Exam

Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 9.1

Using Figure 9.1, match the following:

1) Connective tissue sheath surrounding individual muscle fibers. 1)

2) Bundle of muscle cells surrounded by a perimysium. 2)

3) Connective tissue covering the exterior of a muscle organ. 3)

4) Connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber bundles. 4)

5) Individual muscle fiber. 5)

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Figure 9.2

Using Figure 9.2, match the following:

6) I band. 6)

7) H zone. 7)

8) A band. 8)

9) Z disc. 9)

10) M line. 10)

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MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:

11) Depend on oxygen delivery and A) Fast (glycolytic), fatigable fibers

11)
aerobic mechanisms.
B) Fast (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
12) Have very fast-acting myosin
12)
ATPases and depend upon aerobic C) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
metabolism during contraction.

13) Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber

13)
types.

14) Contain abundant amounts of

14)
glycogen.

15) Abundant in muscles used to

15)
maintain posture.

16) A relatively high percentage are found

16)
in successful marathon runners.

Match the following:

17) When muscle tension develops but the A) Multiple motor unit summation
17)
load is not moved.
B) Muscle tone
18) Determined by alternating motor
18)
units of a muscle organ even when the C) Isometric contraction
muscle is at rest.
D) Isotonic contraction
19) Continued sustained smooth
19)
contraction due to rapid stimulation.
E) Tetanus

20) When the muscle tension developed

20)
overcomes the load and muscle
shortening occurs.

21) How a smooth increase in muscle

21)
force is produced.

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Match the following:

22) A sarcomere is the distance between A) A band

22)
two ________.
B) Myosin
23) The ________ contains only the actin
23)
filaments. C) Z discs

24) The thicker filaments are the ________ D) I band 24)

filaments.

25) Both actin and myosin are found in

25)
the ________.

26) The myosin filaments are located in

26)
the ________.

Match the following:

27) The final chemical messenger and A) Sodium ions

27)
"trigger" for muscle contraction. It
binds to troponin. B) Acetylcholine

28) A neurotransmitter released at motor C) Calcium ions 28)

end plates by the axon terminals.
D) Neuromuscular junction
29) It diffuses across the cell membrane
29)
resulting in depolarization.
E) Acetylcholinesterase

30) Activates synaptic vesicles in axon

30)
terminals to fuse with plasma
membrane of axon terminal.

31) Where the axon of a motor neuron

31)
connects with the muscle fibers.

32) Breaks down ACh into its building

32)
blocks, rendering it inactive.

Match the sport to the energy system primarily used to perform the activity:

33) Marathons. A) Direct phosphorylation

33)

34) 25-meter swim. B) Aerobic pathway

34)

35) Weight lifting. C) Anaerobic pathway

35)

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TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

36) Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract. 36)

37) The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that bears active sites for myosin 37)
attachment.

38) The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment. 38)

39) A skeletal muscle contracts with varying force and length of time in response to the body's needs 39)
at the time.

40) A motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end plate. 40)

41) Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle. 41)

42) A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric 42)
contraction.

43) Muscle cells store more creatine phosphate than ATP resulting in the muscle having a reserve 43)
source of energy.

44) During isometric contraction, the energy used appears as movement. 44)

45) One of the functions of skeletal muscle contraction is production of heat. 45)

46) An increase in the calcium ion level in the sarcoplasm starts the sliding of the thin filaments. When 46)
the level of calcium ions declines, sliding stops.

47) Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are 47)
attached.

48) Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments. 48)

49) Muscle tone is the small amount of tautness or tension in the muscle due to weak, involuntary 49)
contractions of its motor units.

50) Cells of unitary smooth muscle are found in the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the 50)
intestine.

51) Excitability is the ability of a cell to receive and respond to stimulus by changing its membrane 51)
potential.

52) The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability 52)
properties temporarily.

53) When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A 53)
bands do not diminish in length.

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 54) Cardiac muscle has a limited regenerative capacity. 54)

55) Smooth muscles relax when intracellular Ca 2+ levels drop but may not cease contractions. 55)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

56) What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles? 56)

A) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the
actin molecules.
B) Tropomyosin is the chemical that activates the myosin heads.
C) Tropomyosin is the receptor for the motor neuron neurotransmitter.
D) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the actin binding sites on the
myosin molecules.

57) Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate? 57)
A) smooth B) cardiac
C) skeletal D) no muscle can regenerate

58) Most skeletal muscles contain ________. 58)

A) a predominance of slow oxidative fibers B) a mixture of fiber types
C) muscle fibers of the same type D) a predominance of fast oxidative fibers

59) The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ________. 59)
A) increasing stimulus above the treppe stimulus
B) increasing stimulus above the threshold
C) recruiting small and medium muscle fibers
D) increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus

60) Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength 60)
increases?
A) motor units with larger, less excitable neurons
B) many small motor units with the ability to stimulate other motor units
C) large motor units with small, highly excitable neurons
D) motor units with the longest muscle fibers

61) Which of the following is a factor that affects the velocity and duration of muscle contraction? 61)
A) muscle length B) number of muscle fibers stimulated
C) size of the muscle fibers stimulated D) load on the fiber

62) Myoglobin ________. 62)

A) stores oxygen in muscle cells
B) breaks down glycogen
C) produces the end plate potential
D) is a protein involved in the direct phosphorylation of ADP

63) What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage? 63)
A) sarcoplasmic reticulum B) myofibrillar network
C) intermediate filament network D) mitochondria

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64) What does excess postexercise oxygen consumption represent? 64)
A) the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and
the amount actually used
B) the amount of oxygen taken into the body immediately after the exertion
C) the amount of oxygen equal to the oxygen already used
D) amount of oxygen needed for aerobic activity to accomplish the same amount of work

65) Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period 65)
called the ________ period during which the neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis, diffuses
across the synaptic cleft, and binds to its receptors.
A) refractory B) latent C) contraction D) relaxation

66) Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________. 66)

A) storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
B) forming a chemical compound with actin
C) inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments
D) forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin

67) What is the primary function of wave summation? 67)

A) prevent muscle fatigue
B) prevent muscle relaxation
C) increase muscle tension
D) produce smooth, continuous muscle contraction

68) During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites? 68)
A) Z discs B) thick filaments
C) actin filaments D) myosin filaments

69) Which of the following surrounds an individual muscle cell? 69)

A) fascicle B) endomysium C) epimysium D) perimysium

70) Rigor mortis occurs because ________. 70)

A) sodium ions leak into the muscle causing continued contractions
B) no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules
C) the cells are dead
D) proteins are beginning to break down, thus preventing a flow of calcium ions

71) The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________. 71)

A) immunoglobin B) myoglobin C) ATP D) hemoglobin

72) The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________. 72)

A) T tubules B) microtubules C) mitochondria D) myofibrils

73) Sarcomeres are functional units of ________ muscle. 73)

A) smooth B) skeletal C) cardiac D) B and C only

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74) What is the functional role of the T tubules? 74)
A) enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction
B) hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle
C) synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction
D) stabilize the G and F actin

75) During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down 75)
pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________.
A) stearic acid B) a strong base
C) lactic acid D) hydrochloric acid

76) When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods? 76)
A) refractory period B) latent period
C) fatigue period D) relaxation period

77) In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________. 77)

A) changes in length and moves the "load"
B) does not change in length but increases tension
C) rapidly resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP
D) never converts pyruvate to lactate

78) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for muscle contractions? 78)
A) motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release
of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments
B) muscle cell action potential, neurotransmitter release, ATP-driven power stroke, calcium ion
release from SR, sliding of myofilaments
C) neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, motor neuron action potential, release
of calcium ions from SR, sliding of myofilaments, ATP-driven power stroke
D) neurotransmitter release, motor neuron action potential, muscle cell action potential, release
of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke

79) The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle in that ________. 79)
A) the site of calcium binding site differs
B) the trigger for contraction is a rise in intracellular calcium
C) actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism
D) ATP energizes the sliding process

80) Which of the following describes the cells of unitary smooth muscle? 80)
A) They are used for vision and hair raising.
B) They depend upon recruitment using the autonomic nervous system.
C) They consist of muscle fibers that are structurally independent of each other.
D) They exhibit spontaneous action potentials.

81) Which of the following is true about smooth muscle? 81)

A) Smooth muscle has well-developed T tubules at the site of invagination.
B) Smooth muscle, in contrast to skeletal muscle, cannot synthesize or secrete any connective
tissue elements.
C) Smooth muscle cannot stretch as much as skeletal muscle.
D) Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.

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82) Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT ________. 82)
A) it appears to lack troponin
B) there are more thick filaments than thin filaments
C) there are noncontractile intermediate filaments that attach to dense bodies within the cell
D) there are no sarcomeres

83) The ability of muscle to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated is known as ________, and 83)
sets muscle apart from other tissue types.
A) elasticity B) extensibility C) contractility D) excitability

84) Which of the following statements is true? 84)

A) Cardiac muscle cells have many nuclei.
B) Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart and large blood vessels.
C) Smooth muscle cells have T tubules.
D) Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.

85) An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus 85)
two pyruvic acid molecules is ________.
A) hydrolysis B) the electron transport chain
C) the citric acid cycle D) glycolysis

86) Muscle tone is ________. 86)

A) the condition of athletes after intensive training
B) a state of sustained partial contraction
C) the feeling of well-being following exercise
D) the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements

87) The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________. 87)

A) actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping
B) actin and myosin lengthening in order to slide past each other
C) the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past
D) the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments

88) After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to 88)
stimulate contraction?
A) the action potential stops going down the overloaded T tubules
B) acetylcholinesterase breaks apart the ACh
C) calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae
D) the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved

89) Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of a muscle twitch? 89)
A) latent, contraction, relaxation B) latent, relaxation, contraction
C) relaxation, contraction, latent D) contraction, relaxation, latent

90) What is the most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue? 90)

A) It is composed of multiple cells working together.
B) the ability to respond to nervous stimulation
C) the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy to move the body
D) its cells' inability to reproduce by mitosis

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91) Of the following muscle types, which has the longest muscle cells and has obvious stripes called 91)
striations?
A) multiunit smooth muscle B) visceral smooth muscle
C) cardiac muscle D) skeletal muscle

92) Hypothetically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no longer 92)
overlapped, ________.
A) ATP consumption would increase because the sarcomere is "trying" to contract
B) cross bridge attachment would be optimum because of all the free binding sites on actin
C) no muscle tension could be generated
D) maximum force production would result because the muscle has a maximum range of travel

93) What part of the sarcolemma contains acetylcholine receptors? 93)

A) part adjacent to another muscle cell B) end of the muscle fiber
C) motor end plate D) any part of the sarcolemma

94) Although all the anatomical parts of muscle work together to give it its characteristics, which of the 94)
following proteins listed below would be most associated with the characteristics of extensibility?
A) potassium (K+ ) leak channels
B) elastic (titin) filaments
C) thick (myosin) filaments
D) acetylcholine receptors in the motor end plate

95) Although all the anatomical parts of muscle work together to give it it's characteristics, which of 95)
the following proteins listed below would be most associated with the characteristics of
excitability?
A) actin of thin filaments
B) elastic (titin) filaments
C) the Na+ -K+ pump
D) acetylcholine receptors in the motor end plate

96) Although all the anatomical parts of muscle work together to give it it's characteristics, which of 96)
the following proteins listed below would be most associated with the characteristics of
contractility?
A) voltage gated sodium channels B) elastic (titin) filaments
+
C) potassium (K ) leak channels D) thick (myosin) filaments

97) Oxygen starved tissues can release chemical signals into the blood that can change the diameter of 97)
nearby blood vessels delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. In doing so, the blood vessels
will respond through vasodilation (widening of the vessel). Which muscle type is responsible for
this vasodilation?
A) cardiac muscle B) skeletal muscle C) striated muscle D) smooth muscle

98) Of the following items listed below, which is the best description for why skeletal muscle stores 98)
glycogen?
A) Glycogen provides a smooth surface for filaments to slide on.
B) Glycogen is part of muscles rigid supporting framework.
C) The glycogen is an insulating layer that helps regulate body temperature.
D) Skeletal muscle is a heavy consumer of energy.

10
 99) During development embryonic cells will fuse to form muscle fibers. This will result in ________. 99)
A) interlocking of cells that can prevent the filaments from sliding
B) the striations that appear in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues
C) the coordination of nerve signals to muscle fibers
D) multinucleated muscle fibers that can extend as long as 30 centimeters

100) Approximately 80% of a muscle fiber's volume are the myofibrils. This characteristic reflects 100)
muscles ability to ________.
A) produce movement through contractile force
B) produce relatively high amounts of ATP
C) generate and propagate action potential
D) store oxygen molecules that can be used in aerobic respiration

101) Troponin, a major protein in thin filaments, is a globular protein with three polypeptide subunits. 101)
Which of the following is NOT a function of the troponin?
A) One subunit binds to calcium ions.
B) One subunit binds to potassium ions.
C) One subunit attaches troponin to actin.
D) One subunit binds tropomyosin and helps position it on actin.

102) Curare is a poisonous plant extract. Curare molecules have a chemical structure like the 102)
neurotransmitter ACh. Curare can bind to the ACh receptor site on the chemically gated ion
channels in the motor end plate. Even though curare will bind to the receptor site it will not open
the ion channel and no ions will pass through. What do you think the symptoms of curare
poisoning would look like?
A) Curare will only affect muscles with ACh receptors, paralyzing them.
B) Curare will only affect cardiac muscle, causing fibrillations of the heart.
C) Smooth muscles will become stimulated causing quick movement of nutrients through the
digestive system.
D) Muscles will respond too quickly and cause a severe tremor.

103) Myasthenia gravis is a disease that is believed to be caused by autoimmune disorder, resulting in 103)
the loss of ACh receptors at the motor end plate of muscle fibers. Which of the following is likely
to be a symptom of myasthenia gravis?
A) coma and loss of voluntary muscle movement
B) seizures and uncontrollable muscle movement
C) dehydration with headache
D) weakness of muscle

104) Which of the following statements best illustrates the fact that skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle? 104)
A) Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by somatic motor neurons.
B) Skeletal muscle is wrapped in several layers of connective tissue. The deepest layer being the
endomysium.
C) The shivering reflex aids in maintaining body temperature.
D) Skeletal muscle appears striated due to the structure of the sarcomeres.

11
105) If a muscle fiber were to suddenly and permanently stop producing ATP the fiber would no longer 105)
be able to actively transport calcium out of the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) and the intracellular
calcium concentration would rise. Which of the following would you expect to happen?
A) The fiber would twitch uncontrollably due to excessive calcium bound to troponin.
B) Calcium would be transported to the sarcoplasmic reticulum therefore contractions would
cease.
C) Myosin would be able to bind to the exposed binding sites on thin filaments but it would not
be able to detach.
D) No change would occur in a muscle that was relaxed to begin with.

106) When a sarcomere contracts and thin filaments move over thick filaments you would expect to see 106)
________.
A) the I bands to appear smaller B) the H zone to appear wider
C) the A band to appear darker D) the I bands to appear wider

107) Addition of more myoglobin to a muscle fiber would have the largest effect on ________. 107)
A) fast oxidative and slow oxidative fibers B) fast oxidative fibers only
C) fast glycolytic fibers only D) fast glycolytic and fast oxidative fibers

108) Exhaustion of glycogen storage within a muscle fiber would have the biggest effect on ________. 108)
A) slow oxidative fibers B) fast glycolytic fibers
C) fast oxidative fibers D) both slow and fast oxidative fibers

109) Reduction in blood flow to a muscle fiber would have the greatest effect on ________. 109)
A) fast oxidative fibers B) both slow and fast oxidative
C) slow oxidative fibers D) fast glycolytic

110) A potential benefit of recruiting slow oxidative fibers for contraction before recruiting fast 110)
oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers might be ________.
A) because they are slower to respond, slow oxidative fibers must be stimulated first in order to
contract simultaneously with the faster fibers
B) recruiting slow oxidative fibers early helps to tire them out first so that they won't interfere
with the more powerful contractions of fast glycolytic fibers
C) to allow for fine control with delicate contractile force with a small stimulus
D) There is little to no benefit from recruiting slow oxidative fibers first, and therefore it is in fact
fast glycolytic fibers that will be recruited first.

111) Addition of more mitochondria to a muscle fiber will have the greatest effect on ________. 111)
A) slow oxidative fibers B) fast glycolytic fibers
C) fast oxidative fibers D) both slow and fast oxidative fibers

112) If given the exact same amount of ATP, which of the three fiber types would be able to contract for 112)
the longest amount of time?
A) fast oxidative fibers
B) fast glycolytic fibers
C) both fast glycolytic and fast oxidative fibers
D) slow oxidative fibers

12
 113) The 100-meter dash is a quick and short run requiring explosive speed. On completion of the dash, 113)
the runners will continue to breathe hard for several seconds to minutes even though they are no
longer running. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this is so?
A) The runners' fast oxidative muscles are so slow to utilize oxygen, they only begin aerobic
respiration by the time the run has finished.
B) Slow oxidative fibers are recruited last and have only started to work at completion of the
run.
C) The runners' use of stored oxygen, glucose, and creatine phosphate is being replenished and
this requires a prolonged increase of oxygen intake.
D) Since the exercise was mostly aerobic exercise, the runners' bodies have not yet realized the
run is over.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

114) Only ________ muscle cells are multinucleated. 114)

115) The end of the muscle that is attached to the part of the body in motion when a muscle 115)
contracts is called the ________.

116) The enzyme ________ is present in the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction. Its 116)
activity stops the neurotransmitters stimulation.

117) Which cells help repair injured skeletal muscle fibers and allows regeneration of dead 117)
skeletal muscle?

118) Only ________ muscle cells have intercalated discs at their gap junctions. 118)

119) A smooth, sustained contraction from rapid stimulation of skeletal muscle fibers is called 119)
________.

120) Define muscle fatigue. 120)

121) Describe two ways in which the lack of ATP production results in rigor mortis. 121)

122) What ultimately stops muscle stimulation when the motor neuron ceases firing? 122)

123) Describe the anatomical parts of the muscle triad and how the function of these organelles 123)
work together to initiate contraction.

124) Briefly explain the sources of energy for a one-minute sustained muscle contraction. 124)

125) Caveolae are an anatomical feature of smooth muscle. Describe this anatomical feature 125)
and specifically how it improves smooth muscles' response to nervous stimulation

126) How is it that norepinephrine (NE) can inhibit smooth muscle action in airways, yet 126)
stimulate contractions in smooth muscles everywhere else in the body?

13
 127) Describe how the unique contractile mechanism of smooth muscle allows it to contract 127)
and remain in a contracted state for long periods of time with relatively little energy
expenditure.

128) Describe the difference between muscle tension, muscle contraction and a muscle twitch. 128)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

129) Gary was injured in an automobile accident that severed the motor neurons innervating his quadriceps. Even
though he has had extensive physical therapy, he is still suffering from muscle atrophy. Why is the therapy not
working?

130) Aaron arrived at the hospital with the following symptoms: drooping eyelids; fatigue and weakness of his
muscles; and difficulty talking, breathing, and swallowing. What was his diagnosis?

131) Lynn has been waking up each night with intense pain in her calves. She does not feel that it is serious enough
to seek medical attention but would like to know what is causing the pain. What would you tell her concerning
this problem? She has been playing tennis all summer for several hours each day. Could this have anything to
do with the night pain?

132) After much delayed removal of an elbow cast, Lauren noticed her arm was immovable. What happened to her
arm?

133) When a geriatric patient is admitted to the postsurgical unit, an important nursing measure is to prevent the
loss of muscle mass. What is the term used for loss of muscle mass and how can the patient prevent it?

134) A patient has no peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract. Explain a possible complication of this condition.

135) The nurse encourages the patient to do his own activities of daily living such as bathing, eating, dressing, and
toileting activities. How do these activities promote physical conditioning?

136) A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Discuss what this means in terms
of the boy's muscles and what should his parents expect to observe.

14
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED9

1) B
2) D
3) A
4) E
5) C
6) C
7) B
8) D
9) A
10) E
11) C
12) B
13) C
14) A
15) C
16) C
17) C
18) B
19) E
20) D
21) A
22) C
23) D
24) B
25) A
26) A
27) C
28) B
29) A
30) C
31) D
32) E
33) B
34) C
35) A
36) FALSE
37) TRUE
38) TRUE
39) TRUE
40) FALSE
41) TRUE
42) TRUE
43) TRUE
44) FALSE
45) TRUE
46) TRUE
47) FALSE
48) TRUE
49) TRUE
50) TRUE
15
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED9

51) TRUE
52) TRUE
53) TRUE
54) TRUE
55) TRUE
56) A
57) A
58) B
59) D
60) A
61) D
62) A
63) A
64) A
65) B
66) A
67) D
68) C
69) B
70) B
71) B
72) D
73) D
74) A
75) C
76) A
77) A
78) A
79) A
80) D
81) D
82) B
83) C
84) D
85) D
86) B
87) A
88) B
89) C
90) C
91) D
92) C
93) C
94) B
95) D
96) D
97) D
98) D
99) D
100) A
16
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED9

101) B
102) A
103) D
104) A
105) C
106) A
107) A
108) B
109) C
110) C
111) A
112) D
113) C
114) skeletal
115) insertion
116) acetylcholinesterase
117) satellite cells
118) cardiac
119) tetanus
120) It is an inability of the muscle to contract despite continued stimulation.
121) Following the death of an individual, ATP is rapidly consumed and cannot be replaced. Because cross bridge
detachment and calcium active transport are ATP-driven, calcium leakage from the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes
attachment of cross bridges, and lack of ATP prevents detachments.
122) The ultimate switch is the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. When the neuron stops releasing ACh, the muscle would not
stop contracting if the acetylcholinesterase did not split the ACh into its two components, acetic acid and choline,
making them release their binding sites.
123) The parts of the muscle triad are two adjacent SR terminal cisterns plus one intervening T tubule. The sarcoplasmic
reticulum is a reservoir for calcium ions in the cell's normal resting state. The T tubule is a fold in the cell membrane
between the sarcoplasmic reticuli. When an impulse is activated by a motor neuron, the voltage -regulated change
causes SR foot proteins to open Ca 2+ channels. The calcium ions are flushed out where they interact with the troponin
complex to initiate a contraction. Once the axon stops firing, the membrane polarity is quickly restored and the
calcium ions are pulled off the troponin and attracted back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
124) 1. The first 4-6 seconds of energy come from stored ATP in the muscle cell.
2. 6-15 seconds of energy come from the transfer of creatine phosphate and ADP (which come from the first few
seconds of burn) to form additional ATP.
3. 15-60 seconds of energy come from glycolysis, which by now has begun full production of ATP from glucose.
125) Caveolae are pouch like inholdings on the sarcolemma that contain many voltage gated calcium ion channels. These
inholdings greatly increase the surface area that will respond to nervous stimulation.
126) Norepinephrine's effects depend upon the action of the receptor to which it binds. There is a different type of NE
receptor on bronchiolar muscle than the NE receptor in other places.
127) Smooth muscle possesses a latch state in which it can maintain its new length while relaxed and therefore hold a
contracted state using little energy.
128) A muscle twitch is the response of a motor unit to a single action potential from a motor neuron. A twitch consists of
three phases, latent period, contraction and relaxation. Contraction is simply the activation of the myosin cross bridge
cycle and tension is the force that is excreted by this contraction.
129) In denervation atrophy, fibrous connective tissue replaces the muscle tissue that was lost. When atrophy is complete,
fibrous tissue cannot be reversed to muscle tissue.
130) Aaron probably has myasthenia gravis (an autoimmune disease), which involves a shortage of ACh receptors at the
neuromuscular junction.

17
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED9

131) This is due to sustained spasm, or tetanic contraction, of the gastrocnemius muscle. The causes could be low blood
sugar, electrolyte depletion (particularly sodium and calcium), dehydration, or irritability of the spinal cord neurons.
The fact that Lynn has been playing tennis for several hours each day may have caused an electrolyte depletion. She
should increase her intake of sodium and calcium.
132) Two things have occurred to Lauren while she was convalescing from her injury. First, the immobilization of the arm
caused some muscle mass to atrophy. Second, the loss of muscle was replaced with tough connective tissue that
locked her arm in place. With therapy the tissue can be stretched or torn enough to return the full range of motion.
133) Disuse atrophy is degeneration and loss of muscle mass. The size, shape, tone, and strength of muscles (including the
heart) are maintained with mild exercise and increased with strenuous exercise. Promoting exercise to maintain a
patient's muscle tone, joint mobility, and cardiovascular function is an important nursing function.
134) Peristalsis is wavelike movement produced by the circular and longitudinal muscle fibers of the intestinal walls that
propels the intestinal contents forward. Without peristalsis, the patient would be unable to expel his or her stool,
leading to abdominal discomfort, then vomiting, and finally obstruction.
135) These activities are isotonic exercises in which muscle tension is constant and then shortens to produce muscle
contraction and movement. Because the muscles contract, the shape, size, and strength of the muscles are maintained
as well as joint mobility.
136) Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a muscle disorder inherited as a sex -linked recessive disease and is expressed
almost exclusively in males. Active, normal appearing boys become clumsy and fall frequently as their skeletal
muscles weaken due to atrophy and degeneration. It starts at the extremities and moves upward toward the head and
chest muscles, and cardiac muscle.

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