“

USEOFMETALLI
CWASTETOENHANCECONCRETE
STRENGTH”

APROJECTREPORT

Submi
tt
edBy
:-

Vaghel
aPr
aful(
160170106057)
Pat
elSonal (
160170106042)
Pr
ajapat
iAshi
sh(
160170106044)
ShahPr
iya (
160170106053)
Dangi
Bhar
at (
160170106014)
I
n Ful
fi
ll
mentf
ort
heawar
doft
hedegr
ee

Of

BACHELOROFENGI
NEERI
NG
I
n
Ci
vi
lEngi
neer
ing

Vi
shwakar
maGov
ernmentEngi
neer
ingCol
l
ege,
Chandkheda

Academi
cyear
:2019-
20

1
 Vi
shwakar
maGov
ernmentEngi
neer
ingCol
l
ege

Ci
vi
lEngi
neer
ingDepar
tment

2019

CERTI
FICATE

Dat
e:

Thi
sist
o cer
ti
fyt
hatt
he di
sser
tat
ion ent
it
led “
USE OF METALLI
C
WASTETOENHANCECONCRETESTRENGTH”hasbeencar
ri
edoutby
t
hef
oll
owi
ngst
udent
sundermygui
dancei
nful
fi
ll
mentoft
hedegr
eeof
Bachel
orofEngi
neer
ingi
nCI
VI 7thSemest
L( er)ofGuj
aratTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y,Ahmedabaddur
ingt
heacademi
cyear2019-
20.

NameofSt
udent Enr
oll
mentNumber

Vaghel
aPr
aful 160170106057

Pat
elSonal 160170106042

Pr
ajapat
iAshi
sh 160170106044

ShahPr
iya 160170106053

Dangi
Bhar
at 160170106014

Gui
de:
Dr.Chi
ragN.Pat
el

I
nter
nal
Gui
de Ext
ernal
gui
de Headof

2
Depar
tment

Tabl
eofCont
ent

No. Ti
tl
e PageNo.

1. Acknowl
edgement 4

2. Abst
ract 5
3. Li
stofTabl
es 6
4. Li
stofFi
gur
es 7
5. I
ntr
oduct
ion 8
Gener
al 8
5.
1whati
smet
all
i
cwast
e 9
5.
2ty
pesofmet
all
i
cwast
e 9
5.
3obj
ect
ive 11
6. Met
hodol
ogy 12
7. Li
ter
atur
eSur
vey 13
8. Mat
eri
alsandpr
oper
ti
es 16
9. Exper
iment
ati
onofr
awmat
eri
als 18
9.
1Gr
adat
iont
estf
orcoar
seaggr
egat
e 18
9.
2Gr
adat
iont
estf
orf
ineaggr
egat
e 19
9.
3El
ongat
ioni
ndexandflaki
nessi
ndex
test
sfor 20
coar
seaggregate
9.
4Si
l
tcont
entt
estf
orsend 21
9.
5Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyt
estf
orf
ineaggr
egat
e 22
9.
6Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyt
estf
orcoar
seaggr
egat
e 23
9.
7Compr
essi
vest
rengt
htest 25
10. Ref
erences 26
11. Desi
gnEngi
neer
ingCanv
as 28

3
 1.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Wehav
etakenef
for
tsi
nthi
spr
oject
.Howev
er,i
twoul
dnothav
ebeenpossi
ble
wi
thoutt
heki
ndsuppor
tandhel
pofmanyi
ndi
vi
dual
sandor
gani
zat
ions.We
woul
dli
ket
oext
endussi
ncer
ethankst
oal
loft
hem.

We ar
e hi
ghl
yindebt
ed t
o Dr
.Chi
rag N.Pat
elassi
stantpr
ofessor
,appl
i
ed
mechani
csdepar
tmentf
ort
hei
rgui
danceandconst
antsuper
visi
onaswel
lasf
or
pr
ovi
dingnecessar
yinf
ormat
ionr
egar
dingt
hepr
oject&al
sof
ort
hei
rsuppor
tin
compl
eti
ngt
hepr
oject
.

We woul
dli
ke t
o expr
essourgr
ati
tude t
owar
dsourpar
ent
s& memberof
Vi
shwakar
ma Gov
ernmentEngi
neer
ing Col
l
ege,Chandkheda f
ori
tpr
ovi
de
pl
atf
ormt
oper
for
mthepr
ojectwhi
chhel
pusi
ncompl
eti
onoft
hispr
oject
.

Wet
hanksandappr
eci
ati
onsal
sogot
othepeopl
ewhohav
ewi
l
li
ngl
yhel
pedus
outwi
tht
hei
rabi
l
iti
es.

Vaghel
aPr
aful

Pat
elSonal

Pr
ajapat
iAshi
sh

ShahPr
iya

Dangi
Bhar
at

4
 2.ABSTRACT
Duet
ohi
ghconsumpt
ionofmet
ali
nmaj
orf
abr
icat
ionsect
ors,St
eeli
ndust
ri
esar
e
gr
owi
ng f
astwhi
ch l
eadst
o hi
ghergener
ati
on ofst
eelwast
e.Aspert
he r
epor
t,
r
ecy
cli
ng oft
hismet
alwast
eismuch cost
li
erand notaf
fect
ing t
he f
ullwor
king
ef
fi
ci
ency
.Soi
tist
het
imet
ofi
ndt
heal
ter
nat
eopt
ionf
ort
hedi
sposalorr
ecy
cli
ngof
t
hismet
alwast
e.Met
alwast
ear
eofdef
erentt
ypessuchasst
eelscr
ape(
lat
hscr
ape)
,
st
eelshotdust
,met
alchi
ps,et
c.Thi
swast
ecanbeusedasaddi
ti
onorr
epl
acementof
ot
heri
ngr
edi
ent
sin concr
etet
o encount
erbot
hthe pr
obl
em:r
educe t
he costof
const
ruct
ionandr
ecy
cli
ngofmet
alwast
e.
Concr
etehasbecomebasi
cneedf
orconst
ruct
ionnowaday
.Ingener
alt
hest
rengt
hof
concr
etedependsupont
hemat
eri
aladdedi
nit
.Gener
all
y,i
tcont
aincement
,sand,
aggr
egat
eandwat
eral
ongwi
thr
einf
orcement
.Thest
ruct
uralpar
toft
hebui
l
dingi
s
supposedt
obeart
hev
ari
ousl
oadscomi
ngoni
t.I
nrei
nfor
cedcementconcr
ete,t
he
st
rengt
hisi
mpr
ovedduet
orei
nfor
cementcompar
etot
hepl
aincementconcr
ete.I
fthe
met
all
i
cwast
ewi
l
lbeusedi
ntheconcr
ete,
theconsumpt
ionofr
einf
orcementandot
her
i
ngr
edi
enti
sdecr
easedandt
hecompr
essi
vest
rengt
handot
hermechani
calpr
oper
ti
es
i
mpr
ove,
duet
othatcostofconst
ruct
ionwi
l
lber
educed.
I
nthi
spr
oject
,thr
eet
ypesofmet
all
i
cwast
esuchasst
eelscr
ap,st
eelchi
ps,st
eelshot
dustwi
l
lbecol
l
ect
ed f
rom v
ari
ousi
ndust
ri
esand byusi
ng t
hesewast
esv
ari
ous
concr
eteel
ementl
i
kecube,
cyl
i
nder
,andbeam wi
l
lbecast
ed.Thet
est
sconduct
edwer
e
compr
essi
vest
rengt
htest
,tensi
l
est
rengt
htestandf
lexur
alst
rengt
htestandf
ort
his
concr
etecubes,
beamsandcy
li
nder
swer
ecast
edandcur
edandt
est
swer
edoneat3t
h
day
,7t
hdayand28t
hday
.

5
 3.LI
STOFTABLES

Tabl
eno. Descr
ipt
ion Pageno.

5.
2.1 Phy
sical
proper
ti
esofst
eel
shotdust 10

8.
1.1 Pr
oper
ti
esofcement 16

9.
1.1 Si
eveanal
ysi
sofcoar
seaggr
egat
e 18

9.
2.1 Si
eveanal
ysi
soff
ineaggr
egat
e(sand) 19

9.
4.1 Si
l
tcont
entt
estf
orsand 22

Speci
fi
cgr
avi
ty&wat
erabsor
pti
onof
9.
5.1 23
f
ineaggr
egat
e(sand)

Speci
fi
cgr
avi
ty&wat
erabsor
pti
onof
9.
6.1 24
coar
seaggr
egat
e

6
4.LI
STOFFI
GURE

7
Fi
gur
eno. Descr
ipt
ion Pageno.

5.
2.1 Lat
hest
eel
scr
ap 9

5.
2.2 St
eel
shotdust 10

5.
3.3 St
eel
chi
ps 10

8.
1.1 Cement 16

8.
1.2 Fi
neaggr
egat
e 16

8.
1.3 Coar
seaggr
egat
e 17

8.
1.4 St
eel
scr
ap 17

9.
1.1 Gr
adat
iont
estsetup 18

9.
3.1 Lengt
hgauge 20

9.
3.2 Thi
cknessgauge 21

9.
4.1 Si
l
tcont
entt
estsetup 21

9.
5.1 Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyt
estf
orf
ineaggr
egat
e 22

9.
6.1 Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyt
estf
orcoar
se
25
aggr
egat
e

9.
7.1 Compr
essi
vest
rengt
hMachi
ne 25

8
 5.I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Gener
al
Concr
etehasbecomemor
epopul
arf
ort
heconst
ruct
ionofbui
l
dingandot
herst
ruct
ure
nowaday
s.Theneedofhumanki
ndar
eunl
i
mit
edwhi
chf
urt
herl
eadst
oconst
ruct
ion
ofmor
eandmor
est
ruct
ures.Gener
all
y,concr
etei
smadebycement
,sand,aggr
egat
e
and wat
er.Now a day
’s admi
xtur
e and l
ubr
icantar
e al
so added t
oimpr
ovet
he
pr
oper
ti
esofconcr
ete.Ast
het
imepass,newt
echnol
ogi
esar
edev
elopedandef
fi
cient
addi
ti
vemat
eri
alhel
ptogai
nmor
est
rengt
hinconcr
ete.
Var
iouswast
egener
atedf
rom t
hedi
ff
erenti
ndust
ri
escanbeusedi
nconcr
etet
o
enhancet
hest
rengt
h.Di
ff
erentwast
essuchasf
lyash,bl
astf
urnacesl
ag,quar
rydust
,
br
ickbat
s,br
okengl
asswast
eandi
tspowder
,st
eelwast
e,Coconutshel
l
s,E-wast
e,
Pl
ast
icwast
e,Mar
bledustpowder
,Paperandpul
pmi
l
lwast
e,Sugarcanei
ndust
ry
wast
eet
c.ar
ebei
ngusedf
ort
hebet
terpr
oper
ti
esandeconomi
calconst
ruct
ion.The
mat
eri
alt
ober
epl
acedependupont
hequal
i
tyr
equi
red.I
nthi
spr
ojectst
eelwast
es
suchasst
eelscr
ap,st
eelchi
ps,st
eelshotdustar
eusedasaddi
ti
onorr
epl
acementof
ot
heri
ngr
edi
ent
sinconcr
eteduet
othi
sst
rengt
hofconcr
eteandot
hermechani
cal
pr
oper
ti
esar
eincr
eased.
Thei
ndust
ri
ali
zat
ioni
nthecount
ryi
sincr
easi
ngi
nthev
ari
ousf
iel
d.Thest
eeli
ndust
ri
es
ar
eal
sogr
owi
ngatpeakbecauseofpopul
ati
onandi
tsneed.Thepr
oduct
ionofst
eel
l
eadst
ogener
ati
onofst
eelwast
eandgaseswhi
char
ehar
mfult
otheenv
ironment
.
Thi
sst
eelwast
ecanbedi
sposedofont
hebar
renl
andoratot
herpl
acewhi
chf
urt
her
cr
eat
enumberofpr
obl
em.Ont
heot
herhandt
her
ecy
cli
ngoft
hest
eelwast
eisnot
ef
fi
ci
ent
.Ther
ecy
cledst
eelwast
ear
eal
sonotbei
ngusedi
nrei
nfor
cementgener
ati
on
andt
hecostofr
ecy
cli
ngi
sal
sohi
gh.Sot
hisst
eelwast
ecanbeusedi
nconcr
etet
o
l
owert
hecostandf
indi
ngsol
uti
onofst
eel
wast
edi
sposal
.

9
5.
1Whati
sMet
all
i
cWast
e?
Met
all
i
cwast
eist
hecombi
nat
ionofwast
emet
al,
met
all
i
cmat
eri
alandanypr
oductt
hat
cont
ainsmet
alt
hati
scapabl
eofbei
ngr
ecy
cledf
rom pr
evi
ousconsumpt
ionorpr
oduct
manuf
act
uri
ng.Whet
heri
tisv
ehi
clepar
ts,bui
l
dingsuppl
i
esorsur
pluspr
ojectmat
eri
als,
scr
aphast
remendousmonet
aryv
alue.Thesemet
all
i
cwast
ehav
eahi
ghmar
ketv
alue,
wi
tht
hei
rabi
l
ityt
ober
e-usedagai
nandagai
n.Fori
nst
ance,
elect
ri
ciansmi
ghthav
ewi
res
andel
ect
ri
calequi
pment
,pl
umber
sar
eli
kel
ytohav
eusedcopperpi
pingandbr
ass
f
ixt
uresandev
enconst
ruct
ionf
ir
mswi
l
lhav
ebeam uponbeam ofst
eelt
hatcoul
dbe
qui
tel
i
ter
all
ygi
venanewl
easeofl
i
fe.Butal
ltoor
egul
arl
ythesear
etossedi
ntot
hedump
duet
olackofknowl
edgeandsour
cesf
ormet
alr
ecy
cli
ng.Thi
smet
all
i
cwast
ewi
l
lbe
usedf
ori
mpr
ovi
ngt
hest
rengt
hofconcr
etewhi
chwi
l
lbeusedf
ort
henonst
ruct
ural
member
sinpl
aceofr
einf
orcement
.

5.
2Ty
pesofMet
all
i
cWast
e
1.St
eel
Lat
heScr
ap
Ther
aw mat
eri
alobt
ainedf
rom I
ronandSt
eeli
ndust
ri
es.I
tispr
oducedf
rom l
athe
i
ndust
ri
esal
so.Theaggr
egat
ewhi
chcompr
isesof70%t
o80%v
olumeofconcr
etehav
e
t
hreemai
nfunct
ionsar
etopr
ovi
deacheapf
il
ler
,topr
ovi
deamassofpar
ti
clesf
or
r
esi
sti
ngt
heact
ionofappl
i
edl
oadsandt
oreducet
hev
olumechangesr
esul
ti
ngf
rom
t
heset
tl
ingandhar
deni
ngpr
ocess.Thedensi
tyofl
athescr
api
s7850kg/
m3.

10
 Fi
gur
e5.
2.1:
Lat
hest
eel
scr
ap

2.St
eel
ShotDust
St
eelshotdusti
s usual
l
ya mi
xtur
e ofmet
aloxi
des and si
l
icon di
oxi
de.Gr
ound
gr
anul
atedst
eelshotdusti
sof
tenusedi
nconcr
etei
ncombi
nat
ionwi
thPor
tl
andcement
aspar
tofbl
endedcement
.Gr
oundgr
anul
atedst
eelshotdustr
eact
swi
thwat
ert
o
pr
oducecement
ati
onspr
oper
ti
es.Concr
etecont
aini
nggr
oundgr
anul
atedst
eelshor
t
dustdev
elopsst
rengt
hov
eral
ongerper
iod,l
eadi
ngt
oreducedper
meabi
l
ityandbet
ter
dur
abi
l
ity
.Si
ncet
heuni
tvol
umeofPor
tl
andcementi
sreduced,t
hisconcr
etei
sless
v
ulner
abl
etoal
kal
isi
l
icaandsul
phat
eat
tack.Thephy
sicalpr
oper
ti
esandpar
ti
clesi
ze
di
str
ibut
ionofst
eel
slagar
egi
veni
nTabl
e5.
2.1.

Tabl
e5.
2.1Phy
sical
proper
ti
esofst
eel
shotdust
Pr
oper
ti
es Val
ue
Speci
fi
cgr
avi
ty 2.
68
Fi
nenessmodul
us 2.
96

Fi
gur
e5.
2.2:
Steel
shotdust

11
 3.St
eel
Chi
ps
st
eelchi
pscanbesmal
lpar
ti
cles(
suchast
hegr
it
tyswar
ffr
om gr
indi
ngmet
al)
;long,
st
ri
ngyt
endr
il
s(suchast
hespr
ingychi
psf
rom t
urni
ngt
oughmet
als,orl
ongshav
ings
f
rom whi
tt
li
ng)
;Wast
est
eelchi
psusedi
nconcr
eteenhancest
hest
rengt
hofconcr
ete
wi
thouti
mpai
ri
nganyt
echni
calf
eat
uresofnor
malconcr
ete.Wast
est
eelchi
pscanbe
usedt
oconst
ructr
esi
dent
ial
bui
l
ding,
Roaddi
vi
der
,foot
pat
h,par
apetwal
let
c.

Fi
gur
e5.
2.3:
Steel
chi
ps

5.
3Obj
ect
ives
Asperr
api
dIndust
ri
ali
zat
ion,st
eelpr
oduci
ngi
ndust
ri
esi
ncr
easi
ngy
earandy
ear
.These
i
ndust
ri
espr
oducedst
eelwast
eandgaseswhi
char
ever
yhar
mfult
otheenv
ironment
.In
I
ndi
ast
eelwast
egener
atedf
rom st
eeli
ndust
ryi
sver
yhi
gh.Thi
swast
emaybedumped
i
ntot
hebar
renl
andandot
herdi
sposal
places.Recy
cli
ngofst
eel
wast
ereducest
hest
eel
wast
ebutr
ecy
cli
ngst
eelhasl
ow qual
i
tyandr
ecy
cli
ngcosti
shi
gh.Howev
err
ecy
cled
st
eeli
snotusedi
nconst
ruct
ion,sowear
eusi
ngst
eelwast
einconcr
etewhi
chr
educes
t
heconsumpt
ionofr
einf
orcementandcostofst
ruct
ure.Atpr
esentdayRei
nfor
ced
concr
etest
ruct
uresar
ever
ypopul
arwor
ldwi
de.R.
C.C.st
ruct
urehasgoodl
oadbear
ing
capaci
ty.Al
soi
thasv
erywel
lresi
stantagai
nstwi
ndandear
thquakef
orces.R.
C.C.
st
ruct
uresar
emadef
rom concr
eteandst
eel
.Concr
etehasgoodcompr
essi
vest
rengt
h
andst
eelhasgoodt
ensi
onst
rengt
h.So,
str
uct
urer
emai
nsst
abl
eagai
nstv
ari
ousf
orces.
Exper
iment
alst
udydoneonst
eel
scr
apconcr
eteandpl
aincementconcr
ete.
Theobj
ect
ivesoft
hispr
ojectar
egi
venbel
ow.
Tor
euset
hest
eel
scr
apewi
thhi
gheref
fi
ciency
.
Tost
udyef
fectofwast
est
eel
scr
api
nconcr
ete.
Toest
abl
i
sht
heal
ter
nat
ivesofi
ngr
edi
ent
sofconcr
ete.
Tof
indoutt
heopt
imum per
cent
ageofst
eel
scr
apeatwhi
cht
hecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hof
concr
etei
smaxi
mum.
Tocompar
ethest
rengt
hofconcr
eteatv
ari
ousamountofst
eel
wast
e.

12
 6.METHODOLOGY
Di
ff
erentt
ypesofmet
all
i
cwast
esar
eav
ail
abl
eindi
ff
erenti
ndust
ri
esi
nwhi
cht
hreet
ypes
ofmet
all
i
cwast
eswer
eusedi
nthi
spr
ojectwor
ksuchasst
eelscr
aps,st
eelchi
ps,st
eel
shotdust
.Thesecol
l
ect
edmet
all
i
cwast
eswer
econv
ert
edi
ntouni
for
m si
zeandshape.
Cement
,sand,aggr
egat
eandwat
erwascol
l
ect
edasperr
equi
rement
.Exper
iment
ati
on
pr
ogr
am hasbeenconduct
edt
ochar
act
eri
zet
her
aw mat
eri
alsoft
heconcr
ete.Then
car
ri
edoutv
ari
oust
estr
esul
tsandpr
epar
edmi
xdesi
gnf
orM20gr
adeconcr
ete.The
met
all
i
cwast
ewhi
chwi
l
lbeaddedi
ntheconcr
etemi
xcubesof150mm Χ150mm Χ
150mm si
ze,
cyl
i
nderof300mm hei
ghtand150mm di
amet
ersi
zeandbeamsof70mm
Χ70mm Χ14mm si
ze.Theconcr
eteel
ement
ssuchascube,cy
li
nderandbeam wi
l
lbe
cast
edbyaddi
ngt
hemet
alwast
einpr
opor
ti
onof1%,1.
4%and1.
6%.Byusi
ngt
heeach
t
ypeofmet
all
i
cwast
e,6cubes,6cy
li
nderand6beamswi
l
lbecast
edandt
hesewi
l
lbe
t
est
edf
orcompr
essi
ve,
tensi
l
eandf
lexur
alst
rengt
hrespect
ivel
yat14day
sand28day
s.
Then,Opt
imum per
cent
ageofmet
alwast
ewi
l
lfoundoutatwhi
cht
hest
rengt
hwi
l
lbe
maxi
mum.

6.
1Fl
owChar
t
St
udyofl
i
ter
atur
epaper
sandI
S

13
 Sel
ecti
onandident
if
yt hemet
all
i
c
wasteusedi
nconcrete.

Coll
ect
ionofconstr
ucti
onmat er
ial
s Col
lect
ion of metal
l
ic wast e( steel
(
cement,sand,
aggregate)f
rom scr
ap,steelchips,steelshotdust )
Ahmadabadr egi
on. col
lect
edfrom Aj
itmil
l,bannerEstate,

Testofconst
ruct
ionmateri
alandrecordedaccur
ate
resul
t,whi
chi
susef ormi
xdesignpreparat
ion.

castedElementsuchascube,
cyl
inderandbeam with
diff
erentpercentofmetal
l
icwastelike,0.
3%,0.6%,
0.9%,1.2%,1.5%.

TestforCompressi
vestr
ength,
tensi
lestr
engt
h,
fl
exur
alstr
engt
hofcastedelementsaft
er14and28
days.

Opt
imum percentofst
eel
wast
ewi
l
lbedet
ermi
nedby
t
estr 7
es .
ul
t.LITERATUREREVI EW
I
tcanbeapr
imar
ywor
kformot
ivat
ingort
aki
ngupf
utur
eresear
chwor
k.Li
ter
atur
e
r
evi
ewenabl
esar
esear
chert
obecomeanexper
tint
hespeci
fi
car
ea.I
twi
l
lhel
porgui
de
t
her
esear
chert
osear
chabouthi
stopi
corr
esear
chpr
obl
em andal
sohel
ptounder
stand
hi
stopi
cforbet
terr
esear
ch.I
tenhancesknowl
edgeandpr
ovi
desst
udysour
cesabout
speci
fi
ctopi
cwhi
chi
dent
if
ythegaps.I
thel
pst
olear
naboutr
esear
chdesi
gnf
ort
he
r
esear
cht
ojust
if
ypr
oposedr
esear
chmet
hodol
ogy
.

1.AbdulRahman,(
2017)
,usedwast
est
eelscr
apmat
eri
alwhi
chi
sav
ail
abl
efr
om t
he
l
athei
ndust
ryasst
eelf
ibr
etoi
mpr
ovet
hequal
i
tyofconcr
ete.Anopt
imum dosesof1%
ofl
athescr
apasanaddi
ti
onhasbeenusedt
oimpr
ovet
hest
rengt
hofconcr
ete.Asa
r
esul
t,Compr
essi
vest
rengt
hincr
easesupt
o60.
17%andTensi
l
est
rengt
hupt
o36.
90%
at28day
swhencompar
edt
othecont
rol
speci
men.

2.Di
neshW.Gawat
re,
(2016)
,Thest
udypr
ovest
hatt
hecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hoft
he
concr
etei
sincr
easedbyi
ncr
easi
ngt
hepr
opor
ti
onoft
hel
athescr
apupt
o0.
8%f
or14

14
day
sand up t
o 1.
2% f
or28day
s.Fr
om 1.
2% t
o 2.
0%,i
tshowssl
i
ghtdecr
ease i
n
compr
essi
vest
rengt
h(28day
s).Addi
ti
onofl
athescr
apf
ibr
est
oconcr
etei
ncr
easest
he
compr
essi
vest
rengt
hofconcr
etemar
ginal
l
y(by11%)
.

3.Shi
vam Dar
ji
,(2018)
,fr
om t
her
evi
ew i
tcanbesai
dthatst
eelscr
apcanbeused
ef
fect
ivel
ytoi
mpr
ovepr
oper
ti
esofmi
xdesi
gnconcr
ete.St
eelscr
api
mpr
ovespr
oper
ti
es
ofmi
xdesi
gnconcr
etesuchascompr
essi
vest
rengt
h,spl
i
ttensi
l
est
rengt
handf
lexur
al
st
rengt
h.Useofst
eelscr
ap byper
cent
agewei
ghtofconcr
eter
educescr
acksand
shr
inkagei
nmi
xdesi
gnconcr
ete.St
eelscr
apr
educest
heconsumpt
ionofr
einf
orcement
i
nR.
C.C.st
ruct
ures.

4.ZeeshanNi
ssarQur
eshi
,(2016)
,thesl
umpv
alue,
compr
essi
ve,
spl
i
ttensi
l
eandf
lexur
e
st
rengt
hsofM20concr
etegr
adewer
eobt
ainedatv
ary
ingper
cent
agesofl
athemachi
ne
scr
apbywei
ghti
nconcr
ete.
SlumpVal
uedecr
easedf
rom 30mm t
o10mm f
orconcr
ete
wi
thnor
einf
orcementandconcr
etewi
th2%LMSR.Thecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hwasf
ound
outt
obe25.
5N/
mm2,26.
8N/
mm2,28.
4N/
mm2and23.
33N/
mm2f
or0%,1%,1.
5%and
2% l
athemachi
nescr
apr
einf
orcementr
espect
ivel
y.Thespl
i
tti
ngt
ensi
l
est
rengt
hwas
2.
85N/
mm2,
3.04N/
mm2,
3.37N/mm2and2.
94N/
mm2,
wher
easf
lexur
alst
rengt
hwer
e
4.
33N/
mm2,5N/
mm2,5.
66N/
mm2and4.
83N/
mm2f
or0%,1%,1.
5% and2% l
athe
machi
nescr
apr
einf
orcementr
espect
ivel
y.I
twasobser
vedt
hatst
rengt
hpr
oper
ti
esof
concr
etear
eincr
easedbyaddi
ngl
athemachi
nescr
apupt
o1.
5%andi
twasf
oundt
obe
t
heopt
imum per
cent
agef
orcompr
essi
ve,spl
i
ttensi
l
eandf
lexur
est
rengt
hsaf
tert
his
per
cent
aget
her
ewasr
educt
ioni
nst
rengt
hofconcr
etesl
i
ght
ly.Def
lect
ionoft
hebeam
wasal
sof
oundt
obemaxi
mum i
ncaseof1.
5%l
athemachi
nescr
api
.e.7mm andl
oad
bear
ingcapaci
tyoft
hebeam was5.
66kN.
Alli
nal
liti
sconcl
udedt
hatl
athemachi
ne
scr
ap i
sast
rong and env
ironment
alf
ri
endl
ymat
eri
alwhi
chcani
mpr
ovest
ruct
ural
st
rengt
hofconcr
ete,
lessenst
eelr
einf
orcement
sbesi
desr
educi
ngwi
dthofcr
ackswhen
usedasr
einf
orcementi
nconcr
ete.I
tcanal
sobeusedi
nfut
ureal
soi
nvar
iousconcr
ete
wor
ks,
whi
chi
ncl
udesdet
ermi
ningshearst
rengt
hpar
amet
ers,
dur
abi
l
itypr
oper
ti
es.

5.Tanv
irQur
eshi
,(2015)
,Beams wi
th di
ff
erentgr
aded r
einf
orcementbarshowed
consi
stentr
esul
ts,howev
ert
hemet
alwast
escont
aini
ng beamsr
esul
tswer
ehi
ghl
y
pr
omi
sing.Mechani
calpr
oper
ti
es (
compr
essi
ve st
rengt
h,spl
i
ttensi
l
e st
rengt
h,and
modul
esofel
ast
ici
ty)oft
heconcr
etewer
eimpr
ovedwi
tht
headdi
ti
onofsmal
l
ermet
al

15
chi
psCM,andCA,howev
eri
tdet
eri
orat
edal
i
ttl
ewi
thCTchi
psduet
olar
gersi
zeand
shape.Wast
emet
almayhav
ebet
terper
for
mancesi
ftheywer
egr
indedi
nspeci
fi
csi
ze
and shape.Mostoft
he wast
e met
alwas st
eelf
ragment
s;t
her
efor
eithad bet
ter
compat
ibi
l
itywi
thconcr
ete. Duct
il
it
yofbarbeamswashi
gherast
her
ewer
eshear
r
einf
orcement
sandcont
inuat
ionofr
einf
orcementt
iedendt
oend.Fr
om cur
rentf
indi
ngs
i
tcoul
dbeconcl
udedt
hatwast
emet
ali
nsomeext
endshowedbet
terper
for
mancet
han
t
radi
ti
onalbarandcoul
dbeusedi
ntheRCCst
ruct
ureasanal
ter
nat
iveoft
radi
ti
onalst
eel
bar
soraspar
ti
alsubst
it
uti
onf
orbet
terper
for
mance.Thi
swi
l
lnotonl
ymi
nimi
zet
he
const
ruct
ioncost
,butal
soi
mpactont
heenv
ironmentposi
ti
vel
ybyusi
ngt
her
ecy
cle
wast
emet
al.

6.Seet
har
am.P.G,
S.Vi
shay
,(2017)
,TheLat
hescr
api
srepl
acedi
ntheconcr
etet
ofound
t
hest
rengt
handot
herspeci
fi
cpr
oper
ti
es.I
tyi
eldshi
ghper
for
manceandhi
ghst
rengt
h
concr
ete.I
tal
sodescr
ibedt
hatconcr
etehav
inggoodr
esi
stancepoweragai
nstchemi
cal
act
ionandcor
rosi
on.Theadv
ant
agesabouteachmat
eri
alsar
eli
stedbel
ow:1)Usi
ngof
t
hesest
eelr
ecy
cli
ngwas74%l
essener
gy,
90%l
essv
irgi
nmat
eri
alsand40%l
esswat
er.
2)I
tal
sopr
oduces76% f
ewerwat
erpol
l
utant
s,86% f
ewerai
rpol
l
utant
sand97% l
ess
mi
ningwast
e.

7.Shi
vam P.Dar
ji
,(2017)
,the compr
essi
ve st
rengt
h ofM-
20 gr
ade concr
ete was
obt
ained wi
th di
ff
erentst
eelscr
ap per
cent
age bywei
ghti
n concr
ete.The av
erage
compr
essi
vest
rengt
hofM-
20gr
adeconcr
etei
s20N/
mm2.Thecompr
essi
vest
rengt
h
was f
ound out t
o be 22.
56N/
mm2, 24.
43N/
mm2, 24.
53N/
mm2, 24.
60N/
mm2,
24.
71N/
mm2,24.
80N/
mm2,24.
82N/
mm2,24.
90N/
mm2,24.
38N/
mm2,23.
71N/
mm2,
23.
50N/
mm2,
23.
00N/
mm2,
22.
63N/
mm2f
or0%,
0.2%,
0.4%,
0.6%,
0.8%,
1%,
1.2%,
1.4%,
1.
6%,1.
8%,2%,2.
2%,2.
4% st
eelscr
apr
espect
ivel
y.I
twasobser
vedt
hatcompr
essi
ve
st
rengt
hincr
easedbyaddi
ngst
eelscr
apupt
o1.
4%andt
hisi
sopt
imum per
cent
ageof
st
eelscr
apf
ormaxi
mum compr
essi
vest
rengt
hofconcr
ete.Thenaf
teraddi
ngmor
e
per
cent
ageofst
eelscr
apcausessl
i
ghtr
educt
ioni
ncompr
essi
vest
rengt
hbutst
rengt
his
mor
ethanpl
aincementconcr
ete.

8.Hemant
hTungaGN,(
2018)
,thi
sinv
est
igat
ionshowst
hatr
epl
acementofl
athewast
e
i
mpr
ovesmechani
calpr
oper
ti
esofconcr
ete.Var
ioust
est
swer
edoneat7and28day
s
af
tercast
ingt
hespeci
mens.Whent
hef
ineaggr
egat
ewasr
epl
acedwi
th2% ofl
athe
wast
e,t
her
ewasani
ncr
easeof18.
8% i
ncompr
essi
vest
rengt
htestr
esul
t.Whenf
ine

16
aggr
egat
eisr
epl
acedwi
th4%ofl
athewast
e,t
hei
ncr
ementi
ncompr
essi
vest
rengt
htest
was 11% compar
ed t
o conv
ent
ionalconcr
ete,whi
ch i
ndi
cat
ed t
hatt
he use of4%
r
epl
acementi
sal
sopossi
blei
nor
dert
omaxi
miset
hewast
eut
il
isat
ion.I
twasf
oundt
hat
f
or2% r
epl
acement
,ther
ewi
l
lbe13% ofi
ncr
ementi
nspl
i
ttensi
l
est
rengt
haf
ter7day
s
and 12% af
ter28day
s.For4% r
epl
acement
,bet
terr
esul
tisobt
ained compar
ed t
o
conv
ent
ionalconcr
ete.Useofl
athewast
einconcr
etei
sbenef
ici
alascompar
edt
o
conv
ent
ionalconcr
eter
educes t
he env
ironment
alpol
l
uti
on as wel
las pr
ovi
ding
economi
cal
val
uef
ort
hewast
emat
eri
al.

9.Mr
.K.
Sudhakar
,(
2016)
,Anexper
iment
alst
udyonf
lexur
albehav
iourofconcr
eteusi
ng
l
athescr
apswi
thst
eelf
ibr
esbuti
nthatconv
ent
ionalconcr
eteandpar
ti
alr
epl
acementof
l
athescr
apsandaddi
ti
onofst
eelf
ibr
esar
eshowi
ngst
rengt
hasmi
nimum di
ff
erence.So
wehav
eusedl
athescr
apsi
nconcr
eteatpar
ti
cul
arper
cent
age.I
twi
l
lgi
vemor
est
rengt
h
t
hanconv
ent
ional
concr
eteandal
soav
ail
abi
l
ityofmat
eri
alsi
nlat
hewor
kshops.

8.MATERI
ALSANDPROPERTI
ES

8.
1 Mat
eri
al

1)Cement

17
PPC(
Por
tl
andPozzol
anaCement
)wasusedi
nexper
imentwor
k.Cementi
simpor
tant
i
ngr
edi
entwhi
chi
susedt
obi
ndi
ngt
heconcr
etemat
eri
alsJ.
K.Lakshmi
cementsat
isf
ies
near
lyal
lthepr
oper
ti
esr
ecommendedbyI
ndi
anst
andar
dcode.Accor
dingt
oIScode,
the
speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofPPCconsi
der
edas3.
15.Ot
herpr
oper
ti
esofcementar
egi
veni
ntabl
e
8.
1.1.

Tabl
e8.
1.1Pr
oper
ti
esofcement

Par
amet
er Requi
rementasperI
S:1489PPC

Set
ti
ngTi
me I
nit
ial 30mi
n.(
mini
mum)

Fi
nal 600mi
n.(
maxi
mum)

Deshut
ter
ingper
iod AsperI
S:456

Cur
ingper
iod Mi
nimum 10day
s

Heatofhy
drat
ion Ver
ylow

Dur
abi
l
ity Consi
der
edbet
terascompar
edt
oO.
P.C.

Comp.St
rengt
h 7day
s 22MPa(
mini
mum)

28day
s 33MPa(
mini
mum)

Af
ter28day
s Hi
ghert
hanO.
P.C.

Fi
gur
e8.
1.1:
Cement

18
2)Fi
neAggr
egat
e

Fi
neaggr
egat
eist
ermedhav
ingsi
zenotmor
ethan4.
55mm &notl
esst
han150mi
cron.
Sandconf
ir
mingt
ozoneI
IIwhi
chusedi
ntheexper
imentwor
k,whi
chi
sobt
ainedby
pr
oper
ti
essat
isf
iedt
her
equi
rementasperI
S-383:
1970.Thespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyoff
ine
aggr
egat
ecanbeobt
ainedbypy
cnomet
erwhi
chi
s2.
23&wat
erabsor
pti
oni
sobt
ained
1.
22%bybel
owexper
iment
.

Fi
gur
e8.
1.2:
Fineaggr
egat
e

3)Coar
seAggr
egat
e
Thecoar
seaggr
egat
eist
ermedhav
ingsi
zeofmor
ethan4.
55mm.
theangul
arshaped
coar
seaggr
egat
ehav
ingsi
ze20mm i
susedi
nexper
iment
.Thespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofcoar
se
aggr
egat
ecanbedet
ermi
nedbyusi
ngpy
cnomet
erwhi
chi
sobt
ained2.
74& wat
er
absor
pti
oni
sobt
ained0.
82%.

Fi
gur
e8.
1.3:
Coar
seaggr
egat
e

4)Met
all
i
cwast
e

19
I
nthi
swor
k,t
hreet
ypesofmet
all
i
cwast
ear
econsi
der
ed(
Steell
athescr
ap,St
eelshot
dustandSt
eelchi
ps)
.Buti
nthi
sspeci
men,St
eelscr
apwi
l
lbeused.St
eelscr
api
sa
wast
emat
eri
alwhi
chi
spr
oducedf
rom st
eeli
ndust
ri
es.St
eelwast
eisobt
ainedf
rom t
he
l
ocalmar
keti
nAhmadabad.Thet
hicknessofst
eelscr
apv
ari
esf
rom 0.
25-
0.80mm and
l
engt
hofst
eelscr
apf
rom 30-
50mm whi
chi
susedf
ormaki
ngspeci
men.Thest
eelwast
e
wi
l
lbeaddedi
nconcr
etei
ndi
ff
erentamountl
i
ke,
1%,
1.3%&1.
6%bywei
ghtofconcr
ete.

Fi
gur
e8.
1.4St
eel
scr
ap

5)Wat
er

Accor
dingt
oIScode,t
hepHv
alueofwat
ershoul
dnotbel
esst
han6.Wat
erusedf
or
exper
iment
alwor
kwaspor
tabl
e&hav
ingpH v
aluenotl
esst
han6.
5.Wat
erusedf
or
concr
etemi
xi
ng&cur
ingi
sfr
eef
rom oi
l
s,dust
s,al
kal
i
s,sal
ts&or
gani
cmat
ter
s.

9.EXPERI
MENTATI
ONOFRAW MATERI
ALS
9.
1GRADATI
ONTESTFORCOARSEAGGREGATE:

Thesampl
eissi
evedbyusi
ngasetofI
SSi
eves.Oncompl
eti
onofsi
evi
ng,t
hemat
eri
al
oneachsi
evei
swei
ghed.Cumul
ati
vewei
ghtpassi
ngt
hrougheachsi
evei
scal
cul
atedas
a per
cent
ageoft
het
otalsampl
ewei
ght
.Fi
nenessmodul
usi
sobt
ained byaddi
ng
cumul
ati
veper
cent
ageofaggr
egat
esr
etai
nedoneachsi
eveanddi
vi
dingt
hesum by100.

Wei
ghtofsampl
e:-
1000gm

20
 Fi
gur
e9.
1.1Gr
adat
iont
estsetup

Tabl
e9.
1.1Si
eveanal
ysi
sofcoar
seaggr
egat
e

I
ssi
eve Wei
ghtofsandr
etai
ned %of Cumul
ati
ve % Per
missi
ble
Si
ze t
otal %ofTot
al passi
ng per
cent
age
wei
ght wei
ght passi
ngas

Sampl
e- Sampl
e- Av
erage r
etai
ned r
etai
ned I
S:383

1 2

20mm 160 110 135 6.

75 6.
75 93.
25 95-
100

10mm 1000 1100 1050 52.

5 59.
25 40.
75 25-
55

4.
75mm 680 650 665 33.
25 92.
5 7.
5 0-
10

Pan 160 140 150 7.

5 100 00 -

Resul
ts:
-

21
1)Si
ze:
-20mm

2)Gr
aded

9.
2GRADATI
ONTESTFORFI
NEAGGREGATE

Thesampl
eissi
evedbyusi
ngasetofI
SSi
eves.Oncompl
eti
onofsi
evi
ng,t
hemat
eri
al
oneachsi
evei
swei
ghed.Cumul
ati
vewei
ghtpassi
ngt
hrougheachsi
evei
scal
cul
atedas
a per
cent
ageoft
het
otalsampl
ewei
ght
.Fi
nenessmodul
usi
sobt
ained byaddi
ng
cumul
ati
veper
cent
ageofaggr
egat
esr
etai
nedoneachsi
eveanddi
vi
dingt
hesum by100.

Wei
ghtofsampl
e:-
500gm.

Tabl
e9.
2.1Si
eveanal
ysi
soff
ineaggr
egat
e

I
ssi
eve Wei
ghtofsandr
etai
ned %of Cumul
ati % Per
missi
ble
Si
ze t
otal v
e%of passi
ng per
cent
age
wei
ght Tot
al passi
ngas
Sampl
e-1 Sampl
e- Av
erage
r
etai
ned wei
ght I
S:383
2
r
etai
ned

10mm 00 00 00 00 00 100 100

4.
75m 07 09 08 1.
6 1.
6 98.
4 90-
100
m

2.
36m 43 41 42 8.
4 10 90 85-
100
m

1.
18m 51 58 54.
5 10.
9 20.
9 79.
1 75-
100
m

600 60 66 63 12.
6 33.
5 66.
5 60-
79
mi
cron

22
 300 161 164 162.
5 32.
5 66 34 12-
40
mi
cron

150 140 127 133.

5 26.
7 92.
7 7.
3 0-
10
mi
cron

75 30 26 28 5.
6 98.
3 1.
7 -
mi
cron

Pan 8 9 8.
5 1.
7 100 00 -

Resul
t:-

Resul
tasperI
S:383_
2016Tabl
e9(
clause6.
3)Pg.No.7i
s ZONEI
II

9.
3ELONGATI
ONI
NDEXANDFLAKI
NESSI
NDEXFORCOARSE
AGGREGATE:
-(16t
o20mm)
El
ongat
ionI
ndex:
Thi
smet
hodoft
estl
aysdownt
hepr
ocedur
efordet
ermi
nat
iont
he
el
ongat
ioni
ndexofcoar
seaggr
egat
e.Takeasampl
eof200pi
ecesofaggr
egat
epassi
ng
f
rom 20mm si
eveandr
etai
nedon16mm si
eve.Eachf
ract
ionshal
lbegaugedi
ntur
nfor
l
engt
hinamet
algauge

Fi
gur
e9.
3.1:
-Lengt
hgauge

El
ongat
ionI
ndex:
-

Wt
.ofRet
ainedsampl
e:-
0.310kg

23
El
ongat
ioni
ndex(
%)= Wt
.ofret
ainedsamplex100
Wt
.ofsampletaken

= 0.
200X100
1.
740
= 11.
49%

Fl
aki
nessI
ndex:
-

Thi
smet
hodoft
estl
aysdownt
hepr
ocedur
efordet
ermi
nat
iont
hef
laki
nessi
ndexof
coar
seaggr
egat
e.Takeasampl
eof200pi
ecesofaggr
egat
epassi
ngf
rom 20mm si
eve
andr
etai
nedon16mm si
eve.Eachf
ract
ionshal
lbegaugedi
ntur
nfort
hicknessi
na
met
algauge.

Fi
gur
e9.
3.2:
-Thi
cknessgauge

Wt
.ofpassedsampl
e:-
0.200kg

Fl
aki
nessi
ndex(
%)= Wt
.ofpassedsampl
ex100
Wt
.ofsampl
etaken
= 0.
200X100
1.
740
= 11.
49%

9.
4SI
LTCONTENTTESTFORSAND
Tof
indoutt
hesi
l
tcont
ent
.Pr
epar
eof100ml
sol
uti
onof1%sal
tandf
il
lthesol
uti
oni
n
t
hemeasur
ingcy
li
nderunt
ilt
hel
evel
reaches50ml
.
Addt
hesampl
eofsandi
stobe
t
est
edi
nthecy
li
nderunt
ilt
hel
evel
reaches100ml
.Andt
he50ml
sol
uti
oni
nthecy
li
nder
unt
ilt
hel
evel
reaches150ml
.Af
ter3t
o4hour
sthel
ayerofsi
l
tset
tl
edov
ert
hesand.

24
 Fi
gur
e9.
4.1:
-Si
l
tcont
entt
estsetup

Tabl
e9.
4.1:
-Si
l
tcont
entt
estf
orsand

SAMPLENO.
SR.
NO. DESCRI
PTI
ON SAMPLE1 SAMPLE2 SAMPLE3
1 Vol
umeofSi
ltl
ayer(
V1) 2770.
88 2770.
88 2770.
88
Vol
umeofSandlay
er
2 94751.
84 88668.
16 900536
(V2)

2770.
88
2770.
88 2770.
88
Per
centageofSi
lt 94751.
84
3
(V1/V2)*100 88668.
16 90053.
6
=2.
77%
=3.
125% =3.
0%

Av
erage 2.
98%

Resul
t:Thegi
vensampl
eofsandhav
ing2.
98%si
l
tcont
enti
slesst
han6%whi
chi
s
sui
tabl
eforconst
ruct
ionwor
ks.

9.
5SPECI
FICGRAVI
TYTESTFORFI
NEAGGREGATE
Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyoff
ineaggr
egat
e(sand)i
sther
ati
ooft
hewei
ghtofgi
venv
olumeof
aggr
egat
est
othewei
ghtofequal
ofwat
er.Takeabout500gofsampl
eandpl
acei
tin
t
hepy
cnomet
er.Pourdi
sti
l
ledwat
eri
ntoi
tunt
ili
tisf
ull
.El
i
minat
etheent
rappedai
rby
r
otat
ingt
hepy
cnomet
eroni
tssi
de,
thehol
eint
heapexoft
heconebei
ngcov
eredwi
tha
f
inger
.Wi
peoutt
heout
ersur
faceofpy
cnomet
erandwei
ghi
t.Tr
ansf
ert
hecont
ent
sof
t
hepy
cnomet
eri
ntoat
ray
,car
ebei
ngt
akent
oensur
ethatal
ltheaggr
egat
eis

25
t
ransf
err
ed.Ref
il
lthepy
cnomet
erwi
thdi
sti
l
ledwat
ert
othesamel
evel
.Fi
ndoutt
he
wei
ght
.Dr
ainwat
erf
rom t
hesampl
ethr
oughaf
il
terpaper
.Pl
acet
hesampl
einov
eni
na
t
rayatat
emper
atur
eof100°
Cto110°
Cfor24±0.
5hour
sdur
ingwhi
chper
iodi
tisst
ir
red
occasi
onal
l
ytof
aci
l
itat
edr
ying.Cool
thesampl
eandwei
ghti
t.

Fi
gur
e9.
5. -Spe
1: ci
fi
cgr
avi
tyt
estf
orf
ineaggr
egat
e

Tabl
e9.
5.1:
-Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyandwat
erabsor
pti
onofsand

Sr
.no. Descr
ipt
ion Sampl
e-1 Sampl
e-2

1 Wei
ghtofsampl
etaken (
gm) 2000 2000

2 Wei
ghtofpy
cnomet
er+sampl
e+wat
er 1897 1944
(
A)gm

3 Wei
ghtofpy
cnomet
er+wat
er(
B)gm 1627 1657

4 Wei
ghtofsat
urat
ed&sur
faceddr
ied 500 500
aggr
egat
e(C)gm

5 Wei
ghtofov
endr
iedsampl
e(D)(
gm) 495 493

6 Sp.Gr
avi
ty=[D/C–(
A–B)] 2.
15 2.
31

7 Appar
entSp.Gr
avi
ty=[D/D–(
A–B)] 2.
20 2.
39

26
 8 Wat
erabsor
pti
onper
centbywei
ght 1.
01 1.
42

=[(
C–D)/D]*
100

Resul
ts:
-

 Av
erageSp.Gr
avi
ty:
-2.
233

 Appar
entsp.Gr
avi
ty:
-2.
297

 Wat
erabsor
pti
on:
-1.
22

9.
6SPECI
FICGRAVI
TYTESTFORCOARSEAGGREGATE

Sampl
eofaggr
egat
enotl
esst
han2kgt
aken.I
tist
hor
oughl
ywashedt
oremov
ethef
iner
par
ti
clesanddustadher
ingt
otheaggr
egat
e.I
tist
henpl
acedi
nawi
rebasketand
i
mmer
sedi
ndi
sti
l
ledwat
eratat
emper
atur
ebet
ween22°t
o37°
C.I
mmedi
atel
yaf
ter
i
mmer
sion,
theent
rappedai
risr
emov
edf
rom t
hesampl
ebyl
i
fti
ngt
hebasketcont
aini
ng
i
t25mm abov
ethebaseoft
het
ankandal
l
owi
ngi
ttodr
op25t
imesatt
her
ateofabout
onedr
oppersec.Dur
ingt
heoper
ati
on,car
eist
akent
hatt
hebasketandaggr
egat
e
r
emai
ncompl
etel
yimmer
sedi
nwat
er.Theyar
ekepti
nwat
erf
oraper
iodof24±1/
2
hour
saf
ter
war
ds.Thebasketandaggr
egat
ear
ethenj
oint
edandwei
ghed(
wt.A1)i
n
wat
eratat
emper
atur
e22°
to32°C.Thebasketandt
heaggr
egat
ear
ethenr
emov
ed
f
rom wat
erandal
l
owedt
odr
ainf
oraf
ew mi
nut
esandt
hent
heaggr
egat
eist
akenout
f
rom t
hebasketandpl
acedondr
ycl
othandt
hesur
facei
sgent
lydr
iedwi
tht
hecl
oth.The
aggr
egat
eist
ransf
err
edt
otheseconddr
ycl
othandf
urt
herdr
ied.Theempt
ytakeni
s
agai
nimmer
sedi
nwat
er,
joi
nted,
25t
imesandwei
ghedi
nwat
er(
wt.A2)
.Theaggr
egat
e
i
sexposedt
oat
mospher
eawayf
rom di
rectsunl
i
ghtf
ornotl
esst
han10mi
nut
esunt
ili
t
appear
scompl
etel
ysur
facedr
y.Thent
heaggr
egat
eiswei
ghedi
nai
rwei
ght
edi
nai
r(wt
.
B)
.Thent
heaggr
egat
eiskepti
ntheov
enatt
emper
atur
eof100°t
o110°andmai
ntai
ned
att
hist
emper
atur
efor24±1/
2hour
s.I
tist
hencool
ed

i
ntheai
r-
ti
ghtcont
ainer
,andwei
ghed(
wt.C)
.

27
Sr
.no. Descr
ipt
ion Sampl
e-1 Sampl
e-2

1 Wei
ghtofsampl
etaken 1000 1000
(
gm)

2 Wei
ghtofpy
cnomet
er+ 2280 2267
sampl
e+wat
er(
A)gm

3 Wei
ghtofpy
cnomet
er 1631 1628
+wat
er(
B)gm

4 Wei
ghtofsat
urat
ed& 976 969
sur
faceddr
ied
aggr
egat
e(C)gm

5 Wei
ghtofov
endr
ied 968 961
sampl
e(D)(
gm)

6 Sp.Gr
avi
ty=[D/C– 2.
57 2.
91
(
A–B)]*100

7 Appar
entSp.Gr
avi
ty= 2.
62 2.
99
[D/D–(
A–B)]*100

8 Wat
erabsor
pti
on 0.
82 0.
83
per
centbywei
ght

=[(
C–D)/D]*
100

Tabl
e9.
6.1Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyandwat
erabsor
pti
onofcoar
seaggr
egat
e

28
 Fi
gur
e9.
6.1:
-Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyt
estf
orcoar
seaggr
egat
e

Resul
ts:
-

 Av
erageSp.Gr
avi
ty:
2.74

 Appar
entSp.Gr
avi
ty:
2.80

 Wat
erabsor
pti
on:
0.823

9.
7COMPRESSI
VESTRENGTHTEST

Speci
menmoul
dswer
ewel
l
-gr
easedandoi
l
ingdonebef
orecast
ingt
opr
eventst
icki
ng
ofconcr
etei
nsi
det
hemoul
d.Tot
al36nos.cubesofsi
ze1.
5cm X1.
5cm X1.
5m wer
e
cast
edt
oest
imat
ethecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hofM 20gr
adeconcr
ete.Themoul
dswer
e
f
il
ledwi
th0.
0%,0.
3%,0.
9%,1.
2%,1.
5%,and1.
8% ofst
eelscr
ap.Af
ter24hour
sthe
speci
menswer
edemoul
dedandpl
acedi
ncur
ing. Af
ter14day
s&28day
scur
ing,t
he
cubeswer
etest
edi
nUni
ver
salt
est
ingmachi
ne.Thef
ail
urel
oadoft
hespeci
mennot
ed
andav
eragev
alueoft
hreespeci
menswer
enot
ed.

29
 Fi
gur
e9.
7.1:
-Compr
essi
vest
rengt
hMachi
ne

10.REFERENCES

1.Qur
eshi
,(Febr
uar
y-2015)
,Int
.Jour
nal
ofEngi
neer
ingResear
chand
Appl
i
cat
ions,
ISSN:
2248-
9622,
Vol
.5,
Issue2

2.ZeeshanNi
ssarQur
eshi
,YawarMusht
aqRai
na,
SyedMohdAsgar
Ruf
aie,
(August
-2016)
,Int
ernat
ional
Jour
nal
ofEngi
neer
ingResear
chandGener
al
Sci
ence,
ISSN:
2091-
2730,
Juni
orEngi
neerPubl
i
cWor
ks(
R&B)Depar
tment
,
Gov
ernmentofJammuandKashmi
r,Vol
ume4,
Issue4

3.Shi
vam Dar
ji
,Kr
ushi
lBor
sadi
ya,
Abdul
rashi
dMomi
n,Shwet
aChauhan,
(Mar
-
2018)
, 
Int
ernat
ional
Resear
chJour
nal
ofEngi
neer
ingandTechnol
ogy(
IRJET)
,e-
I
SSN:
2395-
0056,
Vol
ume05,
Issue03

4. 
DineshW.Gawat
re,
  
Poor
vaHal
dkar
,  
Shr
addhaNanawar
e, Ashwi
niSal
unke,
 
 
Meher
unni
saShai
kh,
  
Ani
taPat
il
,(May2016)
,Int
ernat
ional
Jour
nal
ofI
nnov
ati
ve
Resear
chi
nSci
ence,
Engi
neer
ingandTechnol
ogy
,ISO3297:
2007,
Vol
.5,
Issue5

5.Abdul
Rahman,
SyedMust
afaAl
i
,Sy
edAzeemuddi
n,and(
Mar
.-Apr
.2017)
,
I
OSRJour
nal
ofMechani
cal
andCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing(
IOSR-
JMCE)
,e-
ISSN:
2278-
1684,
p-I
SSN:
2320-
334X,
Vol
ume14,
andI
ssue2

6.Shi
vam P.Dar
ji
,Kr
ushi
lJ.Bor
sadi
ya,
Abdul
rashi
dS.Momi
n,Gui
dePr
of.Raj
uG.

30
Pr
ajapat
i(Febr
uar
y-2017)
,Int
ernat
ional
Jour
nal
ofAdv
anceEngi
neer
ingand
Resear
chDev
elopment
,Vol
ume4,
Issue2

7.Seet
har
am.P.G,
S.Vi
dhy
a,C.Bhuv
aneswar
i,Vi
shnuPr
iya,
(Mar
ch-
2017)
,
I
nter
nat
ional
Jour
nal
ofEngi
neer
ingResear
ch&Technol
ogy(
IJERT)
,ISSN:
2278,
Vol
.6,
Issue03

8.Hemant
hTungaG,
Rasi
naK,
Akshat
haSP,
(June-
2015)I
nter
nat
ional
Jour
nal
ofEngi
neer
ingandTechnol
ogy(
IJET)
,ISSN(
Pri
nt)
:2319-
8613I
SSN(
Onl
i
ne):
0975-
4024

9.Mr
.K.
Sudhakar
 ,Ramakr
ishnanVR,
Sar
maS,
Suganeswar
anD,
Boopat
hV
Assi
stantPr
ofessor
,Depar
tmentOfCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
Gnanamani
,(Apr
il
-
2018)
,I
nter
nat
ional
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neer
ingResear
ch(
IJ0SER)
,Vol
6,
I
ssue4

31
 11.DESI
GNOFENGI
NEERI
NGCANVAS

APPENDI
XA:
AEI
OUSHEET

GROUPI
D:
AEI
OUSUMMYRY DATE:
DOMAI
NNAME:

ACTI
VITY: ENVI
RONMENT:
CASESTUDY MATERI
ALTESTI
NG
STUDYONVARIOUS
METALLI
CWASTEWHI CH SPECI
FIC GRAVI
TY
I
SGENERATEDINSTEEL AND
I
NDUSTRIES.

WATERABSORPTI
ON
MATERI
ALCOLLECTI
ON
TEST FOR
TOCOLLECTSTEEL AGGREGATE,
SCRAP,STEELCHI
PS,
STEELSHOTDUST.
ALSOCOLLECTCEMENT, ANDSAND.
SAND,AGGREGATE.

ELEMENTCASTI
NG ANALYSI
SOF
COLLECTEDDATA
CUBE
BEAM COMPRESSIVE
CYLI
NDER STRENGTH,
TENSILESTRENGTH,
FLEXURALSTRENGTH,
TEST..

I
NTERACTI
ON: OBJECTS: USERS:

STEELSCRAP ENGI
NEERS
I
NTERACTI
ONWI TH STEELSHOTDUST
CONTRACTER STEEELCHI
PS
CONTRACTERS

GROUP CEMENT
DI
SCUSSI
ON BUI
LDERS

SAND
I
NTERACTI
ONWI
TH OWNERS
GUI
DE
AGGREGATE

I
NTERACTI
ONWITH WATER
OWNER
OFSTEELI
NDUSTRI
ES
EQUI
PMENTS

32
 APPENDI
XB:
EMPTHYMAP

DESI
GNFOR: DESI
GNBY:

DATE: VERSI
ON:

USERS: STAKEHOLDERS:
ENGI
NEERS
ENGI
NEERS
CONTRACTER
SUPPLYER
BUI
LDERS

CONTRACTER
OWNERS

ACTI
VITI
ES:
MATERI
ALCOLLECTI
ON ELEMENTCASTI
NG
CASESTUDY
STUDYONVARIOUS TOCOLLECTSTEEL CUBE
METALLI
CWASTEWHI CH SCRAP,STEELCHI
PS, BEAM
I
SGENERATEDINSTEEL STEELSHOTDUST.
CYLI
NDER
I
NDUSTRIES. ALSOCOLLECTCEMENT,
SAND,AGGREGATE.

MATERI
ALTESTI
NG ANALYSI
SOFCOLLECTEDDATA

SPECI
FICGRAVI
TYANDWATERABSORPTI
ON COMPRESSIVESTRENGTH,
TENSILESTRENGTH,
TESTFORAGGREGATE,
ANDSAND.
FLEXURALSTRENGTH,
TEST..
GRADATI
ONTESTFORSANDAND

STORYBOARDI
NG:
HAPPY:

SAD:

33
 APPENDI
XC:
IDEATI
ONCANVAS
THEI
DEANAUT:
IDEATI
ONCANVAS PROJECT:USEOFMETALLI
CWASTETO
ENHANCECONCRETESTRENGTH

PEOPLE:

ENGI
NEERS BUI
LDERS SUPPLYER

CONTRACTER OWNERS

ACTI
VITI
ES:

CASESTUDY MATERI
ALCOLLECTI
ON ELEMENTCASTI
NG
STUDYONVARIOUS
TOCOLLECTSTEEL CUBE
METALLI
CWASTEWHI CH
SCRAP,STEELCHI
PS, BEAM
I
SGENERATEDINSTEEL
STEELSHOTDUST. CYLI
NDER
I
NDUSTRIES.
ALSOCOLLECTCEMENT,
SAND,AGGREGATE.

MATERI
ALTESTI
NG ANALYSI
SOFCOLLECTEDDATA

SPECI
FICGRAVI
TYANDWATERABSORPTI
ON COMPRESSIVESTRENGTH,
TENSILESTRENGTH,
TESTFORAGGREGATE,
ANDSAND.
FLEXURALSTRENGTH,
TEST..
.
GRADATI
ONTESTSFORSANDAND

SI
TUATI
ON/CONTEXT/LOCATI
ON PROPS/POSSI
BLESOLUTI
ON

I
NCREASESTRENGTHOF
CONCRETE
AHMEDABAD COMPRESSI
VESTRENTH
TENSI
LESTRENGTH

UTI
LIZATI
ONOFMETALLI
C
WASTE
GANDHI
NAGAR STEELSCRAP
STEELCHIPS

REDUCETHECONSUPTIONOF
REI
NFORCEMENT

REDUCECONSTRUCTI
ONCOST

APPENDI
XD:
PRODUCTDEVELOPMENTCANVAS

34
 APPENDI
XD:
PRODUCTDEVELOPMENTCANVAS

PRODUCTDEVELOPMENTCANVAS DATE: / /

PURPOSE: PRODUCTEXPERI
ENCE: COMPONENTS:

RELI
ABLE MOREWORKABLE STEELSCRAP
INCREASE STRUCTURE
STRENGTH
OF
CONCRETE
PRODUCTFUNCTI
ON: STEELCHI
PS
COMPRESSIV
ESTRENTH
TENSILE
STRENGTH HI
GHSTRENGTHSTRUCTURE
FLEXURAL STEELSHOTDUST
STRENGTH

UTI
LIZATI
ON UTI
LIZATI
ONOFMETALLI
C
OFMETALLIC WASTE CEMENT
WASTE
STEELSCRAP
STEELCHIPS
STEELSHOT DURABLESTRUCTURE
DUST SAND

REDUCETHE PRODUCTFEATURES:
CONSUPTI
ON
OF AGGREGATE
FLEXURALSTRENGTH

PEOPLE:
FATI
GUERESI
STANCE WATER
ENGI
NEERS

I
MPACTRESI
STANCE
CONTRACTER
EQUI
PMENT

OWNERS
PERMEABI
LITY

SUPPLYER

ABRASI
ONRESI
STANCE
BUI
LDERS

CUSTOMERREVALI
DATI
ON:

CONCRETEMI
XDESI
GN

35