LN 3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES

MONOATOMIC POLYATOMIC
ATOMICITY

1 MOLE=6.022×1023
CATION
PARTICLES
IONS
MOLE

ATOM MOLAR MASS (g)

ANION
LAWS OF
CHEMICAL
POLYATOMIC CHEMICAL
COMBINATIONS
IONS REACTIONS

LAW OF
CONSERVATION
HOMOATOMIC OF MASS

MOLECULE

MOLECULES LAW OF
CONSTANT
HETEROATOMIC PROPORTIONS
MOLECULE

COMPOUNDS

CHEMICAL FORMULAE
 CRISS CROSS
METHOD

LN 3 - ATOMS AND MOLECULES

KEY POINTS

1. LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

Law of conservation of mass

In any chemical reaction, the total mass of the substance before and after the
reaction is the same although its matter undergoes a physical change.

Law of definite proportions

In a chemical substance, the elements are always present in definite proportions

by mass.

2. ATOM

The smallest particle of an element is called atom

3. POSTULATES OF DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

i. Matter is made up of atoms.

ii. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible
iii. Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and in properties
iv. Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of
atoms.
v. A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.

4. ATOMIC MASS
  Atomic mass is the mass of an atom
 The relative atomic mass of an atom of an element is the number of times
an atom of that element is heavier than 1/12th of the mass of a carbon-12
atom. The unit for atomic mass is “u” (unified mass).
1u= 1.66 × 10-27 kg

5. MOLECULE

A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or compound that can exist

independently.

6. ATOMICITY

The number of atoms constituting a molecule is referred to as atomicity

MONOATOMIC DIATOMIC POLYATOMIC

Helium Hydrogen Phosphorus
Neon Oxygen Sulphur

7. COMPOUND

Atoms of different elements join together in definite proportions to form

compounds.

COMPOUND COMBINING ELEMENTS RATIO BY MASS

Water (H2O) Hydrogen, Oxygen 1:8
Ammonia (NH3 ) Nitrogen, Hydrogen 14:3
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon, Oxygen 3:8

8. ION

An ion is a charged particle

Cation- A positively charged particle in a molecule is called cation.

Eg: Na+, Ca2+

Anion- An anion is a negatively charged particle in a molecule

Eg: F- , Cl-, O2-

Polyatomic ions- A group of atoms carrying a charge

Eg: NH4+- Ammonium, OH- - Hydroxide, CO32- - Carbonate

9. VALENCY

The combining capacity of an element is known as Valency

Eg: Valency of Oxygen in H2O is 2.

10. FORMULAE OF SIMPLE COMPOUNDS

 5.

11. MOLECULAR MASS

The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all the
atoms in a substance.
12. MOLE

A Mole (symbol mol) is a unit for counting microscopic particles like electrons,
atoms, ions, molecules. One mole of a substance represents 6.022×1023 particles
(ions, atoms, molecules)

NUMERICAL PROBLEM

1) Calculate the number of moles in 12g of oxygen gas.

Ans: Number of moles of O2 = Given mass

Molar mass

Number of moles = 12/32

= 0.375 moles

2) Calculate the number of moles present in 14g of carbon monoxide .

Ans: Number of moles of CO = Given mass

Molar mass

Number of moles of CO = 14 / 28

= 0.5 moles

3) Find the mass of 5 moles of aluminium atoms?

Ans: Mass = no. of moles × Molar mass

Mass of aluminium atoms = 5×27

= 135 g
4) Find the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051g of aluminium oxide
(Al2O3).

(Atomic masses: Al= 27u; O= 16u)

Ans: Molecular weight of Al2O3 = 102 g

102 g of Al2O3 contains 6.022×1023 molecules
0.051g of Al2O3 contain X number of molecules
X = 0.051 × 6.022X1023 /102 = 0.003 × 1023
X = 3 × 1020
1 molecule of Al2O3 contains – 2 Al3+ions
3 × 1020 molecules contains – 2 × 3 × 1020
= 6 × 1020 Al3+ ions
∴ 0.051 g of Al2O3 contains 6 × 1020 Al3+ ions.

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