CHAPTER NO #06:

CHEMICAL BONDIND
WORK SHEET

QNO.1: I.E is index of metallic character why?

An: Metals have loosely held electrons which are delocalized and are
responsible for the properties of metals. So, metals have low ionization
energies.
QNO.25: Why atomic radius increases in group and decreases in a period?
Ans: In Period: Atomic radii decrease along the period because the nuclear
charge increases and shielding effect remains the same. Nucleus attracts the
electrons more strongly results the decrease in atomic radii. While in transition
elements this decrease is small due to the presence of intervening electrons.
E.g. from Sc(21) to Zn(30).
In Group: Atomic radii increase along the group because number of shells
increases down the group and the shielding effect also increases.
QNO.2: What is coordinate covalent bond give example?
That type of a bond which is termed by the sharing of an electron pair, which is
donated by one atom only. lt' Is also called donor-acceptor bond.
Example:
In NH3—> BF3 there" Is one bond between N-atom and B-atom which is
coordinate covalent

QNO.6: Why the size of Cl- ion is greater tha Cl atom?

For Cl to become Cl- ion, it must accept an electron. ... This is because the
nucleus still has 17 protons but the number of electrons in the ion now is 18
unlike the 17 in a neutral atom. Also, inter-electronic repulsion increases.
Hence, overall size of the ion is more.
QNO.13 :Cationic radius is smaller than the parent atom, while anionic
radius is larger than parent atom. Why?
The radius of the positive Ions becomes less, because the effective nuclear
charge on the 'Ion increases. Greater the positive charge on . theIon, smaller the

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radius. Similarly, the radius of negative Ion or anion becomes more than neutral
atom because Increasing electron make the outermost shell to swell up.
QNO.11: Why the size of an atom cannot be measured exactly?
Ans: The size of an atom cannot be measured exactly due following reasons:
(i)There is no sharp boundary of an atom. The probability of finding an electron
never becomes zero even at larger distances from the nucleus.
(ii) The electronic probability distribution is affected by neighbouring atoms.
For this reason the size of an atom may change from one compound to another.
QNO.23: why second ionization energy value is greater than first ionization
value?
Ans: Second ionization energy value is greater than first ionization value due to
the following reasons.
1. Increase of the effective nuclear charge.
2 .Size of ion reduces.
3. Force of attraction between nucleus and remaining electrons increases and
4. Large amount of energy is required for the removal of second electron from
uni-positive ion.
QNO.10: No bond is 100 % ionic in Nature. Justify.
The highest electronegative element is fluorine having electro negativity
of 4.0 and the lowest electronegative element is cesium having electro
negativity of 0.7. So in Csf the highest electro negativity difference is occurs
that is 3.3 while for 100% ionic bond the electro negativity difference should be
3.4 that’s why it is 92% and no bond is 100% ionic in nature.
Qno.28: Why 2nd E.A value is positive ? or Endothermic?
Ans: when 2nd electron is added in the valence shell of uninegative ion at that
time already present electrons strongly repelled the incoming electron now
incoming electron absorbs energy to overcome this repulsion so 2 nd Electron
affinity value is positive or endothermic.
QNO.16: What is ionization energy also write its trend?
The minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bonded
electron from outermost shell of an isolated and gaseous atom to form ion is
known as ionization energy.
EXAMPLE:
Mg Mg+ + 1e-
TREND:
In Period: It is increases from left to right.
In Group: It is decreases from top to bottom.
QNO.26: Write are the factor which affects the ionization energy?
There are four factors which affects the ionization energy which are given
below:

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 i. Atomic size inversely proportional to I.E
ii. Shielding effect inversely proportional to I.E
iii. Nuclear charge directly proportional to I.E
iv. Orbital
Q NO.22: Define electro affinity and give its trend?
The amount of energy released when an electron is added up in outermost shell
of an isolated gaseous atom is known is electron affinity.
Example:
Cl + 1e Cl- H= -349Kjmol-1
TREND:
In period: It is increases from left to right because nuclear charge increases.
In group: It is decreases from top to bottom because atomic size increases.
QNO.12: Define electron negativity give its trend?
Tendency of an electron to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself in a
molecule is called electro negativity. It has no units. Measured by
Pauling’s scale.
TREND:
In period: It is increases from left to right.
In group: It is decreases from top to bottom.
QNO.7: Define octet rule give two examples which do not obey the octet
rule?
It states that every atom wants to have eight valence electrons in its outermost
electron shell.
EXAMPLE:
Molecules with an odd number of electrons such as NO and NO2 cannot satisfy
the octet rule. For example, BeCl2 and BCl3 do not obey the octet rule. Be has
only four electrons in its valence shell.
QNO.14: Explain NH3 on the base of VESPR theory?
 Type: AB4E
 Total electron pair: 4
 Bond pair: 3
 Lone pair: 1
 Arrangement of pair: Tetrahedral
 Geometry: Pyramidal
 Bond angle: 107.5
QNO.19: Why covalent compounds react slowly than ionic compounds?
Covalent compounds are formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms.
They form very strong bond and they do not contain ions. They involve

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breaking of existing bonds and formation of new bonds. While Ionic
compounds in solution react faster. This is because Ionic compounds break
apart to form free ions. Therefore, there are no bonds to break so
the reaction is fast. Covalent compounds, on the other hand, have to break
bonds first as they react, so the reaction is often slower.
QNO.31: Define chemical bond give causes of chemical bonding?
The force which holds two or more atoms or ions together is known as chemical
bond.
EXAMPLE: ionic bond, covalent bond, coordinate covalent bond.
CAUSES OF CHEMICAL BONDING:
All the Nobel gases has the configuration ns2 np6. (except He has ns2) All the
atoms have tendency to achieve the configuration of Nearest Nobel gas to be
stabilized. All the atoms of elements loss or gain electrons or share electrons to
get the configuration of Nobel gas configuration, which are causes of chemical
combination.
QNO.21: Tell the no, of electrons is shared in CH3Cl and how many bonds
are polar?
No. Of Shared Electrons: 4
Polar Bonds: 1
QNO.32: Why group 3rd A has lower ionization energy than 2nd A?
The 2nd group elements have outermost completely filled s-orbital. The electron
removal is difficult and ionization energy values are higher than our
expectations. While elements of group 3 have outermost p-orbital having one
unpaired electron which is easier to remove and need low energy .That’s why its
ionization is low than 2nd group.
QNO.20: In NH3 bond angle is 107.3 but in NF3 bond angle is 102 why?
In NF3 the strong polarity of N-F bond pulls the lone pair of N atom closer to
its nucleus, which in turn exerts a stronger repulsion over bonding electrons.
Thus the angle further shrinks to 102 . Moreover the bond pairs N-F bonds re
more close to F atoms than N atoms . The increased distances in these bond
pairs make their repulsion less operative.
QNO.24: Why bond angle of H2O is not 109.5 as CH4?
In CH4, four hydrogen atoms are arranges at the corners of regular tetrahedron
and the bond angle is 109.5 degrees and has tetrahedral shape.
In water molecule, there are 2 lone pairs on oxygen atom, which results in
repulsion between bonding and lone pairs and water has a bent shape with bond
angle 104.5 degrees.

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QNO.8: Ionization energy decreases down the group while nuclear charge
increases justify it?
In groups, the ionization energy decreases in spite of the increase in proton
number or nuclear charge. This is due to the successive addition of electronic
shells as a result of which the valence electrons are placed at a larger distance
from the nucleus. As the force of attraction between the nucleus and the outer
electron decreases with the increase in distance, the electron can be removed
more easily or with less energy.
QNO.34: Bond distance is compromise distance justify it?
When two atoms approach each other forces of attractions and repulsion operate
simultaneously. When reached at a certain definite distance the forces o
attractions are maximum and potential energy of the system is minimum. If they
are brought further closer, the repulsive forces begin to increase and increase the
potential energy of the system. Since they have a minimum energy at a certain
distance called the bond distance at which they compromise with each other to
have the minimum energy and so bond distance is the compromise distance.
QNO.29: Group 8A shows the abnormal value of electron affinity in every
period why?

QNO.3: Why pi bond is more diffused than sigma bond?

Ans: The sigma bond is formed by head to head overlap of two half filled
atomic orbital. The electronic cloud density is symmetrical along the bond axis.
The electron cloud density of pi bond is non- symmetrical along the bond axis.
It consists of two regions, above and below the bond axis. So pi bond is more
diffused than sigma bond.
QNO.4: Explain the structure of H2O on VBT?
Configuration:
8O:(Ground state): 1s2, 2s2, 2p6
: 1s2, 2s2, 2px , 2py , 2pz
8O: (Hybridized state): 1s, sp3, sp3, sp3, sp3
Overlapping bonds:
Valence bond theory suggests that H2O is sp3 hybridized in which the 2s atomic
orbital and the three 2p orbital of oxygen are hybridized to form four
new hybridized orbital which then participate in bonding by overlapping with
the hydrogen 1s orbital. As such, the predicted shape and bond angle of sp3
hybridization is tetrahedral and 109.5°. This is in open agreement with the true
bond angle of 104.45.
Diagram:

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QNO.5: Prove that bond order of He2 is zero?
The electronic configuration of He is 1s2. The 1s orbital of He atoms combine
to form one bonding σ (1s) and the one anti bonding σ *(1s) orbital.
Each He-atom contributes two electrons. Two electrons enter bonding
molecular orbital σ (1s) and the remaining two go to anti bonding σ *(1s)
molecular orbital.
The bond order for He2 is zero, i.e. (2-2)/2=0
And thus He2 molecule is not formed.
DIAGRAM:

QNO.9: Define dipole moment give its unit?

A dipole is a pair of equal and opposite charges separated by a small
distance. Dipole moment is the product of magnitude of charge and the
distance between them.
Unit: Its SI unit is Coulomb metre (Cm).Its another unit is debye.
1 debye = 3.34 10 ×-30
Example:

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QNO.15:Discuss the molecule of He on the base of MOT
Configuration: The electronic configuration of He is 1s2.
Reason: The 1s orbital of He atoms combine to form one bonding σ (1s) and
the one anti bonding σ *(1s) orbital. Each He-atom contributes two electrons.
Two electrons enter bonding molecular orbital σ (1s) and the remaining two go
to anti bonding σ *(1s) molecular orbital.
Bond order: The bond order for He2 is zero, i.e. (2-2)/2=0
And thus He2 molecule is not formed.
DIAGRAM:

Qno.17: Why sigma bond is stronger than pi bond?

This is the orientation of the overlapped orbital. Sigma bonds result from head-
on (co-axial) overlapping while pi bonds are outcome of lateral (Para-axial)
overlapping
in sigma bond the bonding occurs by the linear overlap of the orbital whereas in
the pi bond parallel overlapping occurs.
Electron density is maximum between the nuclei of bonded atoms in sigma
bond as compared to the pi bond.

QNO18: The dipole moment of CO2 is zero but of SO2 is not. why?
CO2 has a linear structure thus both the oxygen atoms are opposite to each other
and cancel out the moment.However,SO2 does not have a linear structure due to
the lone pair on sulphur. Thus there is some moment because of the lone pair as
well as the two oxygen atoms pulling the electrons towards them.

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QNO.27: Give the sequence of MO of N2?
Sequence: σ1s<σ∗1s<σ2s<σ∗2s<π2px= π2py<σ2pz<π∗2px=π∗2py<σ∗2pz

QNO.33: Molecule of O2 is paramagnetic in nature. Justify it.

Ans: A substance is paramagnetic, when it has unpaired electrons.
According to molecular orbital theory, O2 has two unpaired electrons in the
degenerate orbitals π2 py and π *2 px. Due to the presence of these two
unpaired electrons O2 molecule is paramagnetic.

Diagram:

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QNO.30: Define bond order give example?

The number of bonds formed between two atoms after the atomic orbital
overlap is called the bond order.
Formula:
Bond order = Bonding electrons – Anti bonding electrons/2
Example:
In diatomic nitrogen, N≡N, the bond order is 3
In acetylene, H−C≡C−H, the carbon-carbon bond order is also 3
The C−H bond order is 1.

EXTRA

Why CO2 is non–polar molecule although C–O bond is polar?

Ans. Each C–O bond in CO2 is polar. The two bond dipoles in CO2 are equal in
magnitude and are exactly opposite in direction. The bond dipoles cancel each
other. Therefore, the overall dipole moment of CO2 is zero. Thus CO2 is a non–
polar molecule. O= C = O.

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LONG QUESTION #1:

EXAMPLE OF COVALENT BOND:

EXAMPLE OF COORDINATE COVALENT BOND:

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