LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Caption Page No.

3.1 Classification of Power Quality Disturbances 16

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) pure sine wave

voltage signal (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 28

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with

sag (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 29

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) swell associated with

voltage (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 30

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with

MI (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 31

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) harmonics

superimposed with voltage signal (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d)
PQ index 32

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with

flicker (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 34

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with

OT (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 35

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) impulsive transient

superimposed on voltage signal (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ
index 36

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) notch associated with

voltage signal (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 37

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) spike superimposed

on voltage signal (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 38

Classification of single stage power quality disturbances based

on rule decision tree 40

i
Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal having
superimposed sag and harmonics (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d)
PQ index 43

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal having

superimposed swell and harmonics (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d)
PQ index 44

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal having

superimposed interruption and harmonics (b) ST-index (c) H-
index (d) PQ index 45

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal having

superimposed flicker and harmonics (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d)
PQ index 47

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal having

superimposed sag and OT (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 48

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal having

superimposed swell and OT (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ
index 49

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal having

superimposed interruption and OT (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d)
PQ index 51

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with

associated flicker and OT (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 52

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with

Harmonics and OT (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 53

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with

sag and IT (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 55

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with

swell and IT (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 56

ii
Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with
interruption and IT (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 57

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with

harmonics and IT (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 59

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with

spike and sag (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 60

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with

Sag, Harmonics and OT (b) ST-index (c) H-index (d) PQ index 61

Detection of power quality disturbance (a) voltage signal with

Sag, Harmonics, Impulsive Transient and OT (b) ST-index (c) H-
index (d) PQ index 63

Classification of complex PQ disturbances based on rule decision

tree 65

iii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Name Page No.

3.1 Power quality standards 19

5.1 Standard deviation of power quality indexes 39
5.2 Performance of propose algorithm for recognition of PQ
disturbances 41
6.1 Peak values of standard deviation of complex PQ indexes 66
Performance of proposed algorithm for detection of complex
power quality disturbances 67

iv
 ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Full form

AC : Alternating current
ANN : Artificial neural network
ANSI : American National Standards Institute
AWN : Adaptive wavelet networks
CWT : Continuous wavelet transform
DT : Decision tree
DWT : Discrete wavelet transforms
FFT : Fast Fourier transform
FT : Fourier transform
GUI : Graphical user interface
IEEE : Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IT : Impulsive transient
EDMRA : Energy difference of multi-resolution analysis
EEMD : Ensemble empirical mode decomposition
EMD : Empirical mode decomposition
EMI : Electromagnetic interference
ESD : Electrostatic discharge
FSWT : Frequency slice wavelet transform
HHT : Hilbert-Huang Transform
IMF : Intrinsic mode function
MATLAB : Matrix laboratory software
MFSWT : Modified frequency slice wavelet transform
NEC : National Electrical Code
OT : Oscillatory tranient
PNN : Probabilistic neural network
PQ : Power quality
PQD : Power-quality disturbances
PSO : Particle swarm optimization

v
RBDT : Rule based decision trees
RBF : Radial basis function
RBFNN : Radial basis function neural network
RFI : Radio frequency interference
ROLSA : Recursive orthogonal least squares algorithm
SOMN : Self-organizing mapping network
SRG : Signal reference ground
ST : Stockwell transform
STA : ST-amplitude
STFT : Short-time Fourier transform
SVM : Support vector machine
SVR : Support vector regressions
WMSVM : Wavelet multiclass support vector machine
WPN : Wavelet-probabilistic network
WT : Wavelet transform

vi
 List of Publications

This thesis is based on the contents published in the following research articles

1. Vishakha Pandya, Om Prakash Mahela, Sunita Choudhary, and Sunil Agarwal,

“Recognition of Power Quality Disturbances Using Combined Features of
Stockwell Transform and Hilbert Transform,” 5th IEEE International Students’
Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Sciences. 22-23 February
2020, MANIT, Bhopal, India, Under Review, Paper ID: 4.

2. Vishakha Pandya, Om Prakash Mahela, Sunita Choudhary, and Sunil Agarwal,

“Recognition of Complex Power Quality Disturbances Using Combined Features of
Stockwell Transform and Hilbert Transform,” 5th IEEE International Students’
Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Sciences. 22-23 February
2020, MANIT, Bhopal, India, December 20-22, 2019, Under Review, Paper ID: 5.

vii
 CONTENTS

List of Figures i
List of Tables iv
List of Abbreviations v
List of Publications vii
ABSTRACT (01)
1. INTRODUCTION (02 – 05)
General Introduction 02
Scope of Research Work Presented 03
Layout of Thesis 03
2. SURVEY OF LITERATURE RELATED TO RECOGNITION OF
POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES (06 – 13)
Survey of Literature Related to Recognition of Power Quality
Disturbances 06
Research Gaps Identified Based on Presented Literature Survey 13
3. THEORETICAL CONCEPTS RELATED TO POWER SYSTEM AND
POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES (14 – 20)
Power System 14
Power System Structure 15
Power Quality 15
Power Quality Issues 16
Power Quality Standards 18
Commonly Occurred Power Quality Disturbances 18
4. GENERATION OF POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES AND
PROPOSED HYBRID ALGORITHM BASED ON STOCKWELL
TRANSFORM, HILBERT TRANSFORM AND RULED DECISION
TREE (21 – 26)
Problem Formulation 21
Generation of Power Quality Disturbances 21

Algorithm Proposed for Detection and classification of Power

viii
 Quality Disturbances (for both simple and complex PQ
disturbances) 22
Stockwell Transform 23
Hilbert Huang Transform 24
4.5.1 Hilbert Spectral Analysis 25
4.5.2 Empirical Mode Decomposition 25
4.6. Rule Based Decision Tree 26
5. RECOGNITION OF SINGLE STAGE POWER QUALITY
DISTURBANCES: SIMULATION RESULTS (27 - 41)
5.1. Pure Sine Wave 27
5.2. Voltage Sag 28
5.3. Voltage Swell 29
5.4. Momentary Interruption 30
5.5. Voltage Harmonics 32
5.6. Voltage Flicker 33
5.7. Oscillatory Transient 34
5.8. Impulsive Transient 35
5.9. Notch 36
5.10.Spike 37
Ruled Decision Tree Based Classification of Power Quality
Disturbances 39
Performance of Proposed Algorithm 39
Comparison of Performance of Proposed Algorithm with the
Algoritm Reported in Literature 41
6. RECOGNITION OF COMPLEX POWER QUALITY
DISTURBANCES: SIMULATION RESULTS (42 – 67)
Voltage Sag with Harmonics 42
Voltage Swell with Harmonics 43
Voltage Interruption with Harmonics 45
Voltage Flicker with Harmonics 46
Voltage Sag with Oscillatory Transient 47

ix
 Voltage Swell with Oscillatory Transient 49
Voltage Interruption with Oscillatory Transient 50
Voltage Flicker with Oscillatory Transient 51
Voltage Harmonics with Oscillatory Transient 53
Voltage Sag with Impulsive Transient 54
Voltage Swell with Impulsive Transient 55
Voltage Interruption with Impulsive Transient 56
Voltage Signal with Harmonics and Impulsive Transient 58
Voltage Signal with Spike and Sag 59
Voltage Signal with Sag, Harmonics and Oscillatory Transient 61
Voltage Signal with Sag, Harmonics, Impulsive Transient and
Oscillatory Transient 62
Ruled Decision Tree Based Classification of Complex Power
Quality Disturbances 64
Performance of Proposed Algorithm 64
Comparison of Performance of Proposed Algorithm with the
Algoritm Reported in Literature for Recognition of Complex PQ
Disturbances 66
7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE OF RESEARCH WORK (68-69)
7.1. Recognition of Single Stage PQ Disturbances 68
7.2. Recognition of Complex PQ Disturbances 68
7.3. Future Work 69
REFERENCES (70-74)
APPENDIX A (75)
APPENDIX B (B1.1-B1.6)
APPENDIX C (C1.1-C1.6)