URBAN DESIGN

UNIT - II

PPT BY S.HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MCE, KK NAGAR, 2018-2019

HISTORIC URBAN FORM
WESTERN.
WESTERN

INTRODUCTION
KEY WORDS – DEFINITIONS (UNIT1 RECAP)

URBAN MORPHOLOGY
Urban morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and the
process of their formation and transformation.

GRID IRON CONCENTRIC+ CLUSTER RADIAL

GRID IRON

URBAN FABRIC
Thee physical
p ys ca aspect of
o urbanism,
u ba s , emphasizing
e p as g building
bu d g types, thoroughfares,
t o oug a es,
open space, frontages, and streetscapes but excluding environmental,
functional, economic and socio-cultural aspects.
URBAN GRAIN
The combined pattern of blocks and streets, taking into accountthe character of
street blocks and building height and size, how they all work together in an
integrated manner to create and enable movement and access.

FINE GRAIN COARSE GRAIN

URBAN STRUCTURE
The arrangement of land use in urban areas. Sociologists, economists, and
geographers have developed several models, explaining where different types
of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban setting.

URBAN TEXTURE
The geometrical structure formed by spatial distribution of urban elements
expressed as fine or coarse.
MORPHOLOGY OF EARLY CITIES - INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A SETTLEMENT?

A settlement is an organized human habitation. There are several ways to

classifydifferent types of settlements. Rural settlements are sparsely
populated and are mostly agricultural, whereas urban settlements are densely
populated and are mostly non-agricultural.

SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
FUNCTIONS OF A SETTLEMENT

Functions:
A function simply means what a settlement is used for.
Historically most settlements were for defence or to control a piece of land, or
for agriculture and trade.
trade
However, most settlements now rely on the tertiary sector and provide services
such as shops, schools, hospitals and entertainment
One function that is common to all settlements is to provide housing.
Some settlements have become dormitory settlements where people commute
to work but are only at home in the evenings and weekends.

Functions of a settlement and Urban Morphology are inter-related

EARLY CITIES : WESTERN
Mesopotamian City
Greek City
Roman City
Medieval towns
Renaissance
Industrialization and city growth
Cite industrielle or Garniers Industrial City
City Beautification Movement
Garden City
Radburn Concept
Citte nuovo
Radiant city

HISTORIC URBAN FORM

The historic urban Form is the original settlement which was shaped by a
non industrial economy. It took a millennium or more to shape the historic
urban core!

Concepts behind the origin of a historical urban form:

Inner city
City centre
Downtown
Centre ville
Urban centre
Central city
Central Business District

Significance of Historic Urban Form: Specific Spatial Characteristics:

Military strategic places Small scale
N t l Coastal
Natural C t l harbor
h b M i
Maximum off multi
lti functionality
f ti lit
Natural inland waterways Territorial fixed area
Religious centers Relatively shrinking area
Cross roads Life cycle of tenth of generations
Centers of natural resources (iron, wood, etc) Organic grown urban structure
Defense, Visual complexity and varied urban form
Trade Urban cultural heritage
Craft Small share of public space intensively used
Religion One of a kind The Historic Urban Core
MORPHOLOGY OF MESOPOTAMIA
MESOPOTAMIA ( 3500AD – 500AD)
MESOPOTAMIA, the land between the
two rivers Tigris & Euphrates
Euphrates, situated
on the foothills of ZAGROS was about
150 miles wide and 600 miles long and
extended from the foothills of north
western Iraq & Persian Gulf.

• Often known as the cradle of civilization.

• Mesopotamian developed the concept of
urbanization.
• For the first time in a history, humans
started to settle in a specific place.
• The invention of agriculture made it
possible to feed more people and animals
living in the same place.
• People learned to trade, and the concept
of taxes emerged.
• Mesopotamia emerged as one the first
cities of the world built with sun-dried
sun dried
bricks.
• The urbanization in Mesopotamia was
started in Uruk Period (4300-3100 BCE)
• The largest settlement ever in the history
of mankind started to build using
monumental t l mud-brick
d b i k building
b ildi around d
3,200 BC. It was surrounded by huge walls,
built by King Gilgamesh.

The ziggurats:
The Mountains of God
Ziggurats were built of many layers of
mud bricks in the shape of a tiered
pyramid.. The mountain shape was
powerful because of the rivers’ constant
flooding & the belief that the gods
resided on mountaintops. The cella
(chapel) at the top served as the god’s
god s
home &was beautifully decorated. Inside
was a room for offerings of food &
goods.One of the largest ziggurats ever
built was the Zigguratat Ur, built c. 2,100
B.C.E. THE ZIGGURAT BY SUMERIANS
STREET LIFE IN MESOPOTAMIA

MESOPOTAMIAN
INVENTIONS

The potters wheel

Sail boat
Maps
SOCIAL CLASSES OF Chariot
MESOPOTAMIA Plow
Astronomy & Astrology
Mathematics
Time
Urban Civilization
First form of writing (Cunieform)
Agriculture & Irrigation
EVOLUTION:

Mesopotamian city exhibited both planned and unplanned city form.

It established a religious,
religious political and military hierarchy
hierarchy.
The areas in which the elite performed their activities were highly planned,
usually found in city centre.
The areas in which regular civilians resided grew organically as the
population increased.

Characteristic
Ch i i features
f off the
h city:
i
Citadel -
Central precinct in the centre of the city dedicated to religious and political
activities.
City wall
a place for defense activities, built around the citadel complex
MORPHOLOGY OF GREECE
THE GREEK AGORA
THE GREEK CITY PLANNING
Location:

Greek civilization occurred in the area around the Greek mainland, on a

peninsula which extend into Mediterranean Sea.
started in cities on the Greek mainland & islands in the Aegean Sea and spread
to other far away places including Asia Minor and Northern Africa.
Historical Background
g Period

The period of ancient Greek history can be divided into four as follows:
1100 B. C. – 750 B. C. Greek Dark Ages
750 B. C. – 490 B. C. Archaic Period
5000 B. C. – 323 B. C. Classical Period
323 B. C. – 147 B. C. Hellenistic Period
The classical and archaic period are collectively referred to as Hellenic period

DARK AGE ARCHAIC AGE

CLASSICAL  AGE HELLENISTIC  AGE
Planning and Design Principles :

• The ancient Greeks had established principles for planning & designing cities

• City form were of two types: Old cities & New cities
• Old cities – like Athens had irregular street plans reflecting their gradual
organic development.
• New cities - colonial cities like messene established during the Hellenistic
period, had a grid-iron street plan

• Certain things were common among cities - The overall division of spaces in 3
parts - acropolis, agora and the town, The fortification etc.

• Towns had fixed boundaries and some were protected by fortifications .

• Much of the town was devoted to public use.

• Site planning and design was centered on the appreciation of buildings from
the outside. Location of buildings was therefore such that it could command
a good view to it. They made use of the topography of the land to avail scenic
views.
• A typical Greek city included a city and the surrounding villages, fields,
orchards and woods.
• In the upper part of the city, the acropolis was located, in the center of the
city
it stood
t d the
th temple
t l off the
th local
l l god,
d and d att the
th foot
f t off the
th acropolisli
citizens gathered to carry out public affairs—the agora.
• In the lower section of the city there were houses and other buildings.
• Most Greek cities were surrounded by defensive walls. Acropolis:

A ffortified
ifi d city
i at the
h top off a
hilly rocky outcrop. The city
of athens built on a walled hill.
It is simply the fortified highest
point. Religious precinct ,
offered to glorify gods.
Acropolis combined Doric
orders and ionic orders in
perfect composition in four
buildings; the Propylea, the
Parthenon, the Erechtheumn &
the temple of Nike.

Agora:
Public open space used for
assemblies and markets.
Centre of athenian life. Laid
in NW of Acropolis. Square in
Pattern of Messene shape lined with public
buildings which served
commerce and politics.

Town:
Where the citizens had their
living.. Had only residences.

Propylea:
Main entrance ggate of Athens

Streets:
Narrow, tortuous, unpaved,
unlit, full of chaos of mud and
sewage.
Theatres:
Built on slope to provide a
natural seating.
Stoas:
Lot like temples but with
elongated facade, 2-3 storeys
Pattern of Athens
THE AGORA, ATHENS
THE ACROPOLIS
ATHENS
THE STOA THE PROPYLEA

THE STADIUM

OLD TEMPLE OF ATHENA

THE PARTHENON
BUILDINGS & OTHER ARCH. ELEMENTS
Principal building type - temple
j architectural element - order
Major
Greeks invented the classical orders of architecture .
The orders embody a system of proportion that determines how the whole building
looks.An order consist of a column shaft with its base and capital, and an
entablature. All its dimensions were derived from the diameter of the column.
The entablature is further divided into architrave, frieze and cornice.

Materials & Construction:

Three common materials of construction – Stone, timber and clay

Stone was the most common construction material for buildings.

buildings Grey in color,
color
abundant marble availability.

Timber – scarce, limited to use in important buildings like parthenon, restriction in

spanning the structure.

Building
i i blocks off clay were not bonded,
b d d bbut are rather
h hheld
ld in
i position
i i byb their
h i
weight.

Finishing - rough stones finished to achieve the final form & treatment
Finishing enables the builders to create buildings of a particular order.
It is in finishing that the Greeks showed their mastery of construction.
Finishing work involved creating the fluting, base and capital decoration on
columns.
The Frieze and cornices of buildings were also decorated with appropriate relief
carving.
OTHER IMPORTANT STRUCTURES
BEEHIVE TOMBS
A beehive tomb, also known as a tholos tomb is a burial structure
characterized by its false dome created by the superposition of successively
smaller rings of mudbricks or, more often, stones. The resulting structure
resembles a beehive, hence the traditional English name.

MERAGON
Megaron is an architectural form consisting of an open porch, a vestibule,
and a large
g hall with a central hearth and a throne. The megaron
g was found in
all Mycenaean palaces and was also built as part of houses. The open porch
was usually supported by columns, an important element in the
Classical temple.
MORPHOLOGY OF ROME
THE ROMAN FORUM
Introduction
Roman culture is the result of different influences:
• Primitive cultures - they were peasants and warriors)
• Etrurian civilization - urban, offering cult to the ancestors ( from Greece)
• Greek and Hellenistic - model they aimed at imitating, art, literature
• Influence From Italian origins – Practicality, Military expansion.

General characteristics of Roman Architecture

• Practical and utilitarian
• Interest in public works and engineering
• Monumentality
• Great technical advances
• Colossal to show Roman power
• Commemorative
C i andd propagandistic
di i
• Special importance for the internal space
• Integration of Beauty & monumentality with Utility & practicality
• Buildings are integrated in the urban space

Characteristics of Roman Built Forms

Building systems:
1. Lintelled 3. Use of domes
• Copied from the Greeks 4. Strong walls so that they do not use
• Spaces are closed by straight lines external supports
2. Vaulted
T k from
Taken f the
th Etrurian
Et i , Use U off arches,
h Materials:
Barrel vaults Limestone , Concrete, Mortar

Walls :
Made in one of these ways: Ashlar , Masonry, Brick
 Arches:
They used half point or semicircular arches
They could use lintels above these arches
Pediments were combined with them

Building techniques:

Barrel Vault
Mortar in the foundations
Opus
p spicatum,
p Opus
p reticulatum, Opus
p testaceum, Opus
p incertum

Greek shapes
assimilation:

Architectonical orders were

used more in a decorative than
in a p
practical wayy

Order superposition

The use of orders linked to the

wall created a decorative
element

They used the classical orders -

Composite & Tuscan composite tuscan
Roman Town Planning

Introduction:
Cities were the centre of Roman life so there was a need for infrastructures - Water &
sewer system, Transport & defence, Public spaces & markets.
The distribution of infrastructures resulted in a need to link them through paved roads. All
the above had a Psychological effect on the society overwhelmed with power and control .

City
y Planning:
g

The plan of the city was based on the camp.

It had two main axes

Cardus E-W, Decumanus N-S .
Where the two converged was the forum.
Both the streets – axes extend outside through
fortified gates.

The rest of the spaces were divided into squares in

which insulae or blocks of flats were built.

The most important part of the city was the forum,

where
h political,
li i l economic,
i administrative,
d i i i sociali l andd
religious activity were centred.

In big cities there were theatres, circuses, stadiums,

odeons.
 city planning included the following

Forum:
Centre of the city. Had
the ppower and control.
Political, administrative
and religious centre.

Bascilicas:
Civic Buildings
To do businesses

Temples / Cella:
To honour the gods,
PANTHEON

Aqueducts:
Too pprovide
ov de water
wate to the
t e
city’s Cistern

Theatres:
To watch plays & dramas

Amphitheatres
For sports andd chariot
h i
races

Great Bath
For entertainment . Place
to exercise. People often
meet friends and is a
place of social gathering

Market place
To buy things for
livelyhood, an urban
square.

City walls
Fortified with bastions for
self defence and
protection

Spectacles:
Circus buildings.
Where horse races are
held.
Houses
Insulae:
They were the urban houses
T take
To t k advantage
d t off nearness to
t city
it centre
t
buildings with upto four floors were built.
The ground floor was for shops -tabernae-
and the others for apartments of different
sizes. • Every room was communicated
through a central communitarian patio
decorated with flowers or gardens.

Domus:
Usual houses for important people in the city.
Structure distributed through porticated
patios. Had spaces for banquets and social
meetings

Villa:
Houses far from city.
Villa urbana – agricultural farm house.
Villa Rustica – urban retreat house.

Palaces: Insulae
There were the residence of the emperor
They consisted of a numerous series of rooms
Their plan tended to be regular

Domus
Villa:

Palace
MORPHOLOGY OF MEDIEVAL CITY
500 to 1500AD
INTRODUCTION:

Roman cities collapsed due to gradual disintegration and invasions.  The medieval towns

occupied, to some extent, the sites of previous Roman colonies, while new ones emerged in
the vicinity of a castle or a monastery.

The Dark Ages of the Medieval

During the first centuries of the Middle Ages, towns were more numerous than
important, poor and with a small population. The lack of roads, security hampered the
development of the medieval towns, which in turn prevented the development of
commerce. Each domain had to be almost self-sufficient,, pproducingg the necessaryy iron,,
wood, wool and wheat for its survival. So, without commerce there were no large cities.

The Middle Ages are often called the Dark Ages is because, compared with other eras,
historians don't know as much about this time. In some ways, this period of time has been lost
to history. Many important records from this time have not survived.

The cause of this "Dark

Dark Age"
Age was the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the
waves of invasions and raiding that followed it.

12th and 13th centuries - period of economic growth - rebirth of cities

Cities - important centres of artisan activity and trade.
New social class appeared called the bourgeoisie - traders, artisans & bankers.

Return
R t off urban
b liflife in
i Western
W t Europe
E - agricultural
i lt l production
d ti increased,
i d population
l ti
grew. The number of wars and invasions decreased. New technical innovations in
agriculture, like triennial rotation windmill increased production. New farming tools,
such as fertiliser, ploughs and mills were discovered.

Farmers had surplus production, looked for places to sell their surplus crops. In cities,
farmers exchanged crops for products made by artisans. For this they developed urban
centres. The new urban centres were called burghs, and their inhabitants were called
burghers.

MEDIEVAL CITIES- CHARACTER:

London, germany, france etc

• Medieval
M di l cities
iti were protected by b high walls.
alls
• Inside the walls, the streets were narrow and unpaved.
• There was usually a square in the centre of the city.
• This square had the most important public buildings:
Cathedral, Town & Marketplace.
• Monarchs and nobles sometimes built urban palaces in these
cities.
• Around the city centre were houses.
• There were also hospitals, schools and inns.
• There were a lot of religious buildings, such as churches or
convents.
MEDIEVAL TOWNS LAYOUT

• The medieval towns were surrounded by a moat & walls made of stone or
brick.
brick
• The walls had towers, round or square, designed for defense & decoration.
• Access in town was permitted only through the vaulted access gates which
were closed at night.
• The medieval towns usually grew up around a castle or monastery, or
followed the contour of a hillside, or a river-bank.
• As
A a result,
l they
h hhad d steep, meandering
d i streets, withi h irregular
i l width.
id h As
A the
h
land available within the walls of the medieval towns was limited, the
streets were narrow.
• The main streets ran to the city gates, which were the only points of access in
and out of town.

• Houses in the medieval towns reflected the rank of those living in them.
• The houses of the high ranking persons could look like small fortresses, while
those of ordinary y p
people
p resembled the houses of the p peasants,, havingg a
courtyard and granaries.
• Due to the increasing price of land within the city walls, houses several
stories high had each story extended beyond the one beneath.
• Many houses were built of wood and the peaked roof was ornamented by a
gable, or a turret.

Medieval building Typologies:

Private Buildings
Public Buildings
Business Buildings
Industrial/Manufacturing Buildings
Military Buildings
Religious Buildings
Infrastructure Buildings
View of a Medieval city:

URBAN ACTIVITIES:

Artisan workshops and trade

Medieval cities became production centres of
artisan products. Artisans lived in houses which
had workshops.
workshops Streets were named after their
occupation

Guilds
Artisans who made the same products formed
guilds that were made up of apprentices,
artisans and masters. The guilds ensured that all
the artisans respected the same rules
concerning: ● Working hours ● Tools ● Quality
of the products ● Price of the products

Fairs
There were markets in the cities where farmers
from the countryside exchanged their
agricultural products for artisan products.
products

Money, banking and trade routes

The development of trade made money and
banks necessary. Many cities began producing
their own silver or gold coins again. Long
distanced trade was carried out by ship

Urban society
Other social groups also lived in cities. There
were also minorities such as Jews. Jews worked
as doctors, moneylenders or artisans and lived
in a separate neighbourhood
GOTHIC ART & ARCHITECTURE:

• Began in the 13th century.

• In cities, many Gothic buildings began to
be constructed,, especially
p y cathedrals.
• Taller and lighter buildings became
popular.
• Pointed arch
• Groin vault
• Big stained glass windows
• Flying buttresses to reinforce the walls
• High towers
• Rose windows
• The floor plan was in the shape of a Latin
cross
• Increased number of towers
• Gothic sculpture and painting were used to
decorate churches and cathedrals -
significant
i ifi t change
h from
f Romanesque
R Art.
At
Typical basilica
yp

Double barrel vault   Flying buttresses
Rose windows Gothic Arches

Typical medieval architecture
MORPHOLOGY OF RENAISSANCE CITY
INTRODUCTION:
The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and
17th .centuries. Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa,
Milan,, Bologna,
g , .....
Painters developed alternate techniques, studying light, shadow & human anatomy
(Leonardo da Vinci)
It began in Florence, Italy in 15th century and began to spread in Milan, Netherlands
and to Europe.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE PLANNING

• Symmetry,
Symmetry creation of balanced axial compositions with central motifs.
motifs

• Placement of monumental buildings, obelisks, and statues at the ends of long, straight
streets.

• On the basis of their traffic functions Renaissance urban spaces can be grouped under three
broad headings:

- first, traffic space, forming part of the main urban route system and used by both pedestrians
and horse drawn vehicles
- second, residential space, intended for local access traffic only and with a predominantly
pedestrian recreational purpose
- third, pedestrian space, from which wheeled traffic was normally excluded.

• The monument at the end is recompense, as it were, for walking along a straight road
(opposite to the surprises & romantic charm of the twisting streets)

• Economies are met by keeping the fronting buildings plain so as to enhance the climax--
private simplicity and public magnificence

RENAISSANCE – ideal city

An ideal city is the concept of
a plan for a city that has been
conceived in accordance with
the dictates of "rational" or
"moral" objective.
The ground plans of ideal cities
are often based on grids (in
imitation of Roman town
planning) or other geometrical
patterns.

The ideal city is often an attempt

to deploy Utopian ideals at the
local level of urban
configuration and living space
and amenity.
factors shaping cities
modernization of warfare and the rise of the nation-state
colonial exploration
Exploitation
expanding networks of trade
dangers of rapid urbanization
political and geographical divisions within christianity

Renaissance – Influences

Increased prosperity
Increasing wealth provided the needed financial support
growing number of commissions of large public and
private art projects,

Trade routes
Assisted the spread of ideas, growth of the movement
across the continent.
silk road- ancient trading route that extended between
china and the mediterranean. spices, clothing, silk,
paper and gun powder were traded.It also made many
countries great superiority over other countries.

Weakness of the church

St.peter's basilica, rome, showing maderno's facade
and the adapted dome, originally designed by
michelangelo. renaissance style. the weak position of
the church gave added momentum to the renaissance. it
pprompted
o pted later
ate popes to spe
spendd extravagantly
e t avaga t y ono
architecture, sculpture and painting in rome and in the
vatican in order to recapture their lost influence.

The rise of a middle class in Europe

Allowed the spread of these classical ideas was the rise
of the middle class. they begin to focus more on self-
i
improvement, the world, and education.
i
It reformed and revolutionised education. Schools and
universities, Libraries were founded where the new
treasures might be safely stored and made accessible to
scholars

Politics:
Development of the renaissance warfare between the
states was common, Renaissance politics developed
from this background.
Study of the renaissance settlement
ekistics - man
Continuing demand for monumental religious
arts; architects designed secular structures.
ekistics - social
Rome-modelled hierarchical settlements, Catholic
Church administrative control & secular merchant
towns.
ekistics - network
Water utilities passed down from Roman Empire
& expanded network by maritime trade.
trade

“Primary straight street" was the basis of

Renaissance urbanism, and that new, direct routes
to facilitate carriage travel were laid.
Influence: traffic
p
Classification of urban spaces
• traffic space
• residential space
• pedestrian space

ekistics - nature
architecture of parks and gardens

Tie the city together

Connected the palace and the town
Rural counterpart
Gardens are never too large
Built as terraces because of hilly land

renaissance private gardens

terraced garden • Elaborate landscape design tie the city together

Best model of gardening in limited space

Show of authority, wealth,andpower
Larger, grander and more symmetrical
For delight of visitors

garden features
Allée alley
Axis axis
Canal
Cul de sac
Fountains
Grottos
Orangerie
Parterre de broderie
Topiary Garden Features
Bosquet
canals
ekistics - nature
Famous Renaissance Buildings:
villa medici, fiesole, florence
the palazzo piccolomini at pienza, tuscany

grotto

Ornamental / step type fountains topiary

Bosquet

parterre broaderie orangerie

Ekistics – Shell
Development – overcrowding

Rapid urbanization of european

society created fire and plague
vulnerable dense city.

No sanitation

Fire hazard building materials

Congested settlements
surrounding the city
RENAISSANCE – PLACE MAKING – URBAN SQUARES

Placemaking is a multi-faceted approach to

the planning, design and management of
public spaces.

Placemaking capitalizes on a local

community's assets, inspiration, and
potential, with the intention of creating
public spaces that promote people's
people s health
health,
happiness, and well being.

Place making is strengthening the

connection between people and the places
they share

SQUARES OR PLAZAS

• Urban square is an open public space used for community gatherings

• The first urban formations appeared 6000 years ago
• City squares were established at the cross roads of important trade routes
• Major places of worship were placed on squares, also used as markets
• Served as an opportunity to exercise the power of rulers with military
processions and parades
Function of an urban Squares:
• Creates a gathering place for the people
• Providing them with a shelter against the traffic
• Freeing them from the tension of rushing through the web of street
• Represents as a psychological parking place within the civic landscape

Reasons for development of Squares:

• Climatic conditions
• Societal structure and psychological attitude of people
• led to a form of public life – and life in public
• Made street & square the natural locations for community activities &
representation
Factors that formulate the Square:
• baed On the relation between the forms of the surrounding buildings
• based
b d OnO th
their
i uniformity
if it or their
th i variety
i t
• based On their absolute dimensions
• based On relative proportions in comparison with width & length of open area
• based On the angle of entering the streets
TYPES OF RENAISSANCE SQUARES
closed, dominated, nuclear, grouped
Space self contained

Space directed

Space formed
around a centre

Space units combined

RECAP
INDUSTRIALIZATION & CITY GROWTH
INDUSTRIALIZATION & CITY GROWTH
Industrial Revolution
Period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socio
economic and cultural conditions of that times.

Industrialization:
Shift from an agricultural (farming) economy to one based on industry
(manufacturing) Industrialization leads to urbanization by creating economic growth and
job opportunities that draw people to cities. Urbanization typically begins when a factory
or multiple factories are established within a region, thus creating a high demand for
factory labor

Causes of the Industrial Revolution:

Geographic factors :
Industrial revolution first started in England in 1780. England is a seperated Island, yet
close to European Continent. England enjoyed favourable geographical situation.

Political factors :
The government at that time was ready to provide conditions in which trade, industry,
banking, farming for profit making could flourish at its best.
Laissez Faire – no government interference in private businesses.

Economic factors :
Internally the purchase power of people was greater
Internally,
Externally, production of cheap manufactured goods increased trade.

Technological factors :
Tool improvement, use of coal as a fuel, great use of iron, use of steam power, invention
of gunpowder and glass.

Adverse li
Ad living
i & working
ki conditions
diti off labour
l b class
l and
d
reforms on housing:
Causes of Industrial revolution in england - Embargo Act 1807 by president thomas
Jefferson:
During Naoplean wars, Britain’s navy seized Americans and their cargo to help France.
g act laid restrictions on trade with all foreign
Embargo g countries,, particularly
p y on Britain &
France. American hoped that would devastate Britain & France’s Economies, but it did
the opposite, forcing industrial revolution in England, that England started producing its
own goods, arms and amunitions & many other equipments.
Working Conditions:
Terrible working environment

Factories were beingg built,, businessmen were in need of workers

longline of people willing to work. employees could set wages as low as they wanted.
People were willing to work as long as they got paid.

People worked 14 to 16 hours a day, six days a week. But majority of workers wee
unskilled. Skilled workers earned more, but not significantly more. Women received 1/3rd
or ½ of the pay of men. Children forced to work for even lesser wages.

Owners were only concerned of making profit. And were satisfied because of lesser
cost of labour.

Factories were not the best places to work. Only had one light apart from sunlight.
Their machines spit more smoke and workers were covered with soot in some factories.

There were plethora of machines with not much safety precautions resulting in many
accidents.

Workers received a break only for lunch and dinner.

Children were to work for 14hrs a day for only ten cents, and were used for simpler
unskilled jobs.
ue to lack
Due ac of
o sunlight
su g t and
a d exercise,
e e c se, there
t e e were
we e many
a y children
c d e with
w t physical
p ys ca de
defornities.
o t es.
Use of children for long hours work with bad living conditions led to the formation of
labour unions.

Labour unions formed because workers wanted to put a stop to long hours work with little
pay, workers demanded more pay and fairer treatment. They didn’t want the children
to work in factories due to dangers involved.
Labour
b unions
i organised
i d strikes
ik andd protests. More immigrants
i i came in,
i who
h were willing
illi
to work for lesser wages, so labour unions often were unsuccessful.

Rich became richer. Poor became poorer.

Living Conditions:

Business began to boom,

national markets grew. More
people began to move in ,
wanting for jobs.

Most people lived in slums

Five to nine people lived in a
single room.

Not only there was not enough

space, but more people got sick
as well. Diseases spread
rapidly
Lack of medicine and medical care resulted in many deaths.

At the same time population was increasing rapidly, due to more people moving in.
Apartments became crowded and were in worse sanitary conditions.

People had to fight for jobs and competed to live.

As industrialization occurred, middle class emerged.

Middle class were skilled workers, managers, clerks, accountants and had the money
they neede to survive. They also had left over leisure goods. This extra money enabled
them to live with a bit of comfort.

Most middle class moved away from cities, since they thought “ slum” was unhygienic
and unpleasant. This led to the beginning of “ suburbs” or socially seggregated
neighbourhoods.

But majority of people living in industrialised areas, lived in terrible harsh conditions
because of the lack of money and overwhelming population.

No proper sewage systems prevailed. Diseases like TB, cholera and typhoid spread
rapidly. During 19th century 10,000 people died of cholera and 60, 000 died of TB.. The
average life in london was only 37 yrs. 25% of children died before they were 5 years old.

Birth of middle class, Birth of Suburbs and Slums.

Housing Impact of industrialization

Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in
tenements (multistory buildings divided into on way of life:
apartments)
Tenement = a substandard,
b d d multi-family
l i f il
dwelling,
usually old and occupied by the poor
 Built cheaply
 Multiple stories
 No running water
 No toilet
 Sewer down the middle of street
 Trash thrown out into street
 Crowded (5+ people living in one room)
 Breeding grounds for diseases
 Pollution from factory smoke
CITY INDUSTRIELLE
Outcome of industrialization on the cities:
Notion Of Zoning – major concept

Regulatory laws were imposed

Housing and sanitation standards were set

Reformation of society disorders( due to

i d
industrialisation)
i li i ) was the h main
i objective
bj i off urban
b
planners of early cities
Tony Garnier
French architect and city planner,
was active in his hometown Lyon.
He first produced plan for the ideal 
industrial town in 1904.

Ideologies & Principles:

Separation of spaces by function through
zoning into several categories.
He determined general standards of city
and with zoning standards
standards.

He developed designs that supplied people’s

materially and morally needs.

Garnier ‘s Industrial city:

• Planned
l d for
f approx 35.000 inhabitants.
i h bi
• Situated on a area in southeast France on a plateau with high land and a lake
to the north, a valley and river to the south.
• He envisaged a town of segregated uses with a residential area, a train
station quarter and an industrial zone.
• Concept of zoning was strongly similar with Ebenezer Howard Garden
Cities of To-morrow .
• All aspects of the city including governmental, residential, manufacturing and
agricultural practices were considered.
• The various functions of the city were clearly related, but separated from
each by location and patterns.
• The cityy of labor divided into Four main Functions: Work,, housing, g,
health and leisure.
• The public area at the heart of the city was grouped into three sections:
Administrative services and assembly halls, museum collections and sport
facilities.
• Region of station is centre of the city and it includes all public trade facilities
• A railway passes between the factory and the city, which is on a plateau, and
further up are the medical facilities.
• The residential area is made up of rectangular blocks running east-west
which gives the city its characteristic elongated form.
• Houses was situated into the large green areas to benefit from sun & air.
• The residential districts - first attempt towards energy efficiency, passive
solar architecture as the city was to be powered by a hydroelectric station with
dam located in the mountains along with the hospital.

• Another significance
g is the hospital.
p sunshine & p pure air helped
p in
overcoming diseases. There was a movement breaking down big hospitals
into units called pavilions, thus giving patients close relationship to these
amenities and making them feel more relaxed than if they were in a huge
crowded environment.
 Garnier’s housing layout
• Materials & construction:
Tony Garnier was the one of
the pioneer in using concrete.
The materials used are
concrete for the foundations
and walls, and reinforced
concrete for floors and
ceilings.

• Socialistic City: Tony

believed in socialism. So his
city is to be governed by
socialistic
i li ti law
l andd had
h d no no
law courts, police stations,
jail or church.

• Contributions:
Garnier’ s industrial city was never built, but he contributed to the further
planners such as Le Corbusier.
Corbusier Corbusier was the first well
well- known architect
to discuss about Garnier’ s works. After the industrial city project, Garnier
designed many projects that built in Lyon.=
THE AMERICAN GRID PLANNING:

WILLIAM PENN:
The grid - development pattern since Hippodamus first used in , Greece, 5th century BC.
In America, William Penn used grid as the physical foundation for Philadelphia in 1682.
With that, the grid began its new life in the new America.

Penn’s instructions for laying out his orthogonal plan - Philadelphia:

The streets be uniform down to the water from the country bounds…
Let the houses built be only in a line, or upon a line, as much as may be…
Penn’s grid, influenced by Richard Newcourt’s plan for London following the fire of 1666.
Penn utilized the grid for its indexical qualities. Grid by its nature has no built-in hierarchy.
Th Grid
The G id promoted
t d the
th Quaker
Q k value l off equality
lit
Philadelphia was the first city to use the indexical system of numbers for north-south streets
and tree names for east-west streets.
Because of this coordinate system, the intersection at 12th/Walnut has no more or less social or
political meaning than that at 18th/Cherry. Every plot of land is essentially equal to every
other.
Other american grid cities:
Following the precedent of Philadelphia, the
grid has been used extensively in a number
of American cities in every one of our now 50
states. Each of these cities, with their own
purposes and reasonings, adopted the grid as
their foundation with varying outcomes.
In San Francisco, the grid flatly
ignored topography and created a city
of dramatic hills and valleys.

In Paragonah, Utah, the grid promoted

the doctrine of Mormonism.

In Chicago, the grid was used as a vehicle

to maximize both the speed of
development and financial speculation

most famous of all American grids is that of

Manhattan. In 1811, the
Commissioners adopted a master street plan
that would come to define the city of New
York centuries later
Manhattan did grow and it grew well beyond all
expectations
t ti within
ithi only
l a single
i l century.
t The
Th
grid was there to accommodate that growth.
 ANTI URBANISM AND THE PICTURESQUE:
Anti-urbanism is hostility toward the city
as opposedd to
t the
th country.
t

It is simple rejection of the city, or a wish to

destroy the city.

This hostility is not an individual sentiment,

but a collective sentiment sometimes evoked
by the expression "urbophobia" or
"urbanophobia"

This sentiment can become politicized and

thus influence spatial planning.

Antiurbanism is a gglobal concept

p

The Picturesque:
Happened by late 19th century.

The adjective picturesque

meant"superficial," an overused and
commercial mode of representation

Characteristics:

• Picturesque in detail
• Lack
L k off morall depth
d h andd earnestness
• More concerned with surfaces than depth
• Lost its grace vey soon.
• A group of city planners related literature
and Romanticism to the planning concepts,
that gave birth to english Romantic Gardens
and the Picturesque cities – an aesthetic
notion that is seen and felt – intangible.

Common titles at that time:

Picturesque America, Picturesque Italy,
Picturesque California, and Picturesque New
York. New york became the first picturesque
y
american city.

The picturesque term played a formative

role in the representation of American
modernization.
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT 1890 – 1900 AD
The City Beautiful Movement emerged in response to the 1893 World’s Columbian
Exposition in Chicago.
The fundamental idea expounded at the fair was that the city was no longer a symbol of
economic development and industrialization, but to be seen as enhancing the aesthetic
environment of its inhabitants.

Ideologies & critics:

Introduced beautification and monumental grandeur in cities.

cities

The movement was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit,
and Washington, D.C.,

It promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic
virtue among urban populations.

Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could promote a harmonious
social order that would increase the quality of life,

Critics of the Philosophy complained that the movement was overly concerned with
aesthetics at the expense of social reform.

Jane Jacobs referred to the movement as an "architectural design cult."

Washington DC– The Mall

In Washington, D.C., the city beautiful movement led to the creation of the McMillan
Pl (named
Plan ( d after
ft Senator
S t McMillan),
M Mill ) the th first
fi t governmental
t l plan
l tot regulate
l t aesthetics.
th ti

Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., Charles F. McKim, and sculptor Augustus
Saint-Gaudens contributed for the Mc Millan Plan
 They revived Pierre
L’Enfant’s original city
design plans for
Washington, D.C.

The McMillan Plan led to

the construction of the
tree-lined National Mall,
the Jefferson Memorial,
and the Lincoln Memorial.

characteristics:

• Main emphasis – showy

urban landscapes

• Drew on “ beaux arts “

tradition of france

• Towards classical
architecture

• Iconography of and for the

urban elites

• Orderly and clean- people

need to be civilized

• Aesthetic rather than

social sensibility

• Grandiose & ambitious

EBENEZER HOWARD: GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT( 1898)
Edenezer Howard (1850-1928) in his Book” A Peaceful path to Social Reform
-1898
1898 & advocates a Satellite town called a Garden City .
Inspiration – book “ looking Backward by edward bellamy ”.

a) 6000 acres
b) 32,000 inhabitants
c) A central area of 1,000 acres
d) Individual p
plots 20 feet by
y 130 feet
e) Gross density of 30 persons per acre 3

Town Planning Concepts Garden City:

There would be 6 boulevards each 120 feet

wide extending radially from the centre

Boulevards assist in forming 6 wards providing

basis of local government & community
services.

“City” would be self sufficient in terms of:

a) Employment
b)) Possessingg its own industryy
c) c) Commerce
d) d) Shops
e) Agricultural production.
f) Residential and agricultural lands

Designed for healthy living and industry

with a social life,
life surrounded by rural belt.
belt

Land being in public ownership or in trusts.

Each zone ringed by agricultural belt.

The overall goal is to combine the traditional countryside with the traditional town.

Three Magnets

Town
High wages, opportunity, and
amusement
Country
Natural beauty,
beauty low rents,
rents fresh air
Town-Country
combination of both , separated
from central city by greenbelt
First garden cities:
Letchworth –35000
35000 people in 1903, 100
factories & 16000 people in 1947

Wellwyn – 40000 people 1in 1920, 75

factories & 18000 people in 1947.
THE NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT – C.A. PERRY
Neighborhood Unit:
The neighbourhood is the planning unit for a town.
Evolved due to advent of industrial the revolution and degradation of the city
environment caused due to
- high congestion,
- heavy traffic movement through the city,
- insecurity to school going childrens,
-distant location of shopping and recreation activities; etc.
Perry’s Neighbourhood Unit concept began as a means of insulating the
community from the ill – effects of rapidly increasing vehicular traffic.

Neighborhood Unit To Have The Following:

To create a safelyy healthy
y physical
p y environment in which children will have no
Traffic streets to cross on their way to school,
Schools which are within walking distance from home
An environment in which women may have an easy walk to a shopping centre
Where they may get the daily households goods,
Employed people may find convenient transportation to and from work.
Well equipped playground is located near the house where children may play in
Safety with their friends for healthy development of their mind and spirit.

Purpose of neighbourhood Planning:

• To make the people socialize with one and another
• To enable the inhabitants to share the public amenities and recreational
facilities
• To support a safe and a healthy environment within the neighbourhood
• To provide safety andefficiency to road users and pedestrians
• To maintain, enhance and improve area for reccreational activities
• To determine community’s prospects for the future.

Components Of Neighborhood Unit:

Unit of Urban Planning

Street System
Amenities
Population
p
Sector
Size and Density
Neighbourhood Walkways
Protective Strips
 The neighbourhood unit of C.A. PERRY.

- Born as a result of growing trafficand congestion.

- Provided a new plan for regional expansion
- Idea of self contained unit
- Centered on schools and community y centre
- Bound by arterial roads
- No through vehicular traffic in neighbourhood
- Typical unit – school, residences, shops, parks, amenities.
 THE NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT - CLARANCE STEIN
RADBURN
Radburn:

The neighbourhood unit

Clarence Stein & Henry Wright
prepared the layout for Radburn –
newjersy,
j new yorkk in
i 1928.
1928

Objectives:
• Decentralised self contained
settlements promoting community
life.
• No grid iron pattern for roads
• Overall planning of whole 149 acres of area
neighbourly areas 25000 people
• Safe and segregated pedestrian 54 semi detached houses
routes from vehicular traffic 93 apartments
• Houses turned inside out 90 row houses
• Community park spreading on 430 single houses
whole of the area.
•Walking distance – one mile
radius
•Residential streets suggested as
Cul-de
Cul de_sacs
sacs to eliminate through
traffic
•Park space flows into the
neighbourhood.
•Footpath and underpasses
•Population Meant for 30,000
Elements of radburn Street heirarchy
neighbourhood unit

Park s
b kb
backbone off neighbourhood.
i hb h d
Special Highway system
seperation of vehicular and
pedestrian traffic with 21% road
area
Cul – de- sacs
seperatuon of vehicular and
pedestrian traffic achieved through
the use of superblocks and
pedestrian only pathways aroung
the cul-de-sacs.
Superblocks
-those radburn houses designed to
have two house fronts. The
backside of the house, what we
would normally consider the front
side, faced the cul-de-sac and
parking.

The neighbourhood unit of radburn
gallery
CITY NUOVO:
Futurist
utu st Architecture
c tectu e and
a d La
aCCitta
tta Nuova
uo a
(The New City)

Antonio Sant’elia’s “Futurist Architecture” discusses modernity and new

ways of designing.

Living in buildings designed for a previous generation is foolish.

foolish

Each new generation should design a new architecture, a new city.

Modern architecture should be separate from tradition and that new design
should stem from new needs and new technology.

Architecture should be built and rebuilt to suit the needs of a new

generation, a new city – a new society.

Monumental designs - static in nature, new design to be practical, focusing

on light, feel of the building or space as opposed to the appearance.

Modern architecture needs to be dynamic, and stripped of ornamentation.

New materials need to govern the building, glass facades with prominent
elevators as opposed to grand staircases because elevators are the wave of
the future – they represent progress and innovation.
Sant’elia’s designs for La Citta Nuova are dynamic, elastic, and light.

Hi buildings
His b ildi take
k new shapes
h and
d use new materials.
i l

Sant’elia readily admits that futurist buildings will not last for long
periods of time, but that simply reinforces the idea of futurism: that
buildings can change and new styles, forms, materials, and programs can
define and redefine a new type of building as each generation rebuilds.

And that is a lot like modernism, trying to reshape and redefine itself so
that its meaning and form are constantly in flux
RADIANT CITY: LE CORBUSIER
Introduction:
Grew out of new conception of capitalist authority &
pseudo appreciation for workers’ individual freedoms.
The plan was like Contemporary City - clearance of
the historic cityscape & rebuilding, utilizing modern
methods of production.

Planning concepts:
The pre-fabricated apartment houses, les unites, were
at the centre of "urban" life.

Sunlight and recirculating air were provided as part of

the design.

The scale of the apartment houses was fifty meters

high, accommodating 2,700 inhabitants with fourteen
square meters of space per person.

The buildings pilotis,5 meters off the ground, so that

more land could be given to nature.

Setback from other unites created a pattern to lessen

the
h effect
ff off uniformity.
if i

Inside les unites were the vertical streets, i.e. the

elevators, and the pedestrian interior United de habitat, marseilles
streets that connected one building to another
Automobile traffic to circulate on pilotis supported roadways five meters above the earth..
entire ground was given as a "gift" to pedestrians, with pathways running in orthogonal and
diagonal projections. subways and trucks, separated from automobiles.

Th skyscrapers
The k to provide
id office
ffi space for
f 3,200
3 200 workers
k per building.
b ildi

Each apartment block was equipped with a catering section, laundry chores in basement.

Directly on top of the apartment houses were the roof top gardens and beaches, where
residents sun themselves in A natural" surroundings - fifty meters in the air.

Children were to be dropped off at les unites’ day care centre and raised by scientifically
trained professionals.

Corbusier called it the vertical garden city.

Principles of le corbusier’s Radiant City

Pilotis

Terrace garden

Horizontal facades

Horizontal windows

Open planning
Criticism:
Lack of human scale and connection to its surrounding
Malls alienating street space
High rise with no reason
High rise breaking social ties integral to community development.
OTHER IMPORTANT CITY CONCEPTS
GEDDISIAN TRIAD
BROADACRE CITY: F.L. WRIGHT
Broadacre City was an urban development planning concept put forward by famous American
architect Frank Lloyd Wright
Wright. It first appeared in his book "The City’" in 1932
The Disappearing City 1932.
Broadway City was also called "Usonian" or "ideal city"
 NEW TOWNS – 1960S
Bringing Howard’s garden city back to life.
Post WWII housing rehabilitation need.
Decentralisation of city recognised as necessary by County of London.
Displacement of population and employment for a desirable density.
Introduction of satellite suburbs - Virginia, Columbia, Maryland.

POST MODERNISM – 1970S

Era that broke the notion that planning and architecture could result in social reform
(which was an integral dimension of Modernism)

Need for integrated development

Bringing back the opinion of the people

Aim to create diversity,

diversity flexibility and change (Jane Jacobs – The Death and Life of
Great American Cities)

Accept and bring to light social differences

SATELLITE TOWNS
RIBBON DEVELOPMENT

SUSTAINABLE CITIES
Development that improves the long‐term social and ecological health of 
cities and towns. 
A sustainable city is a city that is compact, has efficient land use, less 
automobile orientated, has efficient resource use, able to restore the natural 
system, allows community participation, improves health of people and has a 
t ll it ti i ti i h lth f l dh
sustainable economy
Contrast to Modernism and Post Modernism.
Less environmentally damaging cities.
Concentration on energy conservation.
conservation
Focussing on “reduce recycle reuse”

THE NEW URBANISM

Compact development
Neighbourhood centers
Pedestrian friendly
HISTORIC URBAN FORM
INDIAN.

INTRODUCTION
EVOLUTION OF URBANISM IN INDIA
Key
ey words:
o ds
Cantonment- the British colonies laid in the outskirt to get rid of unhygienic
condition by the Britishers during pre-independence period.

Grid iron pattern- The system of road laid in such a way that they intersect at right
angle and the rectangular areas are formed.

Moat- Canal full of water running around the town and is for safety purpose.
Moat purpose
Rajmarg- The widest road passing through the town.

Evolution of towns in India:

Early civilizations sprung on banks of rivers or at any natural port.
They provided security to the town & acted as a communicating link from one civilization
to another.
Physical Safety and communication links are the two prime factors which lead to the
development of towns.
Earliest civilizations were seen on the banks of rivers like Ganga & Sindhu.
Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India.
At the time of Indus valley civilization, towns like Harappa & MohenjoDaro were in
existence.
existence
The second phase of urbanization began around 600 BC. It continued with periodic ups and
downs until the arrival of Europeans in India in 18th century.

Claasification of Indian Towns:

Urban historians classify towns of India as:
• Ancient
• Vedic
V di
• Medieval
• Modern

1. Ancient period:
Ancient period is considered to be between 3000-5000 BC .
In this period, so many towns were created with unique features.
Development of towns like -
1. Indus valley civilization 2. Vedic towns 3. Buddhist towns

Indus valley civilization: (3000 B.C)

It was located on the bank of river Indus
(presently in Pakistan) and Ravi.

In 1920, British Archeologist found the remains

of the so called Mohenjodaro (Hill of Deads) in
Indo-Gangatic region. It was about 260 hectares
with Harappa (on bed of river Ravi) now in Pakistan.
Harappa
Kalibangan in Rajasthan
Lothal, Sukortada and Dholavira , Gujarat
Rakhigadhi in Haryana
It was developed around 4000-3000 BC.

Salient features of Indus Valley Civilization:

1. Street of 9m width divided the city in 12 blocks each of 365m x 244m.
Indus valley
2. Layout of street was based on ‘grid-iron’ pattern.
3. Series of houses were arranged around open-to-sky central court.
4. They depended fully on ventilation and roof lighting.
5. Houses with G+1 storey made of kiln-brick with complete bathing establishment.
6. City had effective system of drainage.
7. It had a Great bath of 7m width, 12m length and 2.4m depth made of bricks at bottom
and was made waterproof by providing layers of bitumen and it formed to be part of
ritualistic bathing forming part of Hindu temple.
8. They had graneries for storing grain, agriculture being their main occupation.
Rakhigadhi, Haryana:

It has three distinctive phases of the pre-

Harappan culture.
In the earliest people lived in pits.
In the second, molded mud bricks were used
to line the dwellings.
In the third phase bricks were used to make
square andd rectangular
l houses.
h
They may have been used by the king or an
elected headman and his consort.
Kalibangan, Rajasthan:
Kalibangan is the third excavated city of
Harappan sites and the earliest town destroyed by earthquake.

Excavated between 1960-61 and 1968-69, this ancient city of Indus valley civilization is
located on the bank of the dry bed of the Ghaggar.
Kalibangan comprises two mounds: a small mound is located in the western direction and
the larger mound is situated in the east with an open space in between them.
The excavations revealed that the western mound was a fortified enclosure with
rectangular salient and towers. This was further partitioned into two units by an inner wall
with stairways on either side for movement between the two units.
units

kalibhangan Lothal
Surkotada,Gujarat:

Surkotada is located 160 km (99 m)

north-east of Bhuj,
Bhuj in the district of
Kutch, Gujarat. The ancient mound
stands surrounded by an undulating
rising ground clustered by small
sandstone hills. These hills are
covered with red laterite soil giving
the entire region a reddish brown
colour.
l

The vegetation is scarce and consists

of cactus, small babul and pilu trees
and thorny shrubs.
The mound was discovered in 1964 by Shri Jagat Pati Joshi of the Archaeological Survey of
India.
India
The mound is higher on the western side and lower on the eastern side and has an average
height of 5 to 8 m (16-26 ft).
In the ancient days, a river 750 m (½ mi) wide flowed past the north-eastern side of the site.
This river, which emptied into the Little Rann, might have been an important reason for
sitting the town here. Now this river is only a small nalla (stream).
2. Vedic period: (400 BC)

In this period, Vedas as well as books were wrote on town planning.

In “Vishwa-karmaprakash”
Vishwa karmaprakash it was stated that “First
First layout the towns and then plan the
houses.”
“Shilpshastra” wrote by “Architect Mansara” discussed study on soil, topography,
climatology and various layouts like Dandaka, Swastika, Padmaka, Nandyavarta.

The main roads were aligned east-west to get the roads purified by air. Short roads were
aligned in north-south direction.
Roads running around the village were preserved for priests.
priests

Moats were all around the town to secure the town for outside forces.

Rajmarg were the widest road through which four elephants can pass at a time. Such
roads are found in Mysore.

V di principles
Vedic i i l off town
t planning:
l i

1. Orientation with respect to sun and natural laws of earth

2. Site selection and marking the vastu
3. Layout with silent centre – brahmasthan
4. Placement with respect to energy and function
5. Vedic measurements and proportions
6. Auspicious timings
7. Natural, non toxic building materials and sustainable systems
Planning based on caste system and occupation

Planning based on size of the settlement

Town planning based on shape and purpose

Poompuhar kaveripattinam

Prastara – jaipur fort

Padmaka – jodhpu fort

sarvathobadra
Madurai meenakshi Thanjavur brihadeeswara
3. Buddhist period:
(up to 320 AD)
During the period of Emperor Chandragupta
Maurya,
y , Kautilya
y and Chanakya y was the
chief minister who wrote the famous
“Arthashastra”, a treatise of Town Planning.
Features stated in it were:

1. Regulation of zoning depending on

communities.
2
2. Highway (Rajamarga) to be parallel to
the main cardinal direction.
3. Road were aligned in grid-iron form.
4. Rajmarga to be not less than 30 ft. or
nearly 3 lanes of traffic.
The excavation carried out at Patliputra, capital of Magadha (now in Bihar), shows
evidence of advance knowledge g of pplanning.
g
Taksha-sila and Nalanda, the renowned place for learning were formed in this period.

Nalanda consist of three main essentials – stupas, temples & hotels for monks.
It had 300 halls for accommodating 10,000 pupils and libraries were nine-storeyed high.

3. Medieval period: (350-1500 AD)

Trade and commerce developed.

de eloped
One of the towns that became famous due to trade & commerce is Dhaka
(Bangladesh)which is famous for Malmal and hence become a port.

Other towns developed and become famous were:

1. Krishnanagar for clay models.
2. 2. Agra for marble and perfumery.
3 3.
3. 3 Murshidabad for silk.
silk
4. 4. Jaipur for palatial buildings.

Mughal period: (1500-1700 AD)

Cities like Agra, Delhi were re-developed.
Other important thing started in this period was laying of gardens and parks.
It was a new trend in planning, many ornamental gardens, of Mughal period.
Lal-kila , Kutub Minar was developed in this period by them.
them
“Moghal garden” in front of Rashtrapati Bhavan was developed.
“Fatehpur Sikhri” was developed by them during this period.
4. Modern Period:

Colonial Urbanism: Pre Independence Period

When the Britishers first settled in India, they found most of the towns are unhygienic.
So they built independent colonies on the outskirts of existing towns.

These extensions were called “Cantonments” and “Barracks” for military occupied
areas and “Civil lines” for the residents of civilians.

Cantonments created : – Delhi cantonment known as British colonies.

colonies
Agra cantonment. – Bangalore cantonment. – Ahmadabad cantonment etc.

After this, they found that the climate of India is so hot.

So they developed the hill- stations in the nearby area of cantonments.
They were:
– Shimla nearer to Delhi.
– Matheran nearer to Mumbai.
Mumbai
– Kodai canal nearer to Chennai.
– Darjeeling nearer to Kolkata.

In the first decade of 20th century, they took up the work of building New Delhi.

Plan was prepared based on modern town planning principle by eminent town planner “Edwin
Edwin
Lutyens”. He also designed Rashtrapati Bhavan.

The industrial buildings were separated from the residential sector.

Lutyen also contributed for making “Canaught place” which is the common area having
circular plan.

Post-independence period: (after 1947)

Jawaharlal Nehru was appointed as the first prime minister of India.

He invited Le Corbusier to visit India and develop cities
Chandigarh, “Rourkela” & ”Jamshedpur” were planned by him.
T
Towns planned
l d andd developed
d l d during
d i this
thi period
i d were:
1. Steel towns- • Durgapur- West Bengal • Bhilai- Madhya Pradesh • Rourkela- Orissa
2. 2. Industrial towns- • Jamshedpur- Bihar • Bhadravati- Karnataka • Chittaranjan- West
Bengal
3. 3. Capitals- • Gandhinagar- Gujarat • Chandigarh- Punjab

Cities like “Gandhinagar”,”Navi Mumbai” were planned by Charles Correa in this period.
Th other
The th cities
iti like
lik Lavasa,
L N Nashik
New N hik andd New
N A Aurangabad
b d are coming
i up.
Summary:

• The town planning done in ancient time was central based.

• The important structures were planned at the corner of the town so the outside people can
access it easily.
• The water supply was based on central distribution on highest elevation hence less
consumption of electricity is done.
• The
Th roads
d were having
h i N-SN S alignment
li t andd hence
h less
l glare
l effect
ff t is
i observed.
b d The
Th new
cities are planned in such a manner that all the industrial units are on the outskirts/periphery.
• Schools are provided at the walkable distance.
• And roads are planned based on grid-iron pattern. Development of town is done in a way
that natural beauty is maintained.
• Moats were made on outer periphery to provide security.
• Social, cultural and religious values were taken care while planning. • Industries were
provided on the outskirts.
• More green belt and open space were kept.
• Needs
N d as well
ll as aesthetics,
th ti both
b th were taken
t k care off
 TOWN PLANNING IN MEDIEVAL INDIA
THE MEDIEVAL CITIES
Architecture with Respect to Context
The architecture of Fortification:
water and mountain fortifications are best suited defence
desert and forest fortifications are habitations in wilderness

Ancient rules for laying

y g foundations of the forts:
Fortifications consist of five components (Shilpasasthras)

1. The Vapra, the built up artificial mound

2. The Parika or a moat with glacis
3. The Prakara or Sala or the fortification wall which is encircled by a Parika
4. The Attalakas (the bastions) provided along the Prakaras.
5. The entrance ggates, the Gopura
p or Pratoli.

Jodhpur – Introduction:
Jodhpur was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha,
a Rajput chief belonging to the Rathore clan.
A small portion of the grand marwar state
before independence.
independence The city located on the
strategic road linking Delhi to Gujarat.

Its borders - Bikaner in the North, Jaipur in

the North-East , Ajmer Mewara in the East ,
Sirohi and Palampur in the South cutting
across the Thar of Sindh province and Rann of
Kutch

Atop the jodhpur hill, Jodha built his

stronghold called the Chintamani fort, which
was later called Mehrangarh. This city came
to be known as Jodhpur or Jodhana was the
capital of the Marwar state for 5 centuries

It was said that jodhpur would suffer from

water scarcity, owing to a saint’s curse, when
jodha disturbed his contemplation/ isolation in
the hill.

The water pproblem was successfullyy tackled

by Jodha's queen Rani Jasmade who
constructed a tank at the base of Mehrangarh,
today called Rani Sar, The Queen's Lake Mehrangarh fort
A year later another of Jodha's six wives built
a baori or step-well in the city.
 The City Boundaries

Walls

Jodhpur was originally a walled city

The walls were twenty four

thousand feet long, nine feet thick
and forty feet high.

The walls are ppunctuated with

platforms for shooting and towers
for keeping watch were interrupted
with projections so that no elephant
charge was possible upon the gates.

Chand p
pol ggate
Gates
Jodhpur had four Pols or gates three
of which still stand

There ae six gates-Chand Pol, which

faced west in honour of the Lunar
G d' ascent,
God's t was th
the first
fi t in
i that
th t
direction. The other five gates were
named after the major Rathore forts
they faced.

The gates and walls were simple

and functional in design,

Mehrangarh fort walls

Forts And Defence System :

Kautilya in his Arthasasthra has described a number of forts to be raised on certain places in
ddifferent
e e t localities
oca t es namely
a e y St
Sthaniya,
a ya, Dronamukha,
o a u a, Kharvatika,
a vat a, SaSangarahana
ga a a a etc.

On all the four cardinal directions of the boundaries of the kingdom, defensive fortifications
against an enemy in war was constructed on grounds naturally best suited for the purpose.

A water fortification , such as an island in the midst of a river, or a plain surrounded by low
ground.
A mountainous fortification (parvata) such as a rocky tract or a cave.
cave
A desert fortification(dhanavana) such as a wild tract devoid of water and overgrown with
thicket growing in barren soil.
Or a forest fortification (vanadurga) full of wagtail (khajana) water and thickets.
 Watch towers

Clock tower, sarrdar market gate Jodhpur ‐

p foothill

streetscape
Temple entrance

Mehrangarh fort 
– part 
MEDIEVAL CITY OF JAIPUR
Introduction:

Jaipur lies at a distance of about 320 kms from Delhi, 240 kms from Agra and 135 kms
from Ajmer.

Located amidst the Aravali hill ranges at an altitude of about 430mabove sea level.
Latitude –26 55’ ;Longitude –75 50’

The current district of Jaipur lies in Eastern Rajasthan, in the Banas River basin and forms
a part of Eastern Plain of Rajasthan.
 Jaipur city with entrance gates

Planning Of The City :

Jaipur is a valley located south of Amber

and the plains beyond, a terrain that was
the bed of a dried lake ; dense forest
cover to the north and the east of the site.

JAIPUR The generic plan of a medieval

Rajasthani hill town- as in Dausa and
Amber
The hill town of Dausa with an organic
layout guided by the topography Amber
Town with the Fort on top of the hill and
the walled town down the slopes
Jaipur city key plan -
The town has around it a masonry wall, 25ft. high & 9ft. thick, with eight gates.
The city’s division into nine wards was also in conformity with the Hindu caste system,
which necessitated the segregation of people belonging to different communities and ranks.
South of the main road were four almost equal rectangles.
rectangles
The rectangle opposite the palace has been broken up into two equal and smaller rectangles
by the Chaura Rasta.
Thus altogether there are now five rectangles on the south of the main road called
Chowkris.
On the North of the main road from West to East are the Purani Basti, the Palace and
Ramchandraji.
Conceptual Prastara Plan
It is a model of town planning- the first planned city in
India.
It is based on Hindu systems of town planning and
followed the principles prescribed in the Shilpa-
shastra, an ancient Indian treatise on architecture .

According to this shastra the site should be divided

into grids or mandalas ranging from 2x 2 to 10 x 10.
Planned according to the Prastara type of layout, which
gives prominence to the cardinal directions.
directions
Thus plan of jaipur is a grid of 3x3 with gridlines
being the city’s main streets.
Planning Procedure:
Road Network
Jaipur’s road network follows a definite hierarchy.

The major east-west and north-south road ,form the

sector boundaries and are called Rajmarg as they
lead to the city gates. These measure 33m. wide.

Next there is a network of 16.5m wide which runs

north-south in each sector linking the internal areas
of the sectors to the major activity spine.

An orthogonal grid of 8.25mx4.00m roads in the

prastara-chessboard pattern further divide sectors
into Mohallas. chaupar
Junctions of the main axial streets formed the two
square civic open spaces called chaupars (Badi
chaupar and Chhoti chaupar). The width of the
square chaupars was three times that of the main
street.
Historically, the chaupars had water structures
connected by underground aqueducts, supplying
numerous sources of drinking water at street level.
Presently, the centre of each chaupar has square
enclosures with ornamental fountains.

The streets and chowks (central open squares in a

town) of the internal chowkries (sectors) with
numerous clusters or mohallas were not
predetermined; hence show a mix of grid iron and
organic pattern, with the basic unit of built form
being the rectangular haveli
COLONIAL URBANISM in INDIA
Colonialism:

Colonialism is the establishment, exploitation, maintenance, acquisition and expansion

of colony in one teriitory by a political power from another territory.

Set of unequal relationships between colonal power and the colony.

The policyand practice of power in extending control over weaker people or areas.

Colonialism began in of 15th century by portugese and spanish explorations of

America, coasts of Africa, middle east , india etc.

Types of Colonialism:
Settler Colonialism
Exploitation Colonialism
Plantation Colonies
Surrogate Colonialism ( most of settlers Do not come from Mainstreamf rulers)
Internal Colonialism

Colonial Cities In India

Colonial India is the part on indian Subcontinent which was under control of
european colonial Powers through trade and conquest.
Cities under colonialrule:
Goa – portugal
Kochi – Portugal ( first colony in india)
Delhi
lhi – britain
bi i
Calcutta- Britain
Madras – Portugese, Dutch, British
Bombay – Britain
Indo Sarascenic architecture:

Found its way into public buildings like railway stations, banks and insurance
buildings, educational institutions, clubs and museums.

Indo- Saracenic architecture- a synthesis of Muslim designs and Indian

materials developed by British architects, during the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries.

the hybrid combined diverse architectural elements of Hindu and Mughal with
gothic cusped arches, domes, spires, tracery, minarets and stained glass, in a
wonderful, almost playful manner.

Leading Practitioners:
Robert fellowes Chisholm, Henry Irwin, william Emerson, Fredrick Stevens

Characteristics:
Onion (Bulbous) Domes Overhanging
Eaves
Pointed Arches, Cusped Arches, or
Scalloped Arches
Vaulted Roofs
Domed Kiosks
Many Miniature Domes, or Domed Chhatris
Towers or Minarets
Harem Windows Open Pavilions
Pierced Open Arcading
Cities with
indo sarascenic architecture

Buildings
B ildi with
ith Indo
I d Sarascenic
S i Style:
St l
Writers building- Calcutta
Law Courts, Chepauk Palace- Madras
Napier Museum – Trivandrum
Prince of Wales Museum, victoria terminus – bombay
Luteyens buildings - Delhi
COLONIAL URBANISM in INDIA
CASE STUDY - CHENNAI
Formerly known as Madras, Capital of TN, India’s fourth largest City.
Located in coromandel coast of Bay of Bengal
400 old city
History –
ENGLISH East India Company – British Raj – Late 20th Century.
Manufacturing Hub of India.
Modern city of chennai arose from merging the native villages and european
settlements around f Fort St. George. Collectively called as Madras.
Origin
O i i off Chennai
Ch i – colonial
l i l City,
Cit important
i t t artificial
tifi i l harbour,
h b trading
t di centre.
t
Founder – Francis Day, Andrew Cogan, portugese . They established a small
fortified settlement.
It was Invaded by the English, who set up the East India Company..and had
their settlement. The Area came to be known as Fort St. George settlement or
the white town
town.
The non Europen settlements were called as black town.
White town and black town together were called as Madras
During the 17th century, chennai found a steady development, thanks to East India Company
During the governorship of Ehilu Yale, Institution of Mayor & corporation of chennai was
formed .
Confisticated villages of chennai
Madarasapattinam, Narimedu Triplicane Tiruvottiyur Kottivakkam Nungambakkam
Egmore Purasawalkam Tondiarpet Chintadripet Vepery Mylapore Chennapatnam.

In 18th century, Madras became an important British naval base & administrative centre .  
Madras was the capital of the Madras Presidency, also called Madras Province. 
Consequently, they expanded the control of the company by encompassing the 
neighbouring villages of Triplicane Egmore Purasawalkam and Chetpet
neighbouring villages of Triplicane, Egmore, Purasawalkam and Chetpet to form the city of 
to form the city of
Chennapatnam, as it was called by locals. 

Development of Trade

The development of a harbour in Madras led the city to become an important centre for 
trade between India and Europe in the 18th century.

Spencer's started as a small business in 1864 and went on to become the biggest 
department stores in Asia at the time. The city’s major economic activity was entirely based 
on the sea and other small scale industries inside the city. 

Development of institutions and public amenities

Development of Railway station, High Court, Educational Institution and other major
administrative and commercial buildings had taken Chennai to its new heights.

In the 1900’s Chennai acquired the status of a city due to its increased population growth and
advancements in terms of infrastructure and aminities.

On the whole, the colonial rule provoked the growth of Chennai to a multi potential city
which attracted people from all over TamilNadu for the past 40-50 years.
General Post Office Building
Senate House - Madras university
Conclusion
The concept of colonialism started in 1492 when Columbus went in search of India, but
accidently discovered America.
The colonial rule impacted the whole world, creating a new settlement - the creation of a
new religion - the creation of a new country.
Colonial India had contributed to the modern India & in the growth of Mega cities like
Mumbai, Chennai etc
The Imperialism of the British over the entire world has resulted the tremendous
improvement in trade and commerce
There wouldn’t have been a Megacity like Mumbai or Chennai if colonial rule hadnt
existed.
Assignment: Individual
1. Urban spaces in modern Cities –
p Chandigarh.
g
Seminar: group presentation
1. Temple towns
2. The Mughal city form
p
3. Urban spaces in modern Cities – Bhuvaneshwar
4. Urban spaces in modern Cities – Gandhi nagar