to wait, or
government in which a small group of
to continue doing something despite
citizens control decision-making.
difficulties, or to suffer without complaining
Oracle bone /ˈɔːr.ə.kəl/: in ancient China, a
or becoming annoyed
cattle or sheep bone used to predict the
Peace = /piːs/ freedom from war and
future.
violence, especially when people live and
Oral tradition /ˌɔːr.əl trəˈdɪʃ.ən/: the
work together happily without
passing on of history, beliefs, or customs by
disagreements
word of mouth.
Pejorative = /pɪˈdʒɔːr.ə.ttɪv/ expressing
P disapproval, or suggesting that something is
not good or is of no importance
Pacify = /ˈpæs.ə.faɪ/ to cause someone who
Petit bourgeois = /pəˌtiː bʊrˈʒwɑː/
is angry or upset to be calm and satisfied
belonging to the lower middle social class,
Pact = /pækt/ a formal agreement between
or having the characteristics that are
two people or groups of people
32
Pageant = /ˈpædʒ.ənt/ a competition for considered typical of this class, such as
young women in which they are judged on thinking money and possessions are more
their beauty and other qualities important than other things, and not
trusting new or different ideas
33
Readjustment= /ˌriː.əˈdʒʌst.mənt/ the
S
process of changing in order to fit a
Safety = /ˈseɪf.ti/ a state in which or a place
different situation, or the act of changing
where you are safe and not in danger or at
something slightly in order to improve it
risk
Realize = /ˈriː.ə.laɪz/ to understand a
Sadness = /ˈsæd.nəs/ the feeling of being
situation, sometimes suddenly
unhappy, especially because something bad
Reassure = /-ˈʃʊr/ to comfort someone and
has happened
stop them from worrying
Sagacious = /səˈɡeɪ.ʃəs/ having or showing
Relation = /rɪˈleɪ.ʃən/ the way in which two
understanding and the ability to make good
people or groups of people feel and behave
judgments
towards each other
Scandal = /ˈskæn.dəl/ (an action or event
Remember = /rɪˈmem.bɚ/ to be able to
that causes) a public feeling of shock and
bring back a piece of information into your
strong moral disapproval
mind, or to keep a piece of information in
Scorn = /skɔːrn/ a very strong feeling of no
your memory
respect for someone or something that you
Responsible = /rɪˈspɑːn.sə.bəl/ to have
think is stupid or has no value
control and authority over something or
Scum = /skʌm/ a layer of unpleasant or
someone and the duty of taking care of it,
unwanted material that has formed on the
him, or her
top of a liquid
Reputation = /ˌrep.jəˈteɪ.ʃən/ the opinion
Shy = /ʃaɪ/ nervous and uncomfortable with
that people in general have about someone
other people
or something, or how much respect or
Socialite = /ˈsoʊ.ʃə.laɪt/ someone, usually of
admiration someone or something receives,
high social class, who is famous for going to
based on past behaviour or character
a lot of parties and social events
Ritual = /ˈrɪtʃ.u.əl/ a set of fixed actions and
Socialize = /ˈsoʊ.ʃə.laɪz/ to spend time when
sometimes words performed regularly,
you are not working with friends or with
especially as part of a ceremony
other people in order to enjoy yourself.
34
way, making decisions about how to do you are pleased about or are grateful for
things and sharing the work that needs to something that they have done
be done. All the people in a country, or in Thanksgiving = /ˌθæŋksˈɡɪv.ɪŋ/ the act of
several similar countries, can be referred to saying or showing that you are grateful,
as a society especially to God
Success = /səkˈses/ the achieving of the Tradition = /trəˈdɪʃ.ən/ a belief, principle, or
results wanted or hoped for way of acting that people in a particular
Suggestion = /səˈdʒes.tʃən/ an idea, plan, or society or group have continued to follow
action that is suggested or the act of for a long time, or all of these beliefs, etc. in
suggesting it a particular society or group
Survive = /sɚˈvaɪv/ to continue to live or Treasure = /ˈtreʒ.ɚ/ very valuable things,
exist, especially after coming close to dying usually in the form of a store of precious
or being destroyed or after being in a metals, precious stones, or money
difficult or threatening situation Tolerance = /ˈtɑː.lɚ.əns/ willingness to
accept behaviour and beliefs that are
T
different from your own, although you
Tact = /tækt/the ability to say or do the
might not agree with or approve of them
right thing without making anyone unhappy
Touch = /tʌtʃ/ to put your hand or another
or angry
part of your body lightly onto and off
Talk = /tɑːk/ to say words aloud; to speak to
something or someone
someone
Talkative = /ˈtɑː.kə.ttɪv/ talking a lot
U
Teenager = /ˈtiːnˌeɪ.dʒɚ/ a young person Universal [ /ˌjuː.nəˈvɝː.səl/ ] ; applicable to
between 13 and 19 years old or common to all members of a group or
set.
35
meaning. Untoward [ /ˌʌn.æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/] ; not in
Uncommunicative [ /ˌʌn.kə keeping with accepted standards of what is
ˈmjuː.nə.kə.ttɪv/] ; not inclined to talk or give proper.
information or express opinions. Unresponsive [/ˌʌn.rɪˈspɑːn.sɪv/ ] ; not
Unconscious [ /ʌnˈkɑːn.ʃəs/ ] ; lacking reacting to some influence or stimulus.
awareness and the capacity for sensory Urban [ /ˈɝː.bən/] ; located in or
perception. characteristic of a city or city life.
Undulate [ /ˈʌn.djʊ.leɪt/ ] ; move in a wavy Utopian [ /juːˈtoʊ.pi.ən/] ; characterized by
pattern or with a rising and falling motion. or aspiring to impracticable perfection.
Unfettered [ /ʌnˈfett.ɚd/ ] ; not bound or Upshot [ /ˈʌp.ʃɑːt/] ; a phenomenon that is
restrained, as by shackles and chains. caused by some previous phenomenon.
Unity [ /ˈjuː.nə.tti/ ] ; an undivided or Unseemly [ /ʌnˈsiːm.li/] ; not in keeping
unbroken completeness with nothing with accepted standards of what is proper.
wanting. Unremitting [/ˌʌn.rɪˈmɪtt.ɪŋ/ ] ; uninterrupted
Unconscionable [/ʌnˈkɑːn.ʃən.ə.bəl/ ] ; in time and indefinitely long continuing.
greatly exceeding bounds of reason or
V
moderation.
Validate[ /ˈvæl.ə.deɪt/] ; show or confirm
Unappreciated [ /ˌʌn.əˈpriː.ʃi.ə.tt] ; having
the effectiveness or worthiness of
value that is not acknowledged.
something.
36
amount or extent or scope. Venerate[ /ˈven.ɚ.eɪt/] ;regard with feelings
Vault[/vɑːlt/ ] ; a strongroom or of respect and reverence.
compartment for safekeeping of valuables. Verdant[ /ˈvɝː.dənt/] ; characterized by
Veer[ /vɪr/] ; turn sharply; change direction abundance of vegetation and green foliage.
abruptly.
W
Vagary[/ˈveɪ.ɡɚ.i/] ; an unexpected and
Withdrawal[ /wɪðˈdrɑː.əl/] ; the act of
inexplicable change in something.
ceasing to participate in an activity. Witless[
Vagrant[ /ˈveɪ.ɡrənt/] ; a wanderer with no
] ; lacking sense or understanding or
established residence or means of support.
judgment.
Vainglorious[ /ˈveɪ.ɡrənt/] ; feeling self-
Worldly [ /ˈwɝːld.li/ ] ; characteristic of
importance.
secularity rather than spirituality.
Valedictory[ /ˌvæl.əˈdɪk.tɚ.i/] ; of or relating
Writ[ /rɪt/] ; a legal document issued by a
to an occasion or expression of farewell.
court or judicial officer.
38
MY OWN WORD
Word Combination Meaning
Menfess mention + confess A message delivered by a Twitter fanbase
account without informing the author's identity.
Potdog Potato + hotdog Sausage (usually hot dog) stabbed food covered
with flour dough with potatoes and deep fried.
Musball Muscle + meatball Meatball that made from muscle
39
RESERACH ARTICLE RESUME
ARTICLE 1
Title of Article : The Common Core, English Learners, and Morphology 101:
Unpacking LS.4 for ELLs
Author(s) : Pamela J. Hickey and Tarie Lewis
Publication : Journal Articles; Reports - Descriptive
Year : 2013
Background 1. This research talking about morphological development
1. What was the context of across grade levels, a focus that holds particular advantages
for this research? and issues for second language learners.
2. What has been studied 2. This research identify the issues around the development of
or determined already? morphological awareness in English for second language
learners, and share effective instructional practices and
resources for appropriately supporting the morphological
development of bilingual students.
Methods & Nature of this 1. The objective of this research is to identify the issues around
Study the development of morphological awareness in English for
1. What was the objective? second language learners and share effective instructional
2. How did the author(s)
practices and resources for appropriately supporting the
collect data?
morphological development of bilingual students.
3. When and where did the
2. The author collected the data through books and online
research take place?
resources like article and journal
3. This research is done in United State
Results 1. The researcher found that students who speak a Romance
1. What highlights language can have an advantage and serve as a resource to
emerged? their peers regarding morphemes with Latin word elements.
2. Were there any
Students who speak other Indo-European languages will also
surprises?
likely share a number of cognates with English.
40
learn overall? and its importance in reading comprehension, especially for
English learners, it is vital that we provide systematic and
explicit morphological instruction for our students. In order to
implement such instruction effectively, teachers need to have a
strong understanding of morphology, of morphological
processes in English, and the issues around supporting English
morphological development for language learners.
Next Steps For further researchers may be able to research effective
What is implied or literacy instruction for English learners or unpack the specific
proposed for future study? resources and challenges that bilingual students bring to the
classroom.
Significance Because this article identifies the issues around the
Why does this research development of morphological awareness in English for second
matter? language learners, and give effective instructional practices and
resources for appropriately supporting the morphological
development of bilingual students that useful for English
teacher.
My Thoughts & Questions 1. In my opinion learning morphology is important for English
learners. This is to facilitate them in understanding English.
Learning morphology is very good to learn as a child because
it can help them determine or clarify the meaning of
unknown words and phrases and have many meanings by
using context clues, analyzing parts of meaningful words.
2. What is the best strategy to teach morphology to young
learners?
41
EVALUATION FROM MATE
42