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On
HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES
By
KHAWAR KHALID
(Roll Number: 42)
Assignment Submitted To
Sir Zahid
HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES
Definition
“The term “Hyphenated” is basically a technique which is the combination of Chromatographic
and Spectroscopic methods to exploit the advantages of both.”
The term “Hyphenated” technique was first introduced by “Hirschfeld” refers to an online
combination of a chromatographic separation technique with a sensitive and element-specific
detector (usually an atomic absorption, emission or mass spectrometer).
Examples:
LC/MS or LC/Mass Spectrometry: These systems combine the chemical separating power of
liquid chromatography with the ability of a mass spectrometer to selectively detect and confirm
molecular identity. MS is a highly selective technique that can literally find the "needle"
compound in a "haystack" sample. The technique also provides confirmatory information about
analyte identities. This qualitative analysis makes it possible to reconstruct an unknown
compound from MS data.
The Process: With LC/MS, liquid from the chromatograph is nebulized into
micro-droplets in the atmospheric interface between the LC and the mass
spectrometer. These droplets evaporate rapidly and release ionized analyte
molecules into the orifice that leads to the vacuum side of the interface.
Passing through additional stages of vacuum, ions are ultimately transferred
into the high vacuum region of the MS for separation based upon the ion's
mass and charge (degree of ionization). Further fragmentation of these ions
by MS/MS significantly increases the information about the molecule and the
selectivity of the detection.