Conferencia

IX International Symposium on Power Quality – SICEL
Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

in low voltage grids
Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering
Challenges of harmonic impedance

assessment in low voltage grids
Jan Meyer, Robert Stiegler,

Diptargha Chakravorty
Technische Universitaet Dresden,

Germany

1st – 3rd November 2017, Bucaramanga, Colombia
Agenda
1. Some theory
2. Measurement principles
3. Case study
4. Conclusion
TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

IEEH in low voltage grids 1
1
Some theory
General interference mechanism
Device 1 draws non-

U0(f) sinusoidal current
U(f) ZN(f) Non-sinusoidal voltage

drop at the network
impedance
I(f)
POC
Non-sinusoidal voltage
at the Point of
ID1(f) ID2(f) connection (POC)
UPOC(f)
ZD1(f) ZD2(f)
Impact on device 2
UPOC (f) = U0 (f) − I(f) ⋅ ZN(f)

Some theory
Types of resonances and critical excitation

Series resonance Parallel resonance
1
1 jωC
jωC
Resonance
frequency:
 1   1 
Z = R + j  ωL − Y = G + j  ωC −
 ωC  f0 =
1
 ωL 
2π ⋅ L ⋅ C
At resonance: At resonance:
• Z min. /I max. • Y min. / U max.
Voltage amplification Current amplification

at individual elements at individual elements

2
Some theory
Typical resonance situations in distribution networks

a) Series resonance
Excitation by existing
Upstream harmonic voltages in
Network MV network
b) Parallel resonance
Excitation by harmonic
currents injected at LV
network
Ssc
f0 ≈ fN
QC
• High harmonic currents in

capacitors
• High harmonic voltages in
the LV network
TF – Mains signaling frequency

Some theory
General definition
network
ment point
measure-
u u
device(s)
resulting network
impedance
Short circuit impedance (at power frequency):
• Determined by series network elements only Frequency
dependent network
(Frequency dependent) network impedance:
impedance is
• Determined by parallel and series elements defined for passive
(network and devices) elements only

3
Some theory
Question A
• Increase of inverter-based generation, converter-based storage
applications, and energy-efficient equipment using active frontends or
active power factor correction techniques
• Increasing amount of capacitances due to increased number of
grid-side filter circuits
How does the increasing amount of distributed (shunt)

capacitance influence the network harmonic impedance ?

Some theory
Question B
• Many electronic devices on the mass-market will still use simple
rectifier circuit with capacitor as energy storage
• “Active” devices with rectifier bridge switch their impedance two
times per half cycle of voltage fundamental:
 State 1: Bridge open -> Almost infinite impedance
 State 2: Bridge closed -> Capacitive impedance
State 1 State 2 State 1
V, I
t
• Increasing impact on network harmonic impedance with increasing
frequency
How do “active” devices influence the characteristic
of network harmonic impedance ?

4
Agenda
1. Some theory
3. Case study
4. Conclusion

Measurement principles
Overview of existing measurement methods

A. Non-invasive methods
(Use of system-inherent harmonic variations, e.g. capacitor switching)
• No injection of additional disturbances
• No control of frequency spectrum and harmonic magnitudes
• Significant limitations in frequency resolution and accuracy
B. Invasive methods
(External injection of harmonic currents)
• Injection of additional disturbances
• Full control of frequency range and injected signal magnitudes
• Better accuracy and frequency resolution
 Harmonic impedance assessment in commercial measurement

equipment always based on voltage fundamental cycle
 Harmonic impedance variation within fundamental cycle impacts
the results due to different measurement principles

5
Measurement principle
Measurement before injection

(pre-state)
Measurement during injection

(post-state)
−V
h h
V
Z =
h post pre
Calculation of impedance based
−I
h h
on signal difference I post pre
• Elimination of constant background distortion

• Increase of robustness by using frequencies commonly
not present in grid (e.g. interharmonics)

Measurement procedure (1)

• Application of invasive method based on injection of sinusoidal current
as single frequency sweep
1. Measurement of voltage and current for 10 fundamental cycles before

and during the excitation (pre- and post state)

6

2. Analysis in frequency-domain (DFT) based on different time windows:
a) Cycle of voltage fundamental (VC-method), primary algorithm
(classical algorithm providing “power-cycle” based impedance)
b) Cycle of injected current (CC-method), supplemental algorithm
(additional algorithm providing “sub-power-cycle” based impedance )
ΔV m ( f )
ΔI m ( f )
Z( f )


time characteristic of Frequency-dependent
injected signal network impedance characteristic
(simple rectifier bridge)
Z(f) in Ohm
„Non-linearity“ index
Z(f)CC min • kZ(f) = 1: no variation of impedance within power

k Z (f ) = cycle (characteristic like “passive”
Z(f)VC
impedance network)

7
Measurement setup
• Linear amplifier operated as current source
(up to 10 A, 150 kHz, 2.25 kVA)
• Signal conditioning modules for isolation and adaption of
measurement signal to the input range of the A/D-converter
• Signal generation and measurment at 800 kS/s
• Powered by seperate generator unit to avoid influence of the
measurement setup itself on the network impedance
(control and calculation)

Computer
Example of field measurement

• Powered by separate generator unit to avoid influence of the
measurement setup itself on the network harmonic impedance
• Separate measurement of loop impedances (Lx-N)
Separate power Amplifier and control Measurement

supply computer instrument

8
Agenda
1. Some theory
3. Case study
4. Conclusion

Case study
Initial situation
• Newly planned and built residential low voltage network
- About 5 years ago (big city in Germany)
- About 240 domestic customers
- Dominating share of modern energy-efficient equipment
- About 90 new energy-efficient street lights
Observed effects:
• Unusual high mains signalling levels (about 2.5 times the injection level
at medium voltage side)
• Very high levels for 9th and 15th harmonic voltage
(with respect to EN 50160 limits)
• Sudden changes of some harmonic levels due to street light switching
Typical indicators for a network resonance

9
Case study
Layout of the network

3,5 B 26 WE
MVA WE - homes
SL
WE- street lights
Wohneinheiten
school SL Straßenleuchten
Schule
3,2
MVA 11 WE Breake r
Trennstelle
geschlossen
23 WE  - offen
closed
9 C 10 WE  - open
MVA 62 SL
Sr=630 kVA
uk=5,8 % 11 WE 7 WE
34 WE 1 WE 23 WE 7 WE
23 SL
54 D 35 WE
WE
3,3 MVA
Case study
Simulation: Use of standard data

• Standard models provided by network calculation software
− PQ load model for domestic users (cosϕ = 0,95 ind.)
• Significant inductive
characteristic
• No impact of cable
Z in
capacitances below
2.5 kHz
No resonance
visible !
in °
???
10
Case study
Measurement: Results without street lights

0.5
Simulation with A
B
• „Power cycle“ based
0.4
standard data C impedance (VC method)
0.3 D
• Distinct parallel resonance at

Z in
0.2
about 500 Hz
0.1
(seen as series resonance
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 from the MV grid)
f in Hz
• Resonance rise of
100
k = 1,5
50 • Similar characteristic at
junction boxes
in °
A
0
• Good symmetry between
B
C
-50
D
phases
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
f in Hz
Existence of additional
capacitances, but where ?

Case study
Simulation: Consideration of street lights (1)

Time characteristic Input impedance
|Z| in
U in V
I in A
• Resonance
frequency
f = 67 Hz
• Capacitive
characteristic for all
harmonics

11
Case study
Simulation: Consideration of street lights (2)

• Concentrated capacitances at the connection points of the street lights
Distinct
resonance at
about 900 Hz
• Street lights not

the only reason
• Further
capacitances
must exist ...
???
Case study
Measurement: “Sub-power-cycle” impedance (1)

• Measurement location C (street lights OFF)
• Significant difference in „sub-power-cycle“ impedance between
voltage maxima/minima and voltage zero-crossings
Voltage
minimum
(270°) Voltage
maximum
(90°)
12
Case study

Magnitude of impedance Phase angle of impedance
480 480
Hz Hz
• Closer study of profile close to resonance frequency

Case study

Magnitude at 480 Hz Phase angle at 480 Hz
0.6 90
0.5 60
ZB
0.4 30
ZM
ZM
in °
0.3 0
ZB
|Z| in
0.2 -30
ZA
0.1 -60
0
0
Z A
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
-90
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
t in s t in s
ZA – Voltage min./max. ZB – Voltage zero-crossings ZM – „average impedance
• Two distinct impedance states (variation by factor 5)
• Reason: „synchronized“ recharging of DC-link capacitors in appliances
with simple rectifier circuits (impedance state A - ZA min)

13
Case study
Simulation: Harmonic impedance model

• Modelling based on „distributed“ capacitances for impedance
state B - ZB max (state with distinct resonance):
⋅  1943 μF
• Model based on parallel RL- and RC-circuit

(Approach similar to CIGRE harmonic load model) RRC L
• Parameters per home about:
RRC ≈ 0,5 Ω; C ≈ 5 µF; L ≈ 95 mH; RRL ≈ 130 Ω
C RRL
Limitations of the model:

• Many degrees of freedom for paramterization
• Valid only for harmonic simulations
• General applicability has still to be verified

Case study
Simulation: Results
Street lights
Beleuchtung EIN ON
fR Meas. Simulation
A
B
D
C
fR
• Good accuracy in the considered frequency range

• Good reflection of street light switching
14
Agenda
1. Some theory
3. Case study
4. Conclusion

Conclusions
Key findings
• Modern nonlinear equipment significantly impacts the network
harmonic impedance in low voltage networks.
• Additional „distributed“ shunt capacitances can result

in resonances at low frequencies and should be considered in
harmonic studies.
• Standard load models are not able to realistically model

the network harmonic impedance.
• The „sub-power-cycle“ impedance provides a good estimation of the

level of nonlinear equipment with simple rectifier circuits.
Further measurements in other residential networks have shown that

the analysed network is (still) a special case.

15
Conclusions
Further measurement results

Central EV charging infrastructure (0 – 6 EVs 3~/32 A)
Number
of EVCs
Small PV plant (5 inverters per phase 1~/7 kVA)

Number of PVIs

Muchas gracias por su attencione

Contact details:
Jan Meyer
jan.meyer@tu-dresden.de

IEEH Laboratory setup for impedance
in lowmeasurement
voltage grids 31
16

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IX International Symposium on Power Quality – SICEL

Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering

Challenges of harmonic impedance

Jan Meyer, Robert Stiegler,

Technische Universitaet Dresden,

IX International Symposium on Power Quality – SICEL

Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

General interference mechanism

Device 1 draws non-

U(f) ZN(f) Non-sinusoidal voltage

UPOC (f) = U0 (f) − I(f) ⋅ ZN(f)

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Types of resonances and critical excitation

Voltage amplification Current amplification

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Typical resonance situations in distribution networks

• High harmonic currents in

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

How does the increasing amount of distributed (shunt)

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Overview of existing measurement methods

 Harmonic impedance assessment in commercial measurement

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Measurement before injection

Measurement during injection

• Elimination of constant background distortion

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Measurement procedure (1)

1. Measurement of voltage and current for 10 fundamental cycles before

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Measurement procedure (2)

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Measurement procedure (3)

Z(f)CC min • kZ(f) = 1: no variation of impedance within power

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

(control and calculation)

Example of field measurement

Separate power Amplifier and control Measurement

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Typical indicators for a network resonance

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Layout of the network

Simulation: Use of standard data

Measurement: Results without street lights

• Distinct parallel resonance at

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Simulation: Consideration of street lights (1)

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Simulation: Consideration of street lights (2)

• Street lights not

Measurement: “Sub-power-cycle” impedance (1)

Measurement: “Sub-power-cycle” impedance (2)

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment

Measurement: “Sub-power-cycle” impedance (3)

TU Dresden Challenges of harmonic impedance assessment